13
13
13
ENTRADA,
Curriculum
.English
Tempus fugit
Mis ltimo libros libreria@sanzytorres.com Historia del Mundo Antiguo ,
Oriente;
BIBLIOGRAFA ALTERNATIVA
TRMINOS HISTRICO Translate this page. NOTICIAS SOBRE MI EN UNED , PRENSA y TVE ,Primer articulo escrituras megalticas , Segundo artculo: Signos de escritura en contexto megaltico en la provincia de Huelva?. Revista Arqueologa n 299, marzo 2006, LA MONEDA ROMANA 1, 2, 3
a 20 mm de dimetro y 48 granos de peso conocida en la numismtica como AE 3. Esta moneda sobrevivi hasta la introduccin de del tipo "Gloria Exercitus" en el 330 pero fue pronto reducida a 17mm de dimetro y 30 granos. Unos aos despus, probablemente en el 336, se hizo una nueva reduccin a la moneda de cobre dejndola en unos 20 a 25 granos. Las monedas de cobre durante los ltimos 7 aos de la vida deConstantino frecuentemente se reducen a menos de 17 mm de dimetro. LAS CECAS
<>
La moneda romana se acu normalmente en la ciudad de Roma, pero algunas veces se usaron cecas de otras ciudades de Italia o de otras provincias. Durante la poca republicana no se prohiba a las provincias su derecho a acuar su moneda propia. Este derecho se mantuvo por un tiempo relativaamente largo aunque mientras que en algunos casos las provincias podan seguir con su propia moneda, en otros tenan que acuar con el retrato del emperador o algn miembro de su familia. La plata y el oro eran slo acuadas en las cecas ms importantes. Cuando toda Italia recibi la ciudadana y el derecho romano, la moneda romana se convirti en la de toda la pennsula y en consecuencia los otros pueblos perdieron el derecho a acuar la propia. Probablemente cuando los romanos comenzaron a acuar monedas de plata fue cuando se crearon los oficios
(llamados triunviri montales) encargados de supervisar la acuacin. Estos oficiales colocaban su nombre o alguna inscripcin que los identificaba y que variaba dependiendo del lugar y el momento, en las monedas de oro y plata. Desde los tiempos deAugusto los "triumviri montales" dejaron de colocar sus marcas en las monedas porque la acuacin de oro y plata se convirti en un privilegio del emperador. El Senado conserv solamente el derecho de acuar cobre, por lo que casi todas las monedas de cobre de ese perodo llevan la inscripcin "S. C." (Senatus Consulto) o "Ex S. C." (Ex Senatus Consulto). En tiempos del emperadorGallieno la acuacin de moneda en todos los metales se convirti en privilegio exclusivo del emperador pero, a causa de la enorme extensin del imperio se tuvieron que emplear ms de una ceca en algunas de las provincias como la Galia por ejemplo. En las cecas lejanas la amonedacin se hacia abajo la supervisin de los "Questores" o los "Procnsules". As, todas las colonias y provincias romanas pasaron a tener una moneda unificada. En la parte occidental del imperio este cambi se produjo en el primer siglo de la era cristiana, pero en el oriente la prctica de una moneda unificada se generaliz despus del gobierno deGallieno. Durante el reinado deAureliano un buen nmero de ciudades del imperio tenan ceca propia donde acuaban monedas romanas y cuyos superintendentes eran llamados "Procuradores" o "Prevostes monetarios".
ALVAREZ BURGOS F. CASTN RAMIREZ C. CAYN J. R. Catlogo general de la moneda La moneda Imperial romana. Los sestercios del imperio romano. hispnica. Desde sus orgenes Tomo I. Julio Cesar - Valeriano; Vol. I. De Pompeyo Magno a hasta el siglo V. (2a ed.) Tomo II. Galieno - Rmulo Augustolo Matidia. 81 a.C al 117 d.C. Madrid, Editorial Jess Vico, 1982 Valencia, Edit. Jos Ma. Alern Cuesta, Valencia, Edit. Jos Ma. Alern 1985 Cuesta, 1985
CAYN J. R. Compendio de las monedas del Imperio Romano. Vol. I. De Pompeyo el Grande 81 a.C. a Julia Domna 198 d.C., Vol. II De Caracalla, 198 d.C. a Juliano de Pannonia, 285 d.C Madrid, 1985
DOMINGO S. Catlogo general de la moneda Romana. La Republica Valencia, Alern Ediciones, 1983
GABUCCI A. GIACOSA G. L'antica Roma Women of the Caesars. Their lives Milano, Elemond - Leonardo Arte, 2002 and portraits on coins Milano, Edizione Arte Moneta.
GRANT M. Gli Imperatori Romani. Storia e segreti. Roma, Newton Compton Editori.
LE GLAY M., VOISIN J.L., LE BOHEC Y. Storia romana Bologna, Il Mulino, 2002
RAMORINO F. ROSTOVZEFF M. SAYLES W. G. Mitologia classica illustrata Historia social y econmica del imperio Roman provincial coins. Ancient Milano, Ed. Ulrico Hoepli, 1998 romano (3a ed.) coin collecting IV. 2002 Madrid, Espasa Calpe S.A., 1972 Iola (WI), Krause Publications, 1998
SEAR D. R.
