Cocodrilos (Archosauria: Crocodylia) de La Región Neotropical
Cocodrilos (Archosauria: Crocodylia) de La Región Neotropical
Cocodrilos (Archosauria: Crocodylia) de La Región Neotropical
pecies de caimanes y aligatores y aún las subespecies de Caiman: C. crocodilus y C. latirrostris; a la vez, para la
Caiman crocodilus, pero no para diferenciar las especies primera, reconoce al menos cuatro subespecies: C.c.
del género Crocodylus, lo que sí se consigue al emplear apaporensis, C.c. crocodilus, C.c. fuscus y C.c. yacare.
ADN mitocondrial. Densmore & White (1996) encontraron También indica que aunque para algunos autores C.c.
que Crocodylus acutus y C. intermedius son taxa herma- chiapasius es una subespecie válida, solo se trataría de un
nos que se alinean con C. rhombifer, mientras que la otra sinónimo de C.c. fuscus.
especie del neotrópico C. moreletii se alinea con C.
niloticus del África, hecho, no obstante, bastante improba- King & Burke (1989) dividen el género Caiman en tres
ble. especies, C. crocodilus, C. latirrostris y C. yacare, y le
asignan al menos cuatro subespecies a la primera: C.c.
De otro lado, la sistemática del género Caiman, presente en crocodilus, C.c. chiapasius, C.c. fuscus y C.c. apaporensis.
Centro y Suramérica, es aún objeto de profunda controver- Tanto un análisis de agrupamiento con base en caracteres
sia y confusión; los taxa reconocidos por algunos autores morfológicos (Busack & Pandya 1996), como estudios de
no son aceptados por otros a consecuencia de las diver- ADN (Amato & Gatesy 1994) sugieren que C.c. fuscus y
gencias resultantes de los análisis morfológicos y C.c. chiapasius forman un grupo natural al igual que C.c.
moleculares e incluso de la aplicación del código de no- crocodilus y C.c. yacare. Del mismo modo, otros estudios
menclatura. Medem (1981, 1983) reconoce tres especies moleculares indicarían que C.c. apaporensis es sinónimo
(Caiman sclerops, C. yacare y C. latirrostris) y varias de C.c. crocodilus. El análisis con base en ADN realizado
subespecies (Caiman sclerops fuscus, C.s. apaporensis, por Densmore y White (1996), indica que C.c. crocodilus y
C.s. chiapasius, C.s. sclerops, C. latirostris latirrostris y C.c. fuscus son taxa hermanos, a los que se alinea C.c. yacare
C. latirostris chacoensis); al tiempo que considera extra- y finalmente se ligaría C. latirostris.
vagantes las subespecies propuestas por Fuchs (1974):
Caiman crocodilus matogrossensis y Caiman crocodilus El listado de King & Burke (1989), por ser el más ampliamen-
paraguayensis. La denominación empleada por Medem para te aceptado, se empleará en el presente trabajo, destacando
C. sclerops se ha considerado nomen oblitum, recomen- que aquél también se empleó como base para el Plan de
dándose el uso de Caiman crocodilus. Acción para la Conservación de los Cocodrilos (Ross 1998),
así como para la realización del censo de los Crocodylia en
Aunque Groombridge (1987) acota que su propuesta no es Colombia por Barahona y colaboradores (1996).
totalmente satisfactoria, diferencia dos especies dentro de
possibly belongs as well). King & Burke (1989) consider and C. intermedius are sister taxa that align with C.
the order Crocodylia to consist of three families: rhombifer, while the other neotropical species, C. morelletii,
Alligatoridae, Gavialidae y Crocodylidae, in the latter of aligns with C. niloticus of Africa, which, even so, seems
which they recognize two subfamilies: Crocodylinae (the highly improbable.
genera Crocodylus y Osteolamus) y Tomistominae
(Tomistoma). Their species list totals twenty three. The systematics of the genus Caiman, which occurs in Cen-
tral and South America is still the subject of great
In still another opinion, Poe (1966) also recognizes the controversy and confusion. The taxa recognized by some
same three families, but argues that Crocodylidae includes authors are not accepted by others, as a result of the
the genera Crocodylus and Osteolamus. He includes discrepancies among morphological and molecular
Gavialis and Tomistoma in the family Gavialidae and analyses and even due to the application of the
considers the Alligatoridae to consist of just the genera nomenclatural code. Medem (1981, 1983) recognized
Alligator, Paleosuchus and Caiman (considering three species (Caiman sclerops, C. yacare and C. latirrostris)
Melanosuchus a synonym for Caiman). and several subspecies (Caiman sclerops fuscus, C.s.
apaporensis, C.s. chiapasius, C.s. sclerops, C. latirostris
Even though three lineages among extant crocodiles are latirrostris and C. latirostris chacoensis), while considering
recognized (whether at the family or subfamily level), major extravagant the subspecies proposed by Fuchs (1974):
discrepancies with regard to the actual phylogeny of ge- Caiman crocodilus matogrossensis and Caiman crocodilus
nera and species exist among morphological and paraguayensis. The name used by Medem for C. sclerops
molecular data, as well as combined analyses. Densmore has been considered nomen oblitum; recommended usage
(1983), in a comparison of various proteins from 21 species is Caiman crocodilus.
