Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial to determine the effects of e-mobile training and consultancy services on self-care agency, body image, and quality of life in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

Material and Methods

This study was conducted as a randomized controlled interventional study. The sample of the study consisted of 51 patients who met the sample selection criteria and volunteered to participate in the study in the Obesity Center of a City Hospital. The patients in the experimental group received e-mobile training and consultancy services with a mobile application developed specifically for bariatric surgery that started before the operation and lasted for 3 months after the operation. CONSORT checklist was used to report the current study.

Results

A statistically significant difference was found in the mean scores of Self-Care Agency Scale, Body Image Scale, Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life II, and BMI of the patients in the experimental and control groups according to the processes (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of preoperative, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months of Self-Care Agency, Body Image, and Quality of Life scale mean scores (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in favor of the experimental group in terms of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month BMI averages (p<0.05).

Conclusions

The findings indicate that e-mobile training and consultation services given to patients undergoing bariatric surgery were effective in BMI measurements, but not on self-care agency, body image, and quality of life.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05278767.

Graphical abstract

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Introduction

Obesity, which is the second most common preventable cause of death, is defined as body weight exceeding the desired level in relation to height, occurring as a result of excessive fat accumulation in the body [1]. According to the 2016 data of the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1.9 billion adults are overweight, and 650 million people are obese [2].

Obesity has negative effects on every system of the body and brings together many health problems [3]. In addition, obesity, which limits daily activities, also decreases self-care agency, affects quality of life negatively with associated health problems [4, 5], and results in displease in body image by creating a dissonance between body image and self-image [6, 7]. Therefore, obesity should be considered as a chronic disease and should be treated. Methods such as medical nutrition therapy, exercise, behavior change therapy, and medical therapy can be used to treat obesity [8]. In cases where these methods do not yield results, bariatric surgery is chosen as the most effective method [1].

Although bariatric surgery is the most effective method for obesity treatment, successful results are only possible if patients gain the necessary knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors after the surgery [9]. In this context, it is very important to provide consultancy services to patients who are scheduled for bariatric surgery, in line with the planned training and patient needs starting from the preoperative period [1, 10–12].

Today, mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, which have become an integral part of our daily lives, have undoubtedly influenced health care delivery [13]. The increasing use of mobile devices in health care delivery has also increased the interest in mobile health applications [14, 15]. With mobile health applications that provide ease of access at any place and time, individuals can access health information, as well as monitor and share various health indicators [13]. In addition, reliable information and self-help strategies provided by these applications support individuals in adopting healthy lifestyle behaviors and increase their self-care agency and quality of life [16, 17].

Studies in the literature with bariatric surgery patients emphasize that mobile health applications used after surgery facilitate adaptation process of the individuals to a new life [18–22]. However, the mobile applications used in these studies focus on mobile health applications used to achieve nutritional goals (weight loss, calorie counting, food diary, etc.) and to increase physical activity after bariatric surgery. In addition to monitoring nutrition and physical activity, no studies were found where mobile health applications specific to bariatric surgery were used that include comprehensive trainings and live consultancy services to manage the surgery process. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to increase quality of life, self-care agency, and body image satisfaction of the individuals by providing mobile-based training and consultancy services that enable them to easily access the right information at any time and place, to prevent possible complications that may occur after bariatric surgery, and to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors.

Method

Research Design

This study was conducted as a randomized controlled interventional study. The study complies with the guidelines of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). The CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomized trial is included in File S1.

The population of the study consisted of patients who underwent bariatric surgery in a public hospital between July 2020 and July 2021. The sample consisted of patients between the ages of 18 and 65, who were literate, able to understand and speak Turkish, had no hearing impairment, underwent bariatric surgery for the first time, had sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass operation with laparoscopic method, had no complications during the surgical intervention, could use a smart phone, and who agreed to participate in the study both verbally and in writing.

To calculate the sample size, power analysis was performed after collecting the data from 20 bariatric surgery patients (n₁:10; n₂:10). The results of the power analysis using the G*Power 3.0.10 program indicated that minimum sample size of 46 in total was sufficient (n₁:23; n₂:23) with 90% power, 5% margin of error, and f=0.20 effect size.

