Movimiento Circular
Movimiento Circular
Movimiento Circular
definición
Se dice que una partícula se mueve con un movimiento circular uniforme cuando se
desplaza siguiendo una trayectoria circular con celeridad constante v
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
v2
Partícula con movimiento circular uniforme:
dirección de la velocidad y aceleración
Se dice que una partícula se mueve con un movimiento circular uniforme cuando se
desplaza siguiendo una trayectoria circular con celeridad constante v
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
El vector aceleración
path of the en un movimiento
object and perpendicular to the radiuscircular uniforme
of the circular path. Wesiempre
now show es
perpendicular a la trayectoria
that the acceleration y siempre
vector in uniform apunta
circular motionhacia el perpendicular
is always centro del círculo.
to
Si no
the fuera así,
path and habría
always una
points componente
toward the center ofde thelacircle.
aceleración paralela
An acceleration of thisa la
nature is called
trayectoria, centripetal
es adecir, acceleration
paralela al vector(centripetal means center-seeking),
velocidad. Esta componenteand its
magnitude is
contribuiría a aumentar la celeridad, contradiciendo nuestra hipótesis
v2
Partícula con movimiento circular uniforme:
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
módulo de la aceleración
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
v2
acceleration ac " (4.15)
r
where r is the radius of the circle. The subscript on the acceleration symbol reminds us
that the acceleration is centripetal.
First note that the acceleration must be perpendicular to the path followed by the
object, which we will model as a particle. If this were not true, there would be a compo-
Partícula con movimiento circular uniforme:
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
módulo de la aceleración
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
path of the object and perpendicular to the radius of the circular path. We now show
Aceleración
that the acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is always perpendicular to instantánea
the path and always points toward the center of the circle. An acceleration of this
nature is called a centripetal acceleration (centripetal means center-seeking), and its
magnitude is
Módulo de la velocidad v
Tomando límite cuando
v2
acceleration ac " (4.15)
r
where r is the radius of the circle. The subscript on the acceleration symbol reminds us
that the acceleration is centripetal.
First note that the acceleration must be perpendicular to the path followed by the
object, which we will model as a particle. If this were not true, there would be a compo-
Partícula con movimiento circular uniforme:
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
resumen de la aceleración
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
De donde
large (such as at point #). The direction of at is either in the same direction as v (if v
is increasing) or opposite v (if v is decreasing).
Componentes intrínsecas de la aceleración:
In uniform circular motion, where v is constant, at ! 0 and the acceleration is al-
ways completely radial, as we described in Section 4.4. In other words, uniform circular
aceleraciones tangencial y radial
motion is a special case of motion along a general curved path. Furthermore, if the di-
rection of v does not change, then there is no radial acceleration and the motion is
one-dimensional
Imaginemos una (inpartícula r ! 0,
this case, aque sebut at maya not
mueve be zero).
lo largo de una trayectoria curva,
donde el vector velocidad varía tanto en dirección como en módulo
Path of at
particle "
a
ar #
ar ar at
a
! at a
res link
m, you Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in
ion the xy plane. If the velocity vector v (always tangent to the path) changes in direction
coaster and magnitude,El vector velocidad
the components of thesiempre es atangente
acceleration a la component
are a tangential trayectoriaat
and a radial component ar .
! at a
res link
m, you Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in
ionModelo geométrico:
the xy plane. Ifse
thesustituye la vtrayectoria
velocity vector real
(always tangent en path)
to the cadachanges
punto inpor una trayectoria circular,
direction
coaster and magnitude,
cuyo radiothe components
es el radioofde thecurvatura a are
accelerationde laatrayectoria
tangential component at
en ese punto.
and a radial component ar .
! at a
res link
m, you Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in
ion theExpresamos la aceleración
xy plane. If the velocity en cada
vector v (always punto
tangent to the mediante
path) changesdos componentes,
in direction
coaster and magnitude, the components
en función of the acceleration
de un origen situado en a are
el acentro
tangential
decomponent at
cada círculo.
and a radial component ar .
Su dirección es tangencial.
