Politécnico Nacional

Escuela Superior de Ingeniería

Mecánica y Eléctrica
Unidad Ticomán

Asignatura:

Mecánica de Vuelo

Actividad:

Velocidades

Licenciatura:

Ingeniería en Aeronáutica

Alumno:

Aparicio Bernabé Cesar Gibran

Docente:

Sergio Rivera Vega

Grupo:
6AM2

11 de enero del 2024

 Introducción
El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar el empuje necesario para nuestra aeronave a distintas
altitudes. El método que emplearemos es el descrito en el libro de Anderson ‘Introdiction to
flight’.

Para comenzar necesitaremos una tabla de densidades estándar a Distintas altitudes y su

conversión a sistema de unidades compatibles.

Altitudes en pies
CL
0 5000 10000 12000 15000 19992.2862 20000 25000 30000

Densidad (slugs/ft^3) 0.002378 0.002049 0.001756 0.001648 0.001496 0.00127219 0.001267 0.001065 0.00089

Densidad (Kg/m^3) 1.225571262 1.05601157 0.90500552 0.84934459 0.77100698 0.65566025 0.65298519 0.54887864 0.45868731

UTM/m^3 0.124930812 0.10764644 0.09225337 0.08657947 0.07859398 0.06683591 0.06656322 0.05595093 0.04675712

Para obtener la curva de empuje requerido, se debe realizar el cálculo del Levantamiento para
muchos valores diferentes de V∞. Supondremos valores de velocidad de vuelo desde 0 hasta
110 m/s (400km/h), el cual es la velocidad máxima prevista para el vuelo de nuestra aeronave.

Partiremos del siguiente ejemplo donde se calcula el empuje requerido para determinada
aeronave a 200 ft /s

Podemos observar que una vez propuesta la velocidad de vuelo obtenemos el CL con los
datos del peso de despegue, la densidad del aire ( para este caso es a nivel del mar ) y la
Superficie del avión. Después encontramos el CD usando la fórmula de arrastre a cero
levantamientos sumándolo al arrastre debido al avance. Una vez obtenidos el levantamiento
y el arrastre podemos calcular la fineza y por ultimo el Empuje dividiendo el peso por la
fineza anteriormente calculada.

Con esto en mente plantaremos los datos necesarios para los cálculos, los cuales son los
siguientes:

Peso: 1484 kg
Superficie alar: 16.3 m
Envergadura: 13.11 m
AR: 10.5282
Coeficiente de Oswald : 0.7429
Este último obtenido con la formula para aviones de ala recta
𝑒 = 4.61 (1 − 0.45𝐴0.68 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∧𝐿𝐸 )0.15 − 0.31
Una vez conocidos los datos podemos plantear las velocidades de vuelo y comenzar a
calcular los coeficientes de levantamiento para cada velocidad, del mismo modo lo hacemos
para el coeficiente de arrastre, la fineza y por último el Empuje.

Empleando las distintas densidades para sus respectivas altitudes obtenemos las siguientes
tablas.