Patients were divided into experimental and control groups using a simple randomization methods. For all allocations, randomization was applied with a computer-generated randomization table containing unique identifier numbers assigned to the participants, which concealed allocation for the first researcher. The study was completed with a total of 51 patients, 26 of which were in the experimental and 25 in the control group (Fig. 1).

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Fig. 1

CONSORT flow diagram

Results

The groups are independent and homogenous in every descriptive characteristic (p>0.05) (Table ​(Table11).

Table 1

Comparison of descriptive characteristics of the patients (N=51)

	Experimental group (n=26)		Control group (n=25)		Test
	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]
Age	37.73±12.97	36.5 [19.0–66.0]	39.88±11.88	42.0 [20.0–66.0]	t=−0.617a p=0.540
BMI (kg/m2)	41.40±3.62	41.2 [35.4–48.7]	44.54±5.34	42.7 [37.4–54.9]	Z=−2.265b p=0.063
	n	%	n	%
Sex
Male   Female	6 20	23.1 76.9	5 20	20.0 80.0	χ2=0.071c p=0.789
Education level
Primary school   High school   University	9 10 7	34.6 38.5 26.9	9 9 7	36.0 36.0 28.0	χ2=0.033c p=0.984
Working status
Yes   No	11 15	42.3 57.7	10 15	40.0 60.0	χ2=0.028c p=0.867
Economical situation
Income less than expenses   Income equal to expenses	9 17	34.6 65.4	10 15	40.0 60.0	χ2=0.012c p=0.914
Marital status
Married   Single	18 8	69.2 30.8	14 11	56.0 44.0	χ2=0.472c p=0.492
Presence of child
Yes   No	19 7	73.1 26.9	18 7	72.0 28.0	χ2=0.007c p=0.931
Chronic disease
Yes   No	12 14	46.2 53.8	9 16	36.0 64.0	χ2=0.204c p=0.651
Surgery experience
Yes   No	17 9	65.4 34.6	16 9	64.0 36.0	χ2=0.011c p=0.918
Obesity history
<10 years   >10 years	3 23	11.5 88.5	2 23	8.0 92.0	χ2=0.180c p=0.671
Bariatric surgery method
Gastric bypass   Sleeve gastrectomy	18 8	69.2 30.8	18 7	72.0 28.0	χ2=0.047c p=0.828

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^aIndependent sample-t, ^bMann-Whitney U, ^cPearson-χ²

There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the Self-Care Agency Scale scores between experimental and control groups in different stages. Findings regarding which group accounted for the statistical difference can be found in Table ​Table22.

Table 2

Comparison of Self-Care Agency Scale of patients during different stages

Self-Care Agency Scale	Experimental group (n=26)		Control group (n=25)		Test
	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]
Preoperative(0)	93.92±16.23	96.5 [56.0–128.0]	90.64±26.13	89.0 [11.0–130.0]	t=0.537a p=0.595
1st mount(1)	102.69±11.32	104.0 [84.0–122.0]	97.84±17.83	99.0 [69.0–140.0]	t=1.115a p=0.255
2nd month(2)	104.54±9.29	106.5 [81.0–120.0]	98.08±14.31	98.0 [70.0–126.0]	t=1.314a p=0.196
3rd month(3)	104.35±9.14	104.5 [80.0–117.0]	100.08±18.53	101 [31.0–126.0]	Z=−1.481b p=0.139
Test	F=9.211c p=0.000* [0–1,2,3]		χ2=10.929d p=0.012* [0–3]

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*α<0.05

^aIndependent sample-t, ^bMann-Whitney U, ^crepeated measures, ^dFriedman

No statistically significant difference was found between experimental and control groups before the operation or 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month after the operation in Self-Care Agency Scale scores (p>0.05, Table ​Table22).

There was a statistically significant difference between experimental and control groups during different stages in scores of the Body Image scale (p<0.05). Findings regarding which group accounted for the statistical difference can be found in Table ​Table33.