Roman coins and their values London, Seaby Numismatic Publications, 1970
STEVENSON S. W. A Dictionary of Roman Coins (1896) London, B.A. Seaby Ltd., 1984
Monedas de Roma - SPQR moneta Denarios.org Forum Ancient Coins Il tramonto dell'Impero (193-476) Crisi e trasformazione dell'occidente antico Signa Inferre University of Erlangen (Germany) G.A.R. (Gruppo Archeologico Romano) LIVIUS MONEDA HISPNICA ANTIGUA D.I.R. (De Imperatoribus Romanis) Roman Coins Photo Archive S.P.Q.R. moneta Storia d'Italia Tesorillo NOMISMATIKE Roman History, Coins, and Technology Imperium Romanum IMPERO ROMANO D'ORIENTE 330-1453 la sua storia ORBIS LATINUS http://www.grifomultimedia.it/adg/monrom/links.htm www.romanorum.com.au/ Info/Help/denoms.asp
Aureus The aureus was the main gold coin of the Early Empire, and its minting was under the direct control of the Emperor. Under Augustus, the currency was such: 1 aureus 1 quinarius (gold) 1 denarius 1 quinarius (silver) 1 sestertius 1 dupondius 1 as 1 semis 1 quadrans = = = = = = = = = 25 denarii 12 1/2 denarii 16 asses 8 asses 4 asses 2 asses 4 quadrantes 2 quadrantes 1/4 as
Solidus Constantine introduced a new gold coin in his reign, to replace the aureus, which was called the solidus and was 1/72 of a pound. Scripulum This was another gold denomination introduced by Constantine, worth 1 1/2 of a solidus. Semissis was a smaller gold coin introduced by Constantine, and was worth 1/2 of a solidus. It was replaced in the reign of Theodosius I. Tremissis The tremissis was introduced by Theodosius I to replace Constantine's scripulum, and was worth 1/3 of a solidus.
SILVER Coins
Denarius The denarius was the main silver coin, in fact the main denomination, of the Roman Republic. Under the Empire, Augustus controlled the minting of the gold and silver denominations, and the denarius continued. Under Nero the weight and fineness of the denarius dropped, and this cost-cutting practice was continued under successive emperor. By the reign of Caracalla, the denarius was about 40% silver, and the new antoninianus was introduced. The denarius continued, but was gradually phased out, first becoming bronze, and then disappearing after serving the Romans for almost 400 years. Quinarius Silver quinarii, or half denarii, were minted sporadically throughout the Republic. Its minting became more regular under the Early Principate and, under Augustus, it was worth 8 asses. Antoninianus This coin was introduced by Caracalla and worth twice that of the Denarius, but it actually only had about 1 1/2 of the denarius's silver content. Both the Antoninianus and the denarius continued for some time until the denarius was phased out. Gradually, over the Third Century, the silver content of the antoninianus dropped, until it was merely silver washed bronze coins. At this time, it is considered to be an AE coin. Argenteus This silver coin was first minted by Diocletian as part of his monetary reforms. It lasted until the reign of Constantine and replaced the old denarius, for it was roughly the same fineness and weight of the early denarius. Miliarense This silver coin was worth 1/18 of a solidus, and was introduced by Constantine late in his reign to replace the argenteus.
Siliqua Another silver coin introduced by Constantine, and worth 1/24 of a solidus. Originally it was 1/96 of a pound of silver, but his son, Constantius II reduced it to 1/144 of a pound of silver.
Bronze Coins
Sestertius The orichalcum sestertius (plural: sestertii) was the largest bronze denomination in the early Roman Empire, and it continued, growing only gradually smaller until the reign of Postumus (usurper in the breakaway Gallic Empire, 259-258 AD) who minted the last sestertius. Because of their larger flan, the sestertii, particularly of the earlier empire, had the potential for exquisite reverses which many moneyers, particualrly under the Adoptive and Antonine dynasties, used to portray their finest works.
Dupondius
As
Semis
Quadrans The copper quadrans (plural: quadrantes) was worth a quarter of an as under Augustus. It was one of the smallest denominations in the Early Principate. Follis The bronze follis, originally silver washed, was a new denomination of Diocletian's monetary reforms. The follis, however, soon began to decline in diameter and weight. The follis then mingled into the AE category (below) as the size of bronze coins fluctuated radically. The example to the left is an earlier (therefore larger) version of the Follis. Centenionalis The bronze centenionalis were the attempts of Constans and Constantius II to reintroduce a large bronze coin, as the follis (above) had by then shrunk dramatically. The centionalis, however, did not last long and by the end of Theodosius the Great only smaller varieties of bronze coins were minted. AEs The bronze coinage of the later Roman Empire has too many varieties in diameter and weight. No record is known of the names of these denominations, or their worth. They are broadly categorised as AE1 (27mm or larger in diameter), AE2 (23 to 27mm), AE3 (17 to 23mm) and AE4 (less than 17mm). The two varieties pictured to the left are an AE3 of Valentinian I and an AE4 of Theodosius I.