Altitud SL Altitud 5000 ft

V1 Cl CD Fineza Tr V2 Cl CD Fineza Tr
0 #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! 0 #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0!
5 5.94289031 1.46388205 4.05967838 365.546199 5 6.89711721 1.96247537 3.51449874 422.250827
10 1.48572258 0.11648304 12.7548401 116.347989 10 1.7242793 0.14764512 11.6785387 127.070692
15 0.66032115 0.04439997 14.8721087 99.7841014 15 0.76634636 0.05055544 15.1585338 97.8986505
20 0.37143064 0.0322706 11.5098757 128.932756 20 0.43106983 0.03421823 12.5976642 117.799616
25 0.23771561 0.028956 8.20954519 180.765191 25 0.27588469 0.02975375 9.27226551 160.047186
30 0.16508029 0.02776541 5.94553706 249.598983 30 0.19158659 0.02815013 6.80588669 218.046534
35 0.12128348 0.02725504 4.44994732 333.487094 35 0.14075749 0.0274627 5.12540681 289.537993
40 0.09285766 0.02700733 3.43823962 431.616224 40 0.10776746 0.02712905 3.97240012 373.577675
45 0.07336902 0.0268755 2.72995936 543.597836 45 0.0851496 0.02695149 3.15936491 469.714655
50 0.0594289 0.02680016 2.21748279 669.22729 50 0.06897117 0.02685002 2.56875648 577.711438
55 0.0491148 0.02675461 1.83575104 808.388485 55 0.05700097 0.02678866 2.1278021 697.43328
60 0.04127007 0.02672575 1.54420617 961.011574 60 0.04789665 0.0267498 1.79054245 828.799117
65 0.03516503 0.02670676 1.31670886 1127.05249 65 0.04081134 0.02672422 1.52712948 971.757809
70 0.03032087 0.02669385 1.13587454 1306.48232 70 0.03518937 0.02670683 1.31761688 1126.2758
75 0.02641285 0.02668483 0.98980749 1499.28145 75 0.03065385 0.02669468 1.14831323 1292.33032
80 0.02321442 0.02667837 0.87015862 1705.4362 80 0.02694186 0.02668598 1.00958871 1469.9055
85 0.02056363 0.02667365 0.77093441 1924.93679 85 0.02386546 0.02667962 0.89452016 1658.98999
90 0.01834225 0.02667013 0.68774514 2157.77607 90 0.0212874 0.02667488 0.79803159 1859.5755
95 0.0164623 0.02666747 0.61731765 2403.94875 95 0.01910559 0.0266713 0.71633519 2071.65587
100 0.01485723 0.02666542 0.55717192 2663.45079 100 0.01724279 0.02666854 0.6465593 2295.22643
110 0.0122787 0.02666258 0.46052184 3222.43132 110 0.01425024 0.02666471 0.53442339 2776.82459
 Altitud 10000 ft Altitud 12000 ft
V3 Cl CD Fineza Tr V4 Cl CD Fineza Tr
0 #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! 0 #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0!
5 8.047946 2.66237858 3.02284057 490.928968 5 8.57535993 3.01915695 2.84031604 522.477069
10 2.0119865 0.19138908 10.5125462 141.164659 10 2.14383998 0.21368772 10.0325837 147.918028
15 0.89421622 0.05919622 15.105968 98.2393186 15 0.95281777 0.06360089 14.9812013 99.0574771
20 0.50299662 0.03695223 13.6120772 109.020834 20 0.53596 0.0383459 13.9769842 106.174549
25 0.32191784 0.0308736 10.4269625 142.323328 25 0.3430144 0.03144444 10.9085857 136.039633
30 0.22355406 0.02869018 7.79200659 190.451584 30 0.23820444 0.02896547 8.22373825 180.453214
35 0.1642438 0.0277542 5.91779928 250.768897 35 0.17500735 0.0279028 6.2720358 236.605792
40 0.12574916 0.02729993 4.60620825 322.173884 40 0.13399 0.02738703 4.89246136 303.323806
45 0.09935736 0.02705817 3.6719914 404.14038 45 0.10586864 0.02711255 3.90478419 380.046612
50 0.08047946 0.02692001 2.9895772 496.391262 50 0.0857536 0.02695569 3.18127986 466.478922
55 0.06651195 0.02683647 2.47841697 598.769303 55 0.07087074 0.02686083 2.6384417 562.453209
60 0.05588851 0.02678355 2.0866731 711.179915 60 0.05955111 0.02680076 2.22199369 667.868684
65 0.04762098 0.02674873 1.78030845 833.563422 65 0.05074177 0.02676122 1.89609366 782.66176
70 0.04106095 0.02672505 1.53642168 965.880667 70 0.04375184 0.02673434 1.6365408 906.790715
75 0.03576865 0.02670851 1.33922316 1108.10509 75 0.03811271 0.02671555 1.42661135 1040.22725
80 0.03143729 0.02669666 1.17757388 1260.21817 80 0.0334975 0.0267021 1.25448917 1182.95163
85 0.02784756 0.026688 1.04344892 1422.20666 85 0.02967253 0.02669227 1.11165235 1334.94973
90 0.02483934 0.02668155 0.93095566 1594.06089 90 0.02646716 0.02668495 0.99183855 1496.21126
95 0.02229348 0.02667667 0.83569209 1775.77366 95 0.02375446 0.0266794 0.89036694 1666.72854
100 0.02011986 0.02667291 0.75431819 1967.33954 100 0.0214384 0.02667514 0.80368448 1846.49579
110 0.01662799 0.02666769 0.62352553 2380.01481 110 0.01771769 0.02666922 0.6643497 2233.76333

Altitud 15000 Altitud 20000 ft

V5 Cl CD Fineza Tr V6 Cl CD Fineza Tr
0 #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! 0 #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0!
5 9.44665319 3.65815153 2.58235699 574.668802 5 11.1540593 5.08951061 2.19157797 677.137671
10 2.3616633 0.25362488 9.31163872 159.370444 10 2.78851483 0.34308483 8.12777077 182.58389
15 1.04962813 0.07148971 14.6822258 101.074593 15 1.23933993 0.08916081 13.9000517 106.762193
20 0.59041582 0.04084197 14.4561056 102.655586 20 0.69712871 0.04643322 15.013578 98.8438598
25 0.37786613 0.03246683 11.6385272 127.507543 25 0.44616237 0.03475701 12.8366161 115.606792
30 0.26240703 0.02945852 8.90767838 166.597843 30 0.30983498 0.03056296 10.1375957 146.385795
35 0.19278884 0.02816893 6.84402318 216.831527 35 0.22763386 0.02876509 7.91354722 187.526524
40 0.14760396 0.02754304 5.35902976 276.915797 40 0.17428218 0.02789249 6.24835489 237.502515
45 0.11662535 0.02720994 4.28613046 346.233045 45 0.13770444 0.0274281 5.02056041 295.584532
50 0.09446653 0.02701959 3.49622358 424.457981 50 0.11154059 0.02716273 4.10638419 361.388494
55 0.07807151 0.02690448 2.90180374 511.406055 55 0.09218231 0.02700224 3.41387616 434.696494
60 0.06560176 0.02683157 2.44494654 606.966238 60 0.07745875 0.0269006 2.8794431 515.377436
65 0.05589736 0.02678359 2.08700011 711.068483 65 0.06600035 0.02683371 2.45960622 603.348612
70 0.04819721 0.02675097 1.80169936 823.666828 70 0.05690847 0.02678823 2.12438305 698.555752
75 0.04198513 0.02672817 1.57081901 944.730101 75 0.0495736 0.02675645 1.85277193 800.96205
80 0.03690099 0.02671185 1.3814462 1074.23655 80 0.04357054 0.02673369 1.62979882 910.541828
85 0.03268738 0.02669992 1.22425008 1212.17064 85 0.03859536 0.02671706 1.44459614 1027.27673
90 0.02915634 0.02669104 1.09236441 1358.52101 90 0.03442611 0.02670467 1.28914188 1151.15335
95 0.02616801 0.02668431 0.98065181 1513.27922 95 0.03089767 0.02669529 1.15742029 1282.16173
100 0.02361663 0.02667914 0.88520973 1676.43888 100 0.02788515 0.02668808 1.04485387 1420.29431
110 0.01951788 0.02667194 0.73177563 2027.94401 110 0.02304558 0.02667805 0.86384025 1717.91022