Table 3

Comparison of body image scores of patients during different stages

Body image scale	Experimental group (n=26)		Control group (n=25)		Test
	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]
Preoperative (0)	128.19±24.68	125.5 [81.0–181.0]	131.24±29.39	121.0 [94.0–196.0]	Z=−0.179a p=0.858
1st mount(1)	135.58±25.88	128.0 [97.0–188.0]	128.92±25.62	120.0 [98.0–185.0]	Z=−1.112a p=0.266
2nd month(2)	142.96±25.42	138.5 [106.0–198.0]	129.84±31.13	126.0 [44.0–188.0]	t=1.652b p=0.105
3rd month(3)	148.58±23.24	147.0 [112.0–199.0]	139.76±26.48	131.0 [94.0–195.0]	t=1.265b p=0.212
Test	F=5.170c p=0.007* [0–2,3][1–2,3]		χ2=15.585d p=0.001* [0,1–3]

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*α<0.05

^aMann-Whitney U, ^bindependent sample-t, ^crepeated measures, ^dFriedman

There was no statistically significant difference between experimental and control groups before the operation and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month after the operation in Body Image Scale scores (p>0.05).

There was a statistically significant difference between the MA-II mean scores of experimental and control groups during different stages (p<0.05). Findings regarding which group accounted for the statistical difference can be found in Table ​Table44.

Table 4

Comparison of MA-II scores of patients during different stages

MA-II	Experimental group (n=26)		Control group (n=25)		Test
	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]
Preoperative (0)	0.50±1.28	0.5 [(−2.8)–(2.5)]	0.13±0.124	−0.1 [(−2.5)–(3.0)]	t=1.052a p=0.298
1st mount(1)	1.01±1.09	1.3 [(−1.2)–(3.0)]	0.70±1.34	1.0 [(−2.0)–(3.0)]	t=0.902a p=0.372
2nd month(2)	1.47±0.90	1.7 [(−0.5)–(2.8)]	1.17±1.26	1.6 [(−2.0)–(3.0)]	t=0.984a p=0.330
3rd month(3)	1.72±0.87	1.9 [(−0.1)–(3.0)]	1.32±1.42	1.7 [(−3.0)–(2.9)]	Z=−0.773b p=0.439
Test	F=13.898c p=0.000* [0–2,3][1–3]		χ2=37.423d p=0.000* [0–2,3][1–2,3]

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*α<0.05

^aIndependent sample-t, ^bMann-Whitney U, ^crepeated measures, ^dFriedman

There was no statistically significant difference between experimental and control groups prior to the operation and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month after the operation regarding MA-II scores (p>0.05, Table ​Table44).

There was statistically significant difference in BMI (kg/m²) mean scores of experimental and control groups during different stages (p<0.05). Findings regarding which group accounted for the statistical difference can be found in Table ​Table5.5. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups during 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month BMI (kg/m²) mean scores (p<0.05). Experimental group had statistically significantly lower BMI (kg/m²) mean scores in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months compared to the control group (Table ​(Table55).

Table 5

Comparison of body mass index (kg/m²) mean scores of patients during different stages

BMI (kg/m2)	Experimental group (n=26)		Control group (n=25)		Test
	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}\pm \mathrm{SD}$	Median [min–max]
Preoperative(0)	41.40±3.62	41.2 [35.4–48.7]	44.54±5.34	42.7 [37.4–54.9]	Z=−2.265a p=0.063
1st mount(1)	36.66±3.69	36.1 [29.9–45.2]	40.36±5.61	38.0 [33.9–52,8]	Z=−1.318a p=0.020*
2nd month(2)	33.95±3.75	34.1 [27.7–42.5]	37.57±5.42	34.5 [31.5–50.3]	Z=−2.101a p=0.036*
3rd month(3)	31.73±3.68	31.6 [23.5–39.0]	35.35±5.39	32.9 [28.8–48.2]	Z=−2.139a p=0.032*
Test	F=233.768b p=0.000* [0–1,2,3][1–2,3][2–3]		χ2=74.407c p=0.000* [0–1,2,3][1–2,3][2–3]

