1.estadistica Descriptiva
1.estadistica Descriptiva
1.estadistica Descriptiva
Estadística Descriptiva
Andres G. Abad, PhD
FIMCP-ESPOL
Estadística Gerencial
Guayaquil, Ecuador
Estadística
* * ** * * ** * * + + + + + ++ + + +
* = Mortero modificado
+ = Mortero sin modificar
105 221 183 186 121 181 180 143 97 154 153 174 120 168 167
141 245 228 174 199 181 158 176 110 163 131 154 115 160 208
158 133 207 180 190 193 194 133 156 123 134 178 76 167 184
135 229 146 218 157 101 171 165 172 158 169 199 151 142 163
145 171 148 158 160 175 149 87 160 237 150 135 196 201 200
176 150 170 118 149
▪ RIC=Q3-Q1
▪ Es una medida de dispersión de datos
▪ En el ejemplo anterior: RIC=181-144=37
Vuelos 25 37 45 50 32 40 30
Tipo de Cant
Defecto
Tipo de Defecto Cant %
Mancha 21
Rayón 35 32
Rayón 35 Floja 29 26
Defecto en 17 Mancha 21 19
manija Defecto en manija 17 16
Floja 29 Otros 8 7
Abollada 3 TOTAL 110 100
Defecto en vidrio 5
TOTAL 110
300
Resist a la tensión
250
200
150
100
50
▪ Media
▪ Varianza
▪ Moda
▪ Mediana
▪ Sesgo
▪ Curtosis
▪ Covarianza
▪ Factor de correlación
La media muestral
n
x1 + x2 +... + xn 1
x= = å xi
n n i=1
La media de la población
N
1
=
N
x
i =1
i
sxx
å i
(x - x ) 2
én æ n ö
2ù
å xi - çå xi ÷ ú
1 ê 1
s =
2
= i=1
= 2
n -1 n -1 n -1 êë i=1 n è i=1 ø úû
1 n 1 n
s xy =
n − 1 i =1
( xi − x )( yi − y ) = xi yi − nx y
n − 1 i =1
S xy
rxy =
SxS y
Click
29
Installing Data Analysis (Cont.)
▪ In the Excel Options dialog, click on Add-Ins.
Click
30
Installing Data Analysis Cont.)
▪ Then you will see the following window.
▪ There is a Manage section at the bottom. Click on Go.
Click
31
Installing Data Analysis (Cont.)
▪ In the Add-Ins menu, select Analysis ToolPak.
▪ Then click on OK.
Click
32
Installing Data Analysis (Cont.)
▪ It will take some time to load the package.
▪ When finished, click on the Data tab in the main menu.
▪ You should see the Data Analysis module on right.
33
The Frequency Table
▪ Open the file SoftDrink.xls to create the frequency table.
34
The Frequency Table (Cont.)
▪ Note: In this example, the data is given in TEXT form.
▪ The frequency table needs to be created manually.
▪ Type the titles “Item” and “Frequency” in the columns you want for the
frequency table.
35
The Frequency Table (Cont.)
▪ Manually type all values in the “Item” column. Be sure not to miss.
Coke Classic
Diet Coke
Pepsi-Cola
Dr. Pepper
Sprite
36
The Frequency Table (Cont.)
▪ The function COUNTIF is used here to calculate the frequencies.
▪ This function needs two values: the range and the criteria.
▪ Range is the range of cells with the values you want to count.
▪ Criteria describes which values in that range are to be counted.
37
The Frequency Table (Cont.)
▪ In cell D2 type “=COUNTIF(”
▪ Then select the data range. (A2:A51, in this example.)
38
The Frequency Table (Cont.)
▪ Type a “,”
▪ For the criteria, simply select the cell in the “Item” column whose whose
values you want to count. (C2, for example)
▪ Press Enter to perform the function in this cell
39
The Frequency Table (Cont.)
▪ Type (or copy) the same function for the rest of the items.
▪ You will get the following frequency table.
=COUNTIF(A$2:A$51,C3) =COUNTIF(A$2:A$51,C2)
=COUNTIF(A$2:A$51,C4)
=COUNTIF(A$2:A$51,C6)
=COUNTIF(A$2:A$51,C5)
40
The Bar Graph for SoftDrink.xls
▪ Based on the frequency table you just created, you can get the bar
graph.
▪ Note: You CANNOT create the bar graph using the sample data
directly.
