Research Project by Sarah Wessel
The so-called 25th January Revolution in Egypt started in a context of an authoritarian state tha... more The so-called 25th January Revolution in Egypt started in a context of an authoritarian state that in the last decades had used privatization and informalization as key strategies to maintain its power. Formal political systems and procedures, especially the elections, were used to solve problems related to the distribution of rents and as source of information to manage the expectations of the public and the rent-seeking elite. These ambiguous strategies of reducing public space while using formal politics to ensure the durability of the regimes’ power are key challenges when it comes to democratization processes: How can democratization work in highly privatized and informalized context? How can political representation be made, when the main sources of legitimacy - the constitution, the elections, the political institutions the courts, and the media - are fundamentally questioned? This study intends to show how relations of political representations across formal and informal structures are built by approaching the making of political representation as claim-making and claim-receiving processes. The provided data on which this work is based are the result of a field research from December 2010, one month before mass protests led to the resignation of former president Husni Mubarak until end of June 2013, when the first democratic elected president Muhammed Mursi was ousted.
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Conference Presentations by Sarah Wessel
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23.5.2019, Leipzig University, Public lecture organized by the Institute of Cultural Anthropology... more 23.5.2019, Leipzig University, Public lecture organized by the Institute of Cultural Anthropology, SFB “Processes of Spatialization under the Global Condition”, Leipzig
Vortrag: You and the Spy - Knowledge Production and Research in Revolutionary Times
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Hidden Agendas – Reflections on a Researcher’s Roles in a Violent Context
Presented, 5.10.2019, ... more Hidden Agendas – Reflections on a Researcher’s Roles in a Violent Context
Presented, 5.10.2019, German Middle East Studies Association for Contemporary Research and Documentation (DAVO), Annual congress, University of Hamburg
Panel: Meeting the challenges to academic freedom in Middle East Studies,
Title: Hidden Agendas – Reflections on a Researcher’s Roles in a Violent Context
Based on five years of field work experience in the revolutionary context of Egypt 2010-15, the presentation discusses interrelations between the conduct of research, academic agenda-setting and political developments. It explores key shifts in the conduct of research and debates on knowledge production in a period that can be described as a transformation from an authoritarian closed context to an authoritarian opening and back again. By doing so the presentation provides insight into the various and shifting roles of the researcher as determined by the broader political context over time and explores how the influence of politics, gender, nationality, time, and space on the creation of data can be used as productive means to enrich analysis. It addresses four sets of questions: How does the local political context has an effect on the researcher? Considering shifting political processes, how can responsible research be undertaken? What is the role of a research in times of rapid political change and violence? What effects can political events have on funding structures, research, and - after all - the ways how research is presented. The presentation aims to draw attention to the ethics of doing research in a violent context and its political implications for individuals and institutions alike.
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The year 2014 in Egypt marks an important liminal period, in which the military reclaimed and man... more The year 2014 in Egypt marks an important liminal period, in which the military reclaimed and manifested its political power after popular mass uprisings in January 25 2011 had resulted in the ouster of long-term authoritarian president Husni Mubarak. In 2014, Egypt witnessed an exorbitant number of legal cases, mass imprisonments, and death penalties often based on charges that the accused had conspired with foreign groups. Drawing from a comprehensive qualitative-empirical data collection, gained in a long-term field study 2010-2014, including interview data from 125 individuals from various socio-economic backgrounds as well as data from public media and political speeches, I will analyze three different cases and forms of punishment in Egypt in the year 2014 that involve international individuals and actors or are based on legal indictments in reference to international governments and groups. My aim is twofold: On the one hand I am interested in how legal cases serve as an important source for the military to legitimize its claim to rule and which role the representations of international actors and groups play in the dynamics of legitimation. On the other hand I am interested in the societal effects of these representations.
First, I explore the legal indictments against the former president Muhammad Mursi, who had been imprisoned by the state security forces after mass uprisings mid of 2013 and was, among other things, charged for conspiring with foreign groups and leaking state secrets to other countries to illustrate how the state established international actors as a threat. Second, I present a series of imprisonments against employees of International Governmental Organizations as an example for how state actors established the notion to oppose the as such framed international threat. Third, I explore the case of how a „mob“ collectively punished an international team of journalists as indicator for the societal effects of the representations of the international actors as a threat. I argue that the continuous representations of external actors and interventions as a threat and – in an essentialist way – to the Egyptian nation played an important role to legitimize the expansion of political influence and rule by the military, on the one hand. On the other hand, I argue, it served to recreate a public fiction of national unity that was based on the exclusion of any group and individual in opposition to the military.