Altitud a 25000 ft Altitud a 30000 ft

V7 CL CD Fineza Tr V8 CL CD Fineza Tr
0 #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! 0 #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0!
5 13.2696649 7.19220482 1.84500654 804.333191 5 15.8788687 10.287159 1.54356209 961.412572
10 3.31741624 0.47450322 6.99134617 212.262412 10 3.96971718 0.66793785 5.94324331 249.695313
15 1.47440722 0.11512 12.8075677 115.868995 15 1.76431875 0.15332931 11.5067283 128.968023
20 0.82935406 0.05464687 15.1766082 97.7820593 20 0.9924293 0.06673653 14.8708555 99.7925101
25 0.5307866 0.03812132 13.9236157 106.581511 25 0.63515475 0.04307325 14.7459226 100.637989
30 0.3686018 0.03218541 11.4524487 129.579276 30 0.44107969 0.0345735 12.7577403 116.32154
35 0.27080949 0.02964084 9.13636246 162.427882 35 0.32405855 0.03092987 10.4772034 141.64085
40 0.20733851 0.02840584 7.29915016 203.31134 40 0.24810732 0.02916145 8.50805935 174.422855
45 0.16382302 0.02774858 5.90383356 251.3621 45 0.19603542 0.0282203 6.94660887 213.629417
50 0.13269665 0.027373 4.84772097 306.12323 50 0.15878869 0.02768249 5.73606912 258.713759
55 0.10966665 0.02714586 4.03990366 367.335492 55 0.13123032 0.02735725 4.79691235 309.365669
60 0.09215045 0.027002 3.41272656 434.842926 60 0.11026992 0.02715126 4.06131912 365.398521
65 0.07851873 0.02690733 2.91811692 508.547136 65 0.0939578 0.02701569 3.47789753 426.694572
70 0.06770237 0.02684297 2.52216428 588.38356 70 0.08101464 0.02692353 3.00906431 493.176564
75 0.05897629 0.02679798 2.20077338 674.308409 75 0.07057275 0.02685912 2.62751551 564.792099
80 0.05183463 0.02676578 1.93660077 766.291136 80 0.06202683 0.026813 2.31331147 641.504622
85 0.0459158 0.02674224 1.71697674 864.309903 85 0.05494418 0.02677929 2.05174148 723.288003
90 0.04095576 0.0267247 1.5325057 968.348765 90 0.04900885 0.02675418 1.83182024 810.12316
95 0.03675807 0.02671143 1.37611804 1078.39586 95 0.04398579 0.02673517 1.64524029 901.9959
100 0.03317416 0.02670123 1.24242092 1194.44221 100 0.03969717 0.02672057 1.48564091 998.895484
110 0.02741666 0.02668703 1.02734035 1444.50668 110 0.03280758 0.02670024 1.22873717 1207.74404
Graficándolas se ven de la siguiente manera:

Curva de empuje requerido

3500

3000

2500 SL
5000 ft
Empuje en Kg

2000
10000 ft
12000 ft
1500
15000 ft

1000 20000 ft
25000 ft
500 30000 ft

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Velocidad en m/s

Para comparar la potencia requerida contra la potencia disponible es necesario obtener ambas
a distintas altitudes. Esto se lograra empleando diferentes regímenes de velocidades
dependiendo de la altura. Para obtener estas velocidades lo podemos hacer de manera similar
a los cálculos anteriores pero utilizando las densidades del aire en diferentes altitudes y varios
ángulos de ataques. Empleando las formulas queda de la siguiente manera:

Los ángulos de ataque coinciden con el de cero levantamiento y máximo levantamiento del
ala de la aeronave Piper PA-46-350P
Valores de α Valores de Cl 0 ft 5000 ft 10000 ft 12000 ft 15000 ft 18000 ft 20000 ft 25000 ft 30000 ft