Radio del círculo modelo
Como la velocidad lleva también la dirección
tangencial podemos calcular un vector Signo menos: la aceleración centrípeta se dirige
unitario en esa dirección hacia el centro del círculo modelo, y éste es
opuesto al vector unidad en la dirección radial
El vector aceleración normal vendrá dado por la
diferencia entre el vector aceleración total y el
vector aceleración tangencial
Componentes intrínsecas de la aceleración:
aceleraciones tangencial y radial
a = ar + at
!ˆ at
rˆ a
r
ar
θ
x
O O
(a) (b)
Figure 4.19 (a) Descriptions of the unit vectors r̂ and !ˆ. (b) The total acceleration a of
a particle moving along a curved path (which at any instant is part of a circle of radius r)
is the sum of radial and tangential component vectors. The radial component vector is
directed toward the center of curvature. If the tangential component of acceleration
becomes zero, the particle follows uniform circular motion.
Partícula en un movimiento de rotación.
Posición angular o posición de rotación
Posición
hat the
ve loca-
angular o posición de rotación
Rigid object
objects
ny situa-
Supongamos un objeto plano que gira alrededor de un eje fijo
perpendicular al objeto y que pasa por un punto O.
Coordenadas
hat the
ve loca- Rigid object
polares
objects
ny situa-
Resulta conveniente representar la posición de una partícula mediante
sus coordenadas polares
definición
Radiande velocidades angulares # (rad) !
"
180'
# (deg)
In rotational equations, we must
use angles expressed in radians. For example, 60° equals "/3 rad and 45° equals "/4 rad.
Don’t fall into the trap of using
Because the disc in Figure 10.1 is a rigid object, as the particle moves along the cir-
angles measured in degrees in ro-
tational equations. Mientras
cle from la partícula
the reference se mueve
line, every other desde
particle on A hasta
the object rotatesB en unthe same
through
angle
tiempo #. Thus, we can associate the angle
, el vector ! with the entire rigid
correspondiente al object
radio as well as
barre
with an individual particle. This allows us to define the angular position of a rigid ob-
el ángulo que equivale al desplazamiento
y ject in its rotational motion. We choose a reference line on the object, such as a line
connecting O and angular
a chosendurante ese
particle on theintervalo
object. The de tiempo
angular position of the rigid
object is the angle # between this reference line on the object and the fixed reference
line in space, which is often chosen as the x axis. This is similar to the way we identify
" ,t f Ni la posición angular ni el desplazamiento angular
the position of an object in translational motion—the distance x between the object
están limitados al rango
and the reference position, which is the origin, x ! 0.
r
!,ti As (no hace in
the particle falta “reiniciar”
question la posición
on our rigid object travelsangular a cero
from position ! to position
" in acada vez que
time interval $t asla
inpartícula
Figure 10.2, cruza el ejeline
the reference x).of length r sweeps out an
θf angle $# ! #f % #i. This quantity $# is defined as the angular displacement of the
θi
rigid object:
x Definimos la velocidad angular media como el cociente
O $# " # f % # i
entre el desplazamiento angular y el intervalo de tiempo
Figure 10.2 A particle on a The rate at which this angular displacement occurs can vary. If the rigid object spins
rotating rigid object moves from ! rapidly, this displacement can occur in a short time interval. If it rotates slowly, this dis-
to " along the arc of a circle. In placement occurs in a longer time interval. These different rotation rates can be quan-
the time interval $t ! tf % ti , the tified by introducing angular speed. We define the average angular speed & (Greek
radius vector moves through an omega) as the ratio of the angular displacement of a rigid object to the time interval
angular displacement $# ! #f % #i.
$t during which the displacement occurs:
#f % #i $#
Average angular speed &" ! (10.2)
tf % ti $t
▲ PITFALL PREVENTION to one complete revolution.) Hence, 1 rad ! 360°/2" ! 57.3° . To convert an angle in
Partícula con movimiento
10.1 Remember the
circular:
degrees to an angle in radians, we use the fact that " rad ! 180°, or
definición
Radiande velocidades angulares # (rad) !