from the order, found results consistent for the most part
with morphological data, with the exception of the Groombridge (1987), acknowledging that his proposal is
relationship between Crocodylus and Tomistoma, with the not totally satisfactory, differentiates two species of Caiman:
latter closer to Gavialis than to Crocodylus. As expected, C. crocodilus and C. latirrostris, and recognizes at least
Melanosuchus, Paleosuchus and Caiman comprise a group four subspecies for the former: C.c. apaporensis, C.c.
close to the two Alligator species, which differ from one crocodilus, C.c. fuscus and C.c. yacare. Moreover he
another. This analysis showed as well that the true indicates that although some authors consider C.c.
crocodiles (Crocodylus), among which there are not great chiapasius a valid subspecies, it is actually a synonym for
differences, group with Osteolamus. C.c. fuscus.
In a maximum parsimony analysis carried out with King & Burke (1989) divide the genus Caiman into three
fragments of 320 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA, species: C. crocodilus, C. latirrostris y C. yacare, and assign
Densmore & White (1996) found some concordance with at least four subspecies to the first: C.c. crocodilus, C.c.
other molecular analyses, confirming that the relationship chiapasius, C.c. fuscus y C.c. apaporensis. Both a grouping
between Tomistoma and Gavialis, genera which probably analysis based on morphological characters (Busack &
diverged from the clade containing the Crocodylidae, Pandya 1996) and DNA studies (Amato & Gatesy 1994)
subsequently diverged from the Alligatoridae. These suggest that C.c. fuscus and C.c. chiapasius form a natural
authors indicate that Melanosuchus is closely related to group, as do C.c. crocodilus and C.c. yacare. In like manner
Caiman and that Paleosuchus is a sister taxon of the two other molecular studies should indicate that C.c.
previously-mentioned genera. The Alligator species form apaporensis is synonymous with C.c. crocodylus. The DNA-
a monophyletic sister group to all the caimans (Caiman, based analysis carried out by Densmore & White (1996)
Melanosuchus and Paleosuchus). indicates that C.c. crocodilus and C.c. fuscus are sister
taxa, with which C.c. yacare aligns and then is finally joined
Protein differences, according to Coulson & Hernández by C. latirostris.
(1983), are sufficient, along with other differences, to
distinguish the genera of the Crocodylia, to differentiate King & Burke’s (1989) list, which is the most widely-
the species of caimans and alligators, and even the accepted, will be used in the present work. It has also
subspecies of Caiman crocodilus, but not for differentiating been used as the taxonomic basis for the Crocodile
the species in the genus Crocodylus, which can be Conservation Action Plan (Ross 1998), as well as for the
distinguished by mitochondrial DNA techniques. Crocodylia census carried out in Colombia by Barahona
Densmore & White (1996) found that Crocodylus acutus et al. (1996).
Colombia Neotrópico
Colombia Neotropic
Alligatoridae (Cuvier, 1807)
Alligator (Cuvier, 1807) 0 1(1)
Caiman (Spix, 1825) 1 3
Melanosuchus (Gray, 1862) 1 1
Paleosuchus (Gray, 1862) 2 2
The taxonomic list for the Crocodylia of the Neotropical region is presented. Data about elevational distribution are not
included, because the species are physiologically restricted to the range from 0 to 500 m above sea level. (1) It is Founded
in the States of Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, Texas and South Caroline, of The United States. (2) Introduced to Cuba,
Puerto Rico and The United States. (3) It is also founded in Florida State of The United States.(4) Extinct from Caiman
Island.
Alligatoridae
Género Alligator Cuvier, 1807
Alligator mississippiensis Daudin, 1801 (1) King & Burke 1989
Taxón Distribución
Distribución Distribución Referencia
Neotropical en Colombia
Taxon Neotropical Distribution Reference
Distribution in Colombia
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Anexo / Appendix
Lista de sinónimos de géneros y especies de los Crocodylia del Neotrópico / List of synonyms of genera and species of
neotropical Crocodylia.
Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1801) = Crocodilus mississippiensis (Daudin, 1801), Crocodilus lucius (Cuvier,
1807).
Caiman crocodilus ( Linnaeus, 1756) = Lacerta crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758), Caiman sclerops (Schneider, 1801), Crocodilus
sclerops (Schneider, 1801).
Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801) = Caiman fissipes (Spix, 1825).
Caiman yacare (Daudin, 1801) = Caiman crocodilus yacare.
Melanosuchus niger (Spix, 1825) = Caiman niger (Spix, 1825).
Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier, 1807) = Crocodilus palpebrosus.
Paleosuchus trigonatus (Schneider, 1801) = Crocodilus trigonatus (Schneider, 1801).