◼ How to create the bar graph for the following data is shown on the next
slide.
Item Frequency
Coke Classic 19
Diet Coke 8
Pepsi-Cola 13
Dr. Pepper 5
Sprite 5
41
The Bar Graph (Cont.)
▪ First select the data in the frequency table. (C2:D6, in this example.)
42
The Bar Graph (Cont.)
43
The Bar Graph (Cont.)
▪ Then you will see the following bar graph.
44
The Bar Graph (Cont.)
45
The Bar Graph (Cont.)
▪ Then you will see the following bar graph.
46
The Pie Chart for SoftDrink.xls
▪ Creating a pie chart is similar to the bar graph.
▪ Note: You CANNOT create the bar graph using the sample data
directly.
◼ How to create the pie chart for the following data is shown on the next
slide.
Item Frequency
Coke Classic 19
Diet Coke 8
Pepsi-Cola 13
Dr. Pepper 5
Sprite 5
47
The Pie Chart (Cont.)
▪ First select the data in the frequency table. (C2:D6, in this example.)
48
The Pie Chart (Cont.)
49
The Pie Chart (Cont.)
▪ Then you will see the following pie chart.
50
The Pie Chart (Cont.)
52
The Histogram
▪ Open the file Audit.xls.
53
The Histogram (Cont.)
▪ In the Data Analysis menu, select Histogram.
▪ Then click on OK
54
The Histogram (Cont.)
▪ You will see the Histogram menu.
▪ In the input section, select the range with your data in the Input Range.
(A2:A21, in this example.)
▪ Then in the output section, select the cell where you want to save the
result. [Here, the result is put in the same worksheet.]
▪ Select Chart Output.
▪ Then click on OK
55
The Histogram (Cont.)
▪ You will see the following histogram.
56
The Histogram (Cont.)
▪ In the histogram menu, the bin range was left blank.
▪ However, you can create your own bin ranges, as follows.
▪ Type in the bin range first. In this example, the bin ranges are set to the
following (< 10, 10 – 15, 15 – 20, and so on).
57
The Histogram (Cont.)
▪ In the input section of the histogram menu, enter the bin range you just
created. (B2:B7, in this example.)
▪ All other settings are the same as before.
58
The Histogram (Cont.)
▪ You will see the following histogram.
59
Arithmetic Mean for Salary.xls
▪ AVERAGE(number1, [number2], ...) computes the average (arithmetic
mean) of the numbers.
▪ Number1 is the first number, cell reference, or range for which you want
the average.
=AVERAGE(B2:B13)
60
Median for Salary.xls
▪ MEDIAN(number1, [number2], ...) computes the median of the
numbers.
▪ Number1 is the first number, cell reference, or range for which you want
the average.
=MEDIAN(B2:B13)
Percentiles for Salary.xls
▪ PERCENTILE.INC(array,k) computes the k-th percentile of values in a
range.
▪ Array is the array or range of data. K is the percentile value.
=PERCENTILE.INC(B2:B13,0.25)
=PERCENTILE.INC(B2:B13,0.5)
=PERCENTILE.INC(B2:B13,0.75)
Mode for Salary.xls
▪ MODE(number1,[number2],...]) computes the mode of the numbers.
▪ Number1 is the first number, cell reference, or range for which you want
the average.
=MODE(B2:B13)
Variance for Salary.xls
▪ VAR.P(number1,[number2],...]) calculates the population variance.
▪ VAR.S(number1,[number2],...]) calculates the sample variance.
=VAR.P(B2:B13)
=VAR.S(B2:B13)
Standard Deviation for Salary.xls
▪ STDEV.P(number1,[number2],...]) calculates the population standard
deviation.
▪ STDEV.S(number1,[number2],...]) calculates the sample standard
deviation.
=STDEV.P(B2:B13)
=STDEV.S(B2:B13)
65
Descriptive Statistics
▪ Open the file Salary.xls.
69
Scatter Diagrams
▪ Open file Stereo.xls.
70
Scatter Diagrams (Cont.)
71
Scatter Diagrams (Cont.)
72
Scatter Diagrams (Cont.)
▪ Then you will see the following scatter diagram.
73
Correlation and Covariance
74
Correlation and Covariance (Cont.)
=COVARIANCE.P(B3:B12,C3:C12)
=COVARIANCE.S(B3:B12,C3:C12)
=CORREL(B3:B12,C3:C12)
75