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*α<0.05

^aMann-Whitney U, ^brepeated measures, ^cFriedman

Discussion

There are many studies suggesting that training and consultation provided to individuals increases self-care agency [1, 25, 26]. In a study by Çıray Gündüzoğlu and associates (2019), where determining self-care agency of individuals with obesity was aimed at, individuals who received training regarding obesity had higher self-care agency than individuals who did not [4]. In another study by Güven and Akyolcu (2020), training and consultation that started from preoperative period and followed 3 months after the surgery, and which was implemented using a training booklet, increased self-care agency of bariatric surgery patients [1]. In this study, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month self-care agency mean scores of the experimental group were higher than the scores of the control group but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05), Table ​Table2).2). It is possible that these findings result from the technology literacy of the participants, which may not be sufficiently developed, as well as from the inability to effectively use the interfaces of the mobile application. In addition, collecting the data during the COVID-19 global pandemic, and trainings on health, hygiene, and cleaning given from various channels to improve and maintain health during this period, may have also increased self-care agency of the patients in both the experimental and control groups.

Usta and Aygin (2020) reported in their study that 6 months of comprehensive training and consultation services using a post-bariatric surgery training booklet and a video CD, significantly increased body image satisfaction [10]. In this study, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month mean scores of the Body Image Scale of the patients in the experimental group, who were given e-mobile training and consultation services for three months after bariatric surgery, were higher than the patients in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05, Table ​Table3).3). This can be a consequence of the fact that the rapid change in body shape after bariatric surgery cannot be accompanied by psychological changes [27, 28]. Especially with individuals who have been obese their whole lives, cognitive reconstruction is slower than fast and excessive weight loss [6]. Therefore, 3-month period of follow-up/control might be too short for assessing body image changes after operation.

No statistically significant difference was found between experimental and control group patients prior to the operation and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month after the operation in regards of the mean scores of MA-II (p>0.05, Table ​Table4).4). Similarly, Wild and associates (2015) found that 1-year-long training based on video conference provided to patients who underwent bariatric surgery did not influence quality of life of the individuals [29]. Mangieri and associates (2019) demonstrated that mobile health applications used by bariatric surgery patients, who were followed for 24 months, were effective for improving and maintaining weight loss, but did not affect quality of life outcomes [21]. However, there are also studies in the literature demonstrating that face-to-face training and consultation given to individuals after bariatric surgery improves quality of life [1, 10]. These results suggest that, compared to face-to-face training, e-mobile training is inadequate in creating sufficient confidence in individuals and limits communication. In addition, the lack of face-to-face communication may cause limited consultation services.

Studies with bariatric surgery patients emphasize that mobile health applications used after surgery facilitate the adaptation process to a new life in individuals and, in parallel, support weight loss [18–22]. Mangieri and associates (2019) demonstrated in their study that mobile health applications that track diet and activity are effective in improving and maintaining weight loss with bariatric surgery patients that they followed for 24 months [21]. A systematic review (2020) examining 38 studies reported that mobile health applications used after bariatric and metabolic surgery were effective in providing weight loss and health-related behavior changes in individuals [20]. In this study, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month BMI (kg/m²) mean scores of the experimental group were found to be significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05, Table ​Table5).5). These results suggest that e-mobile training and consultation services, especially in relation to nutrition and exercise, are effective in weight loss after bariatric surgery. In addition, interfaces such as weight tracking, calorie counting, and food and exercise diaries that the experimental group patients used via the e-mobile application, may be beneficial.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrated that e-mobile training and consultation services given to patients undergoing bariatric surgery were effective in BMI measurements, but not on self-care agency, body image, and quality of life of the individuals. In line with these results, providing planned training to patients who are scheduled for bariatric surgery, starting from the preoperative period, and including post-discharge home care, providing consultancy services in line with patient needs, and developing a mobile application and testing it by integrating it with hospital-based programs, are recommended. Mobile health applications should be used to ensure that patients have access to accurate and reliable information after bariatric surgery and to increase the quality of care. As for future research, conducting studies that will have a longer follow-up period to evaluate the effects of the mobile application, and to plan qualitative studies that evaluate the use of the mobile application, usage barriers, as well as positive and negative aspects, are recommended.

Acknowledgements

Author Contrıbutıon

Sevgi Deniz Doğan: conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft, visualization; Sevban Arslan: conceptualization, methodology, validation, writing—review and editing.

Funding

This study was supported by Cukurova University Scientific Research Projects department (TDK-2020–12894).

Declarations

Footnotes

References