-0.6 0 #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0! #¡DIV/0!
-0.4 0.006 492.8647295 530.961078 573.550166 592.045469 621.395163 673.841257 675.220094 736.476445 805.635624
-0.2 0.028 228.1520365 245.787219 265.502136 274.063798 287.650066 311.92789 312.566167 340.922348 372.936827
0 0.05 170.7333506 183.930313 198.683606 205.090566 215.257599 233.425459 233.903102 255.122924 279.080367
0.2 0.072 142.2777921 153.275261 165.569671 170.908805 179.381332 194.521216 194.919251 212.602437 232.566972
0.4 0.094 124.5200936 134.144967 144.904912 149.577669 156.992739 170.243013 170.59137 186.067516 203.540277
0.6 0.116 112.0919362 120.756166 130.442178 134.648554 141.323537 153.251322 153.56491 167.496406 183.225237
0.8 0.138 102.7694003 110.713038 119.593477 123.450014 129.569848 140.505615 140.793122 153.565954 167.98664
1 0.16 95.44284447 102.820171 111.067512 114.649112 120.332656 130.488798 130.755809 142.61805 156.010668
1.2 0.182 89.48859126 96.4056789 104.138505 107.496666 112.825638 122.348184 122.598537 133.720747 146.277858
1.4 0.204 84.52560378 91.0590736 98.3630419 101.53496 106.568391 115.562822 115.799291 126.304668 138.16537
1.6 0.226 80.3062129 86.5135417 93.452907 96.4664879 101.248658 109.7941 110.018764 119.99973 131.268362
1.8 0.248 76.66153748 82.5871484 89.2115724 92.0883828 96.6535152 104.811125 105.025593 114.553575 125.310784
2 0.27 73.47193593 79.1510042 85.4998106 88.2569276 92.6321217 100.450324 100.655869 109.787426 120.097068
2.2 0.292 70.64996315 76.1109049 82.215861 84.8670803 89.0742282 96.5921421 96.7897922 105.570617 115.484277
2.4 0.314 68.13002391 73.3961851 79.2833899 81.8400456 85.8971332 93.1468986 93.3374989 101.80513 111.36519
2.6 0.336 65.86181985 70.9526585 76.6438648 79.1154036 83.0374215 90.0458257 90.2300804 98.4158047 107.657589
2.8 0.358 63.80604886 68.7379852 74.2515496 76.6459433 80.4455417 87.2351897 87.4136933 95.3439133 104.29723
3 0.38 61.93149547 66.7185368 72.0701186 74.3941676 78.0821378 84.6723133 84.8455726 92.5428113 101.233089
3.2 0.402 60.21301015 64.8672198 70.0703051 72.329866 75.9155018 82.322812 82.4912637 89.9749181 98.4240566
3.4 0.424 58.63007329 63.1619287 68.2282303 70.4283897 73.9197629 80.1586317 80.3226549 87.6095719 95.8365914
3.6 0.446 57.16575399 61.5844237 66.5241916 68.6694008 72.073575 78.1566244 78.3165511 85.4214732 93.4430182
3.8 0.468 55.80594142 60.1195034 64.9417681 67.0359488 70.3591473 76.297498 76.4536205 83.3895365 91.2202715
4 0.49 54.53876827 58.7543832 63.4671497 65.5137783 68.7615177 74.5650277 74.7176051 81.4960288 89.148953
4.2 0.512 53.35417205 57.4782227 62.0886267 64.090802 67.2679997 72.9454559 73.0947193 79.7259139 87.2126146
4.4 0.534 52.24355684 56.2817617 60.796196 62.7566942 65.8677556 71.4270304 71.5731868 78.0663471 85.3972054
4.6 0.556 51.19952945 55.1570354 59.5812539 61.5025738 64.5514642 69.9996434 70.142879 76.5062809 83.6906405
4.8 0.578 50.21569134 54.0971508 58.4363546 60.3207549 63.3110585 68.6545467 68.7950299 75.0361542 82.0824608
5 0.6 49.28647295 53.0961078 57.3550166 59.2045469 62.1395163 67.3841257 67.5220094 73.6476445 80.5635624
5.2 0.622 48.40700053 52.1486559 56.3315683 58.1480954 61.030693 66.1817171 66.3171403 72.3334691 79.1259787
5.4 0.644 47.57298821 51.2501779 55.3610223 57.1462522 59.979185 65.0414612 65.1745512 71.0872237 77.762704
5.6 0.666 46.78064989 50.3965952 54.4389726 56.1944691 58.9802188 63.9581817 64.0890551 69.9032507 76.4675495
5.8 0.688 46.02662667 49.5842892 53.5615104 55.2887114 58.0295596 62.9272864 63.0560503 68.7765311 75.2350247
6 0.71 45.30792689 48.810037 52.7251544 54.4253853 57.1234356 61.944685 62.0714383 67.7025945 74.0602396
6.2 0.732 44.62187599 48.0709573 51.9267921 53.6012782 56.2584747 61.006721 61.1315549 66.6774444 72.9388223
6.4 0.754 43.9660746 47.3644652 51.1636314 52.8135078 55.4316519 60.1101138 60.2331131 65.6974955 71.8668508
6.6 0.776 43.33836319 46.6882344 50.4331592 52.0594801 54.6402444 59.2519111 59.3731543 64.7595207 70.840795
6.8 0.798 42.73679206 46.0401644 49.7331067 51.3368528 53.8817941 58.4294472 58.5490075 63.8606068 69.8574682
7 0.82 42.15959587 45.4183534 49.0614194 50.6435056 53.1540753 57.6403086 57.7582541 62.9981158 68.9139845
7.2 0.842 41.6051718 44.8210747 48.4162322 49.977513 52.4550672 56.8823038 56.9986983 62.1696526 68.0077241