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Also available in Arabic
Call for Papers:
Cairo Based Research Consortium
Egypt Research Sympo... more Also available in Arabic
Call for Papers:
Cairo Based Research Consortium
Egypt Research Symposium: Asking Questions in Revolutionary Times
10 - 14 October 2012, Cairo
Beginning on 25 January 2011, massive protests in Egypt against the regime lead to the fall of president Hosni Mubarak only a few weeks later. The manifold reasons, structural causes, impacts and circumstances of the events require diverse and inter-disciplinary responses in academic research. This symposium will consider revolution as both a discourse and its materialization that constantly affect and reproduce each other. Conducting research in Egypt, no matter in which discipline, means to be confronted with revolution as a conceptual anchor as well as a context in which research is taking place. The symposium addresses this ambivalent but interlinked perspective on the revolution in Egypt; on one hand, how discourses have changed (or not) due to the revolution and what discourses have been ‘forgotten’ in the focus on Tahrir Square. On the other hand, the symposium will address research processes and problems: How did the revolution change research questions, expectations and methodologies? What are the problems and processes of doing research in the midst of and around revolution? Through this exchange, the symposium will analyze the linkages and commonalities between the varied approaches, and by that means contribute to a more nuanced understanding of ongoing research in contemporary Egypt.
PhD students currently engaged in research in Egypt are invited to submit a 250 word abstract, in English or Arabic, which engages with these themes. Papers will be presented and discussed bilingually during the symposium. The bilingual nature of the project is a fundamental aspect of this endeavor, fostering intercultural academic exchange and debate. The symposium will result in a subsequent publication examining contemporary qualitative research in Egypt. Revolution throws all binaries into question. It is our task as researchers to look anew at the structures and narratives that emerge and remain. Rather than reifying existing categories, the project will illuminate the state of contemporary research on Egypt and offer new perspectives on conducting research in times of political upheaval.
The conference languages are English and Arabic. Please submit a 250 word abstract by 28 April 2012 to cbrc.info@gmail.com
Nora Danielson, Birgit Kemmerling, Steve Thorpe & Sarah Wessel
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The post-revolutionary context in Egypt marks a liminal period, in which ideas and concepts about... more The post-revolutionary context in Egypt marks a liminal period, in which ideas and concepts about the reorganization of the political system were publicly debated: Briefly after the uprisings in January 2011 the idea of a secular state (daula ‘almaniyya) was explicitly discussed, but soon replaced by the concept of a civil state (daula madaniyya). When Islamist groups got more visible, the idea of an Islamist state (daula islamiyya) was added to the intense discussions.
Drawing from a comprehensive qualitative-empirical data collection, gained in a long-term fieldstudy in capital, industrial, touristic, and rural areas in Egypt, 2010-2014, I will analyse the shift in the public debates from daula ‘almaniyya to daula madaniyya, in a first step. I argue that the shift signifies three underlying notions and developments: (1) the opening of the discursive space to redefine the relationship between religion and politics, (2) the search for a “genuine” concept to organize representational structures, (3) the increasing opposition to the political influence of the military.
Second, I will explore the complex assumptions, perceptions and circumstances to which my research participants – “receiver” of the debates – referred in their explanations in support of a specific state model, with focus on daula madaniyya. This analysis will reveal (1) competing visions and solutions related to the state concepts and its hybrids from a “bottom-up” perspective, and (2) state concepts that were absent in explicit public discussions. I will show that the various ideas associated with the concepts – regardless of their incompatibility – indicate deeper shared concerns, mainly: how the political can be rehabilitated to protect the disintegration of the perceived national collective from internal and external threats.
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Civil-military relation in Egypt in the post-revolutionary context
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Papers by Sarah Wessel
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Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism
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Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism
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Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism
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Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism
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Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism
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Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism
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Middle East Law and Governance
This article seeks to complement current research on the international dimension of the recent tr... more This article seeks to complement current research on the international dimension of the recent transformations in the Arab world by focusing on the subjective domestic political debates on external actors in Egypt. Approaching political transformations in post-revolutionary Egypt (2010–2014) as dynamic and reciprocal processes of claim making and receiving, I explore how the representations of external actors served as an important source for the military to legitimize the continuous expansion of its political powers. By doing so, I hope to illuminate on a period that was celebrated as a departure towards democracy, yet regressed into the re-emergence of a military regime three years later. Drawing from empirical findings gained in a multi-sited long-term field study from 2010 to 2014, I show that the ‘third hand’ – a concept that is commonly used in the streets, the media and in political speeches to designate external interventions as attempts to undermine the stability of the cou...