"
180'
# (deg)
In rotational equations, we must
use angles expressed in radians. For example, 60° equals "/3 rad and 45° equals "/4 rad.
Don’t fall into the trap of using
Because the disc in Figure 10.1 is a rigid object, as the particle moves along the cir-
angles measured in degrees in ro-
Definimos la velocidad
cle from the reference line, everyangular media
other particle como
on the object el through
rotates cocientethe same
tational equations.
entre
angle #.el desplazamiento
Thus, we can associate angular
the angle !ywith
el intervalo de tiempo
the entire rigid object as well as
with an individual particle. This allows us to define the angular position of a rigid ob-
y ject in its rotational motion. We choose a reference line on the object, such as a line
connecting O and a chosen particle on the object. The angular position of the rigid
object is the angle # between this reference line on the object and the fixed reference
line in space, which is often chosen as the x axis. This is similar to the way we identify
" ,t f
the position of an object in translational motion—the distance x between the object
Por analogía con la velocidad de traslación,
and the reference position, which is the origin, x ! 0.
r la velocidad angular instantánea se define como
As the particle in question on our rigid object travels from position ! to position
!,ti
" in a time interval $t as in Figure 10.2, the reference line of length r sweeps out an
θf angle $# ! #f % #i. This quantity $# is defined as the angular displacement of the
θi
rigid object:
x
O $# " # f % # i
Unidades: rad/s o s-1
The rate at which this angular displacement occurs can vary. If the rigid object spins
Figure 10.2 A particle on a
rotating rigid object moves from ! rapidly, this displacement can occur in a short time interval. If it rotates slowly, this dis-
to " along the arc of a circle. In placement occurs in a longer time interval. These different rotation rates can be quan-
the time interval $t ! tf % ti , the tified by introducing angular speed. We define the average angular speed & (Greek
Si vector
radius adoptamos
moves throughel convenio
an de que el eje fijo de rotación es el eje z, entonces diremos
omega) as the ratio of the angular displacement of a rigid object to the time interval
quedisplacement
angular es positiva
$# ! #f % cuando
#i. aumente (movimiento en sentido contrario del sentido
$t during which the displacement occurs:
del reloj y negativo en caso contrario
#f % #i $#
Average angular speed &" ! (10.2)
tf % ti $t
▲ PITFALL PREVENTION to one complete revolution.) Hence, 1 rad ! 360°/2" ! 57.3° . To convert an angle in
Partícula con movimiento
10.1 Remember the
circular:
degrees to an angle in radians, we use the fact that " rad ! 180°, or
definición
Radiande aceleraciones angulares # (rad) !
"
180'
# (deg)
In rotational equations, we must
use angles expressed in radians. For example, 60° equals "/3 rad and 45° equals "/4 rad.
Don’t fall into the trap of using
Because the disc in Figure 10.1 is a rigid object, as the particle moves along the cir-
angles measured in degrees in ro-
tational equations. Si
clela velocidad
from angular
the reference instantánea
line, every dethe
other particle on una partícula
object cambia
rotates through the same
angle #.aThus, we
de encan associate the
el intervalo deangle ! with the
tiempo entire
, la rigid object
partícula as una
tiene well as
with an individual particle. This allows us to define the angular position of a rigid ob-
aceleración angular
y ject in its rotational motion. We choose a reference line on the object, such as a line
connecting O and a chosen particle on the object. The angular position of the rigid
object is the angle # between this reference line on the object and the fixed reference
Aceleración angular media
line in space, which is often chosen as the x axis. This is similar to the way we identify
" ,t f
the position of an object in translational motion—the distance x between the object
and the reference position, which is the origin, x ! 0.