7.4 0.864 41.07206079 44.2467565 47.7958471 49.3371224 51.7829303 56.1534381 56.2683411 61.3730371 67.136302
7.6 0.886 40.55893143 43.6939644 47.1987149 48.7207344 51.1359858 55.4518912 55.5653587 60.6062797 66.2975419
7.8 0.908 40.06456587 43.1613865 46.6234182 48.1268861 50.5126984 54.775998 54.8880825 59.8675606 65.489453
8 0.93 39.58784773 42.6478201 46.0686579 47.5542364 49.9116606 54.1242323 54.2349831 59.1552116 64.7102106
8.2 0.952 39.12775146 42.1521603 45.5332406 47.0015535 49.3315793 53.4951918 53.6046555 58.4677003 63.9581382
8.4 0.974 38.68333306 41.6733902 45.0160678 46.4677034 48.7712645 52.887586 52.9958064 57.8036161 63.2316928
8.6 0.996 38.25372189 41.210572 44.5161263 45.9516402 48.2296183 52.3002246 52.4072431 57.161658 62.5294513
8.8 1.018 37.83811357 40.7628389 44.0324799 45.4523977 47.7056266 51.7320078 51.8378635 56.5406241 61.8500989
9 1.04 37.43576357 40.3293889 43.5642624 44.9690815 47.1983508 51.1819176 51.2866478 55.9394017 61.1924184
9.2 1.062 37.04598163 39.9094785 43.1106704 44.5008625 46.7069206 50.6490105 50.7526502 55.3569595 60.5552817
9.4 1.084 36.66812678 39.5024171 42.670958 44.0469707 46.2305279 50.1324099 50.2349925 54.7923397 59.937641
9.6 1.106 36.30160291 39.1075625 42.2444316 43.6066901 45.7684211 49.631301 49.7328582 54.2446515 59.3385219
9.8 1.128 35.94585479 38.7243165 41.830445 43.1793536 45.3199001 49.1449246 49.2454866 53.7130652 58.7570168
10 1.15 35.60036455 38.3521214 41.4283956 42.7643393 44.8843121 48.6725728 48.7721682 53.1968071 58.1922792
10.2 1.172 35.26464851 37.9904559 41.0377205 42.3610661 44.4610472 48.2135841 48.3122404 52.6951543 57.6435184
10.4 1.194 34.93825434 37.6388329 40.6578933 41.9689905 44.0495352 47.7673403 47.8650834 52.207431 57.1099952
10.6 1.216 34.62075845 37.2967959 40.2884211 41.5876039 43.649242 47.3332621 47.430117 51.7330042 56.5910171
10.8 1.238 34.31176376 36.9639172 39.9288417 41.2164293 43.2596669 46.9108067 47.0067971 51.2712805 56.0859351
11 1.26 34.01089753 36.6397953 39.5787216 40.8550188 42.8803401 46.4994644 46.5946132 50.821703 55.5941398
11.2 1.282 33.71780951 36.3240528 39.237653 40.5029517 42.5108199 46.0987565 46.1930853 50.3837483 55.1150587
11.4 1.304 33.43217025 36.0163349 38.9052526 40.1598324 42.1506909 45.7082325 45.8017622 49.9569241 54.6481534
11.6 1.326 33.15366947 35.7163072 38.5811592 39.825288 41.7995621 45.3274681 45.4202187 49.5407668 54.1929166
11.8 1.348 32.88201471 35.4236547 38.2650327 39.4989673 41.4570645 44.9560636 45.0480542 49.1348394 53.7488704
12 1.37 32.61693002 35.13808 37.9565518 39.1805387 41.1228504 44.5936417 44.6848907 48.7387294 53.3155635
12.2 1.392 32.35815476 34.8593026 37.6554132 38.8696893 40.7965911 44.2398459 44.330371 48.3520475 52.89257
12.4 1.414 32.10544255 34.5870568 37.3613302 38.566123 40.477976 43.8943395 43.9841576 47.9744254 52.4794872
12.6 1.436 31.85856026 34.3210915 37.0740315 38.2695598 40.1667112 43.5568038 43.6459311 47.6055149 52.0759339
12.8 1.458 31.61728714 34.061169 36.7932603 37.9797345 39.8625183 43.2269368 43.3153892 47.244986 51.6815494
13 1.48 31.38141395 33.8070638 36.518773 37.6963958 39.5651336 42.9044526 42.9922451 46.8925261 51.2959916
13.2 1.502 31.15074223 33.5585622 36.2503387 37.4193053 39.2743067 42.5890798 42.676227 46.5478387 50.9189361
13.4 1.524 30.92508357 33.3154611 35.9877381 37.1482366 38.9898003 42.2805609 42.3670768 46.2106421 50.5500749
13.6 1.546 30.70425899 33.0775677 35.730763 36.8829748 38.7113885 41.978651 42.0645491 45.880669 50.1891155
13.8 1.568 30.48809831 32.8446987 35.4792153 36.6233154 38.4388569 41.6831176 41.768411 45.5576651 49.8357798
14 1.59 30.27643966 32.6166797 35.2329066 36.369064 38.1720014 41.3937394 41.4784406 45.2413884 49.489803
14.2 1.612 30.06912889 32.3933447 34.9916576 36.1200355 37.9106277 41.1103055 41.1944268 44.9316087 49.1509333
14.4 1.634 29.86601915 32.1745355 34.7552974 35.8760533 37.6545505 40.8326153 40.9161684 44.6281065 48.8189305
 Para obtener la Potencia disponible necesitaremos la PMC principalmente. Siendo Pm la
potencia que el motor entrega a la hélice en las condiciones requeridas a cierta altitud h. A
esta potencia suele llamarse potencia máxima continua, PMC. Los fabricantes de motores
deben aportar esta información. Para este proyecto, desde la ficha técnica se supone que dicha
PMC será un porcentaje de la potencia máxima para cada altitud considerada.

Además, necesitaremos la eficiencia de la hélice, y las velocidades del régimen de vuelo.

Con estos datos podremos construir una tabla como la que se muestra a continuación para
distintas altitudes.

Para obtener la eficiencia de la hélice en regímenes de velocidad (las velocidades

corresponden con la tabla calculada anteriormente) distintos lo haremos con la siguiente
formula:

𝜼 = −6.5487𝑱6 + 29.1999𝐽 5 − 50.002𝑱4 + 40.518𝑱3 − 15.724𝑱2 + 3.5255𝑱 − 0.1477

1 HP =
76 2.03 48.33333333
kgm/s m rps
 Altitud = 0
PMC(HP) 350 PM(kgm/s) PM
V J =
0 0 -0.1477 -51.695 -3928.82
492.8647295 5.023251872 -38900.75377 -13615263.82 -1034760050
228.1520365 2.325313775 -79.53475902 -27837.16566 -2115624.59
170.7333506 1.740105492 -2.525711459 -883.9990108 -67183.92482
142.2777921 1.45008791 0.693587012 242.7554541 18449.41451
124.5200936 1.269102364 0.881548895 308.5421133 23449.20061
112.0919362 1.142435225 0.862598813 301.9095844 22945.12841
102.7694003 1.047420421 0.835906737 292.5673579 22235.1192
95.44284447 0.972748542 0.811645987 284.0760956 21589.78326
89.48859126 0.912063101 0.787585623 275.6549679 20949.77756
84.52560378 0.861480589 0.762810195 266.9835682 20290.75118
80.3062129 0.818476775 0.737476008 258.1166026 19616.8618
76.66153748 0.781330431 0.712066415 249.2232454 18940.96665
73.47193593 0.748822177 0.687054962 240.4692366 18275.66199
70.64996315 0.720060776 0.662802768 231.9809688 17630.55363
68.13002391 0.694377686 0.639549764 223.8424176 17012.02374
65.86181985 0.671260267 0.617435614 216.1024648 16423.78733
63.80604886 0.650307955 0.596525516 208.7839304 15867.57871
61.93149547 0.631202604 0.576832707 201.8914476 15343.75001
60.21301015 0.61368789 0.558335869 195.4175541 14851.73411
58.63007329 0.597554679 0.540991818 189.3471362 14390.38235
57.16575399 0.582630413 0.524744453 183.6605585 13958.20244
55.80594142 0.568771273 0.509530904 178.3358164 13553.52205
54.53876827 0.55585631 0.495285665 173.3499828 13174.59869
53.35417205 0.543782966 0.481943305 168.6801568 12819.69192
52.24355684 0.532463634 0.469440195 164.3040684 12487.1092
51.19952945 0.52182296 0.457715554 160.2004438 12175.23373
50.21569134 0.511795733 0.446712029 156.3492103 11882.53998
49.28647295 0.502325187 0.436375977 152.7315921 11607.601
48.40700053 0.49336165 0.42665753 149.3301353 11349.09029
47.57298821 0.484861439 0.417510531 146.128686 11105.78014
46.78064989 0.476785968 0.4088924 143.1123401 10876.53784
46.02662667 0.469101002 0.400763933 140.2673766 10660.32062
45.30792689 0.461776051 0.393089092 137.581182 10456.16983
44.62187599 0.454783856 0.385834776 135.0421716 10263.20504
43.9660746 0.448099962 0.378970601 132.6397102 10080.61797
43.33836319 0.44170236 0.372468675 130.3640364 9907.666768
42.73679206 0.435571178 0.366303399 128.2061898 9743.670427
42.15959587 0.429688424 0.360451265 126.1579428 9588.003651
41.6051718 0.424037762 0.354890678 124.2117372 9440.092027
41.07206079 0.418604323 0.349601789 122.3606261 9299.407586
40.55893143 0.413374535 0.344566343 120.5982201 9165.464728
40.06456587 0.408335986 0.339767537 118.9186381 9037.816495
39.58784773 0.4034773 0.335189894 117.3164628 8916.051169
39.12775146 0.398788022 0.330819142 115.7866997 8799.78918
38.68333306 0.394258533 0.326642116 114.3247407 8688.680293
38.25372189 0.389879958 0.322646656 112.9263296 8582.401053
37.83811357 0.3856441 0.318821522 111.5875325 8480.652472
37.43576357 0.381543369 0.315156313 110.3047095 8383.157926
37.04598163 0.377570732 0.3116414 109.07449 8289.661243
36.66812678 0.373719655 0.308267857 107.8937498 8199.924984
36.30160291 0.369984062 0.305027401 106.7595903 8113.728864
35.94585479 0.366358296 0.301912343 105.6693201 8030.868331
35.60036455 0.362837077 0.298915536 104.6204378 7951.15327
35.26464851 0.359415477 0.296030332 103.6106162 7874.40683
34.93825434 0.356088884 0.29325054 102.6376888 7800.464352
34.62075845 0.352852982 0.290570391 101.6996367 7729.172393
34.31176376 0.349703724 0.287984505 100.7945769 7660.387842
34.01089753 0.346637311 0.285487861 99.9207515 7593.977114
33.71780951 0.343650173 0.283075767 99.07651851 7529.815407
33.43217025 0.340738953 0.280743836 98.26034252 7467.786032
33.15366947 0.337900487 0.278487962 97.47078683 7407.779799
32.88201471 0.335131796 0.276304303 96.70650596 7349.694453
32.61693002 0.332430066 0.274189254 95.96623893 7293.434158
32.35815476 0.329792642 0.272139437 95.24880301 7238.909029
32.10544255 0.327217013 0.27015168 94.5530881 7186.034695
31.85856026 0.324700801 0.268223004 93.8780514 7134.731906
31.61728714 0.322241758 0.266350608 93.22271273 7084.926168
31.38141395 0.31983775 0.264531857 92.58615005 7036.547404
31.15074223 0.317486756 0.262764273 91.96749541 6989.529651
30.92508357 0.315186855 0.261045518 91.36593127 6943.810777
30.70425899 0.312936222 0.259373391 90.78068699 6899.332212
30.48809831 0.310733124 0.257745816 90.21103572 6856.038714
30.27643966 0.30857591 0.256160833 89.6562914 6813.878146
30.06912889 0.306463009 0.254616589 89.11580615 6772.801267
29.86601915 0.304392925 0.253111336 88.58896767 6732.761543
De la misma manera construimos varias tablas para las distintas velocidades en varios
regímenes de altitud obteniendo los siguientes resultados:

Potencia disponible
350

300
0
250
Potencia en HP

5000
200 10000

150 12000
15000
100
20000
50
25000
0 30000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
velocidad en m/s

Para el calculo de la Potencia requerida utilizaremos los mismos regímenes de Velocidades,

pero utilizaremos dos formulas para encontrar la PR:

𝑅 = 𝑇𝑅 𝑉

𝑊
𝑇𝑅 =
𝛽

Siendo Beta la fineza de la aeronave para los distintos ángulos de ataque ( recordemos que la
fineza es el cociente del levantamiento entre el arrastre ), este dato proviene de la tabla de la
polar de la aeronave. El peso del Piper P46 es de 1484 kg.