r
!,ti As the particle in question on our rigid object travels from position ! to position
" in a time interval $t as in Figure 10.2, the reference line of length r sweeps out an
θf angle $# ! #f % #i. This quantity $# is defined as the angular displacement of the
θi
rigid object:
Por analogía con la aceleración de traslación,
O
x la aceleración angular $instantánea
# " #f % #i se define como
Figure 10.2 A particle on a The rate at which this angular displacement occurs can vary. If the rigid object spins
rotating rigid object moves from ! rapidly, this displacement can occur in a short time interval. If it rotates slowly, this dis-
to " along the arc of a circle. In placement occurs in a longer time interval. These different rotation rates can be quan-
the time interval $t ! tf % ti , the tified by introducing angular speed. We define the average angular speed & (Greek
radius vector moves through an omega) as the ratio of the angular displacement of a rigid object to the time interval
angular displacement $# ! #f % #i. Unidades:
occurs: rad/s o s
2 -2
$t during which the displacement
#f % #i $#
Average angular speed &" ! (10.2)
tf % ti $t
Partícula con movimiento circular:
dirección de velocidad y aceleración angular
No se ha asociado ninguna dirección con la velocidad angular ni la aceleración angular
En el caso de rotación alrededor de un eje fijo, la única dirección que permite especificar
de forma unívoca el movimiento de rotación es la dirección a lo largo del eje
Por convenio, se considera que el sentido de Por convenio, se considera queω el sentido de
es saliente con respecto al plano en el diagrama es entrante con respecto al plano en el diagrama
cuando la rotación es en el sentido contrario a cuando la rotación es en el sentido de las
las agujas del reloj agujas
S EC TI O N 10.1 • Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 295
del reloj
En el caso de rotación alrededor de un eje fijo, la única dirección que permite especificar
de forma unívoca el movimiento de rotación es la dirección a lo largo del eje
Como
sugiere que
Y además
Podemos integrar esta expresión directamente para calcular la velocidad angular final
Cinemática de rotación:
cuerpo rígido con aceleración angular constante
!f " !i # $t vf " vi # at
%f " %i # !i t # 12 $t 2 1
x f " x i # vi t # 2at 2
!f 2 " !i 2 # 2$(%f & %i ) vf 2 " vi 2 # 2a(x f & x i )
%f " %i # 12(!i # !f )t 1
x f " x i # 2(vi # vf )t
y Because
Unapoint P inde
partícula Figure 10.4 moves
un cuerpo rígidoin enarotación
circle, these linea
mueve
ways tangent toen
theuncircular
círculopath
de radio r alrededor
and hence del tangential
is called eje z
v of the tangential velocity of the point P is by definition the tan
Dado que la partícula se mueve en una trayectoria
where s is thecircular,
distancesutraveled by this point measured along t
vector velocidad es siempre
P ing that s ! r # (Eq.perpendicular
10.1a) and noting that r is constant, we obta
a la trayectoria
s (a menudo se denomina velocidad
r ds tangencial)
d#
u v! !r
x El módulo de la velocidad tangencial dt viene dt dado por
O
Because d#/dt ! $ (see Eq. 10.3), we see that
y Because
Unapoint P inde
partícula Figure 10.4 moves
un cuerpo rígidoinenarotación
circle, the
se linea
mueve
ways tangent toen
theuncircular
círculopath
de radio r alrededor
and hence del tangential
is called eje z
v of the tangential velocity of the point P is by definition the tan
where sElismódulo
the distance
de la traveled by tangencial
velocidad this point measured along t
de la partícula
P ing that es r # (Eq.
s !igual a la10.1a) and de
distancia noting that r is al
la partícula constant, we obta
eje de giro
r s multiplicada por la velocidad angular de la partícula
ds d#
u v! !r
x dt dt
O
Because d#/dt ! $ (see Eq. 10.3), we see that
Quick Quiz 10.6 Consider again the merry-go-round situation in Quick Quiz
10.5. When the merry-go-round is rotating at a constant angular speed, Andy’s tangen-
tial speed is (a) twice Charlie’s (b) the same as Charlie’s (c) half of Charlie’s (d) impos-
Transparencias de soporte
Partícula con movimiento circular:
Celeridad angular
Unidades: (rad/s)
Partícula con movimiento circular:
Módulo de la aceleración angular
Celeridad angular
Como
Podemos escribir