Construyendo la tabla para altitud 0 quedaría de la siguiente manera.

 Altitud=0
𝛽 𝑊
V 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑇𝑅 𝑉
𝛽
0 0 0 0 0
492.86473 0.22507394 6593.38892 3249648.85 42758.5375
228.152037 1.04914708 1414.48232 322717.023 4246.27662
170.733351 1.86858772 794.182679 135593.47 1784.1246
142.277792 2.6798277 553.766946 78788.7384 1036.69393
124.520094 3.4794179 426.508123 53108.8314 698.800413
112.091936 4.26407582 348.02383 39010.665 513.298224
102.7694 5.03072814 294.987119 30315.6493 398.890122
95.4428445 5.7765474 256.900861 24519.3489 322.623012
89.4885913 6.49898173 228.343464 20434.1349 268.870196
84.5256038 7.19577738 206.232061 17431.8895 229.366967
80.3062129 7.86499374 188.684193 15152.513 199.375171
76.6615375 8.50501095 174.485372 13376.3169 176.00417
73.4719359 9.11453063 162.816941 11962.4759 157.400999
70.6499632 9.69257025 153.106964 10817.0013 142.328965
68.1300239 10.2384518 144.943789 9875.02384 129.934524
65.8618199 10.7517859 138.023582 9090.48432 119.611636
63.8060489 11.2324519 132.117192 8429.87601 110.919421
61.9314955 11.6805755 127.048535 7868.30575 103.530339
60.2130101 12.0965042 122.680072 7386.93641 97.1965317
58.6300733 12.4807815 118.902811 6971.28053 91.7273754
57.165754 12.8341212 115.629265 6610.03412 86.9741331
55.8059414 13.1573818 112.788397 6294.26268 82.8192458
54.5387683 13.4515416 110.321928 6016.82207 79.1687114
53.354172 13.7176753 108.181596 5771.93947 75.9465719
52.2435568 13.9569322 106.327091 5554.90541 73.0908607
51.1995295 14.1705162 104.724484 5361.84432 70.5505832
50.2156913 14.3596673 103.345013 5189.54127 68.2834378
49.286473 14.5256459 102.164131 5035.3097 66.254075
48.4070005 14.6697186 101.160768 4896.88934 64.4327545
47.5729882 14.7931458 100.316729 4772.36658 62.7942971
46.7806499 14.8971714 99.6162268 4660.11183 61.3172609
46.0266267 14.9830143 99.0454908 4558.72983 59.9832872
45.3079269 15.0518612 98.5924586 4467.01991 58.7765777
44.621876 15.1048611 98.2465176 4383.94392 57.6834727
43.9660746 15.1431208 97.9982937 4308.60029 56.6921091
43.3383632 15.1677019 97.8394759 4240.20274 55.7921413
42.7367921 15.1796182 97.7626697 4178.06289 54.9745117
42.1595959 15.1798349 97.7612743 4121.57582 54.2312607
41.6051718 15.1692674 97.8293785 4070.2081 53.5553697
41.0720608 15.1487817 97.9616733 4023.4878 52.940629
40.5589314 15.1191945 98.1533771 3980.99609 52.3815275
40.0645659 15.0812745 98.4001716 3942.36016 51.87316
39.5878477 15.0357433 98.6981471 3907.24722 51.4111476
39.1277515 14.9832768 99.0437554 3875.35944 50.9915716
38.6833331 14.9245072 99.4337687 3846.42959 50.6109157
38.2537219 14.8600247 99.8652446 3820.21729 50.266017
37.8381136 14.790379 100.335495 3796.50585 49.9540243
37.4357636 14.7160819 100.842059 3775.09948 49.6723615
37.0459816 14.6376087 101.38268 3755.8209 49.418696
36.6681268 14.5554005 101.955284 3738.50929 49.1909117
36.3016029 14.4698661 102.557963 3723.01847 48.9870851
35.9458548 14.3813838 103.188958 3709.21529 48.8054644
35.6003646 14.2903032 103.846642 3696.97831 48.6444515
35.2646485 14.1969474 104.529513 3686.19655 48.5025862
34.9382543 14.1016142 105.236179 3676.7684 48.3785316
34.6207585 14.0045781 105.965349 3668.60075 48.2710625
34.3117638 13.9060917 106.715822 3661.60807 48.1790535
34.0108975 13.8063872 107.486483 3655.71174 48.1014703
33.7178095 13.7056781 108.276292 3650.83937 48.0373602
33.4321702 13.60416 109.08428 3646.92422 47.9858449
33.1536695 13.5020123 109.909543 3643.90464 47.9461137
32.8820147 13.3993993 110.751234 3641.7237 47.9174171
32.61693 13.2964709 111.608562 3640.32866 47.8990613
32.3581548 13.1933644 112.480786 3639.67069 47.8904038
32.1054425 13.0902047 113.367211 3639.70448 47.8908484
31.8585603 12.9871058 114.267183 3640.38794 47.8998414
31.6172871 12.8841712 115.18009 3641.68198 47.9168682
31.381414 12.7814949 116.105355 3643.5502 47.94145
31.1507422 12.6791622 117.042434 3645.95869 47.9731407
30.9250836 12.5772501 117.990816 3648.87585 48.0115244
30.704259 12.4758282 118.950019 3652.27219 48.0562131
30.4880983 12.3749592 119.919587 3656.12016 48.1068441
30.2764397 12.2746996 120.89909 3660.39399 48.1630788
30.0691289 12.1750996 121.88812 3665.0696 48.2245999
29.8660192 12.0762044 122.886294 3670.12441 48.2911107
Repitiendo el procedimiento y escalando valores de interés resulta en la siguiente grafica de
PR a diferentes altitudes:

Potencia requerida
500
450
Potencia Requerida en HP

400 0
350 5000
300 10000
250
200 12000
150 15000
100 20000
50
0 25000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 30000
Velocidad en m/s

Finalmente podemos graficar la potencia requerida contra la potencia disponible utilizando

como eje común la velocidad de vuelo obtenida. Un ejemplo de las tablas es el que se
muestra a continuación para el nivel del mar.
De las graficas presentadas se observa que la intersección derecha es la velocidad de vuelo
máxima a su respectiva altitud. Como confirmación de una buena aproximación tenemos
que a partir de 25000 ft de altitud no es posible tener potencia ya que este es el techo de
vuelo de nuestra aeronave.

800
Rendimiento a 0 ft
700

600

500
Axis Title

400
PD
300
PR
200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Axis Title
 Velocidad =0
V Pd Pr
0 -51.695 0
492.86473 -13615263.8 42758.5375
228.152037 -27837.1657 4246.27662
170.733351 -883.999011 1784.1246
142.277792 242.755454 1036.69393
124.520094 308.542113 698.800413
112.091936 301.909584 513.298224
102.7694 292.567358 398.890122
95.4428445 284.076096 322.623012
89.4885913 275.654968 268.870196
84.5256038 266.983568 229.366967
80.3062129 258.116603 199.375171
76.6615375 249.223245 176.00417
73.4719359 240.469237 157.400999
70.6499632 231.980969 142.328965
68.1300239 223.842418 129.934524
65.8618199 216.102465 119.611636
63.8060489 208.78393 110.919421
61.9314955 201.891448 103.530339
60.2130101 195.417554 97.1965317
58.6300733 189.347136 91.7273754
57.165754 183.660558 86.9741331
55.8059414 178.335816 82.8192458
54.5387683 173.349983 79.1687114
53.354172 168.680157 75.9465719
52.2435568 164.304068 73.0908607
51.1995295 160.200444 70.5505832
50.2156913 156.34921 68.2834378
49.286473 152.731592 66.254075
48.4070005 149.330135 64.4327545
47.5729882 146.128686 62.7942971
46.7806499 143.11234 61.3172609
46.0266267 140.267377 59.9832872
45.3079269 137.581182 58.7765777
44.621876 135.042172 57.6834727
43.9660746 132.63971 56.6921091
43.3383632 130.364036 55.7921413
42.7367921 128.20619 54.9745117
42.1595959 126.157943 54.2312607
41.6051718 124.211737 53.5553697
41.0720608 122.360626 52.940629
40.5589314 120.59822 52.3815275
40.0645659 118.918638 51.87316
39.5878477 117.316463 51.4111476
39.1277515 115.7867 50.9915716
38.6833331 114.324741 50.6109157
38.2537219 112.92633 50.266017
37.8381136 111.587533 49.9540243
37.4357636 110.30471 49.6723615
37.0459816 109.07449 49.418696
36.6681268 107.89375 49.1909117
36.3016029 106.75959 48.9870851
35.9458548 105.66932 48.8054644
35.6003646 104.620438 48.6444515
35.2646485 103.610616 48.5025862
34.9382543 102.637689 48.3785316
34.6207585 101.699637 48.2710625
34.3117638 100.794577 48.1790535
34.0108975 99.9207515 48.1014703
33.7178095 99.0765185 48.0373602
33.4321702 98.2603425 47.9858449
33.1536695 97.4707868 47.9461137
32.8820147 96.706506 47.9174171
32.61693 95.9662389 47.8990613
32.3581548 95.248803 47.8904038
32.1054425 94.5530881 47.8908484
31.8585603 93.8780514 47.8998414
31.6172871 93.2227127 47.9168682
31.381414 92.58615 47.94145
31.1507422 91.9674954 47.9731407
30.9250836 91.3659313 48.0115244
30.704259 90.780687 48.0562131
30.4880983 90.2110357 48.1068441
30.2764397 89.6562914 48.1630788
30.0691289 89.1158061 48.2245999
29.8660192 88.5889677 48.2911107
 600
Rendimiento a 5000 ft
500

400
HP

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Velocidad (m/s)

800
Rendimiento a 10000 ft
700

600

500
HP

400

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Velocidad (m/s)
 600
Rendimiento a 15000 ft
500

400
HP

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Velocidad (m/s)

400
Rendimiento a 20000 ft
350

300

250
HP

200

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Velocidad (m/s)
 350
Rendimiento a 25000 ft
300

250

200
HP

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Velocidad (m/s)

Conclusión
La reducción de la densidad del aire a mayores altitudes es el factor principal que contribuye
a que los aviones con motores de combustión interna requieran menos potencia para
incrementar la velocidad. A medida que un avión asciende, la menor densidad del aire
disminuye la resistencia aerodinámica que enfrenta la aeronave, lo que conduce a una
eficiencia aerodinámica mejorada.

A mayor altitud, la combinación de una menor resistencia aerodinámica debido a la reducción

de la densidad del aire y las adaptaciones en el rendimiento de los motores de combustión
interna contribuyen a que los aviones necesiten menos potencia para incrementar la
velocidad. Este fenómeno se traduce en una mayor eficiencia en el consumo de combustible
y una mejora en el rendimiento general de la aeronave a altitudes elevadas.