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Égypte/Monde arabe, 2013
In times of transformation and extreme fluidity in which the sources of legitimate political repr... more In times of transformation and extreme fluidity in which the sources of legitimate political representation like elections, constitutions etc. are contested, alternative theoretical understandings of political representation and legitimacy need to be developed in order to explain change. Starting from the assumption that elections are only a snapshot that show acceptance at a certain moment, the article explores the making and the reception of claims during the parliamentary elections 2011/12 in Egypt. The following questions are raised: How can we think about legitimate political representation for a better understanding of the transformation process in Egypt? How can we explain the changes and developments concerning political representation during the parliamentary elections 2011? The provided data are the result of a field research started in December 2010 containing in-depth interviews with a wide range of actors.
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Research Project by Sarah Wessel
Conference Presentations by Sarah Wessel
Lecture on Arab-German storytelling traditions with a focus on knowledge production and political exchange processes between the Arab region and Germany in transition,
Title: Arab and German Tales on Exhibit – Cultural Exchange Through Time and Space
https://www.culturaldiplomacy.de/mediacenter/index.php?arab-and-german-tales-on-exhibit-cultural-exchange-through-time-and-space
Vortrag: You and the Spy - Knowledge Production and Research in Revolutionary Times
Presented, 5.10.2019, German Middle East Studies Association for Contemporary Research and Documentation (DAVO), Annual congress, University of Hamburg
Panel: Meeting the challenges to academic freedom in Middle East Studies,
Title: Hidden Agendas – Reflections on a Researcher’s Roles in a Violent Context
Based on five years of field work experience in the revolutionary context of Egypt 2010-15, the presentation discusses interrelations between the conduct of research, academic agenda-setting and political developments. It explores key shifts in the conduct of research and debates on knowledge production in a period that can be described as a transformation from an authoritarian closed context to an authoritarian opening and back again. By doing so the presentation provides insight into the various and shifting roles of the researcher as determined by the broader political context over time and explores how the influence of politics, gender, nationality, time, and space on the creation of data can be used as productive means to enrich analysis. It addresses four sets of questions: How does the local political context has an effect on the researcher? Considering shifting political processes, how can responsible research be undertaken? What is the role of a research in times of rapid political change and violence? What effects can political events have on funding structures, research, and - after all - the ways how research is presented. The presentation aims to draw attention to the ethics of doing research in a violent context and its political implications for individuals and institutions alike.
First, I explore the legal indictments against the former president Muhammad Mursi, who had been imprisoned by the state security forces after mass uprisings mid of 2013 and was, among other things, charged for conspiring with foreign groups and leaking state secrets to other countries to illustrate how the state established international actors as a threat. Second, I present a series of imprisonments against employees of International Governmental Organizations as an example for how state actors established the notion to oppose the as such framed international threat. Third, I explore the case of how a „mob“ collectively punished an international team of journalists as indicator for the societal effects of the representations of the international actors as a threat. I argue that the continuous representations of external actors and interventions as a threat and – in an essentialist way – to the Egyptian nation played an important role to legitimize the expansion of political influence and rule by the military, on the one hand. On the other hand, I argue, it served to recreate a public fiction of national unity that was based on the exclusion of any group and individual in opposition to the military.
Call for Papers:
Cairo Based Research Consortium
Egypt Research Symposium: Asking Questions in Revolutionary Times
10 - 14 October 2012, Cairo
Beginning on 25 January 2011, massive protests in Egypt against the regime lead to the fall of president Hosni Mubarak only a few weeks later. The manifold reasons, structural causes, impacts and circumstances of the events require diverse and inter-disciplinary responses in academic research. This symposium will consider revolution as both a discourse and its materialization that constantly affect and reproduce each other. Conducting research in Egypt, no matter in which discipline, means to be confronted with revolution as a conceptual anchor as well as a context in which research is taking place. The symposium addresses this ambivalent but interlinked perspective on the revolution in Egypt; on one hand, how discourses have changed (or not) due to the revolution and what discourses have been ‘forgotten’ in the focus on Tahrir Square. On the other hand, the symposium will address research processes and problems: How did the revolution change research questions, expectations and methodologies? What are the problems and processes of doing research in the midst of and around revolution? Through this exchange, the symposium will analyze the linkages and commonalities between the varied approaches, and by that means contribute to a more nuanced understanding of ongoing research in contemporary Egypt.
PhD students currently engaged in research in Egypt are invited to submit a 250 word abstract, in English or Arabic, which engages with these themes. Papers will be presented and discussed bilingually during the symposium. The bilingual nature of the project is a fundamental aspect of this endeavor, fostering intercultural academic exchange and debate. The symposium will result in a subsequent publication examining contemporary qualitative research in Egypt. Revolution throws all binaries into question. It is our task as researchers to look anew at the structures and narratives that emerge and remain. Rather than reifying existing categories, the project will illuminate the state of contemporary research on Egypt and offer new perspectives on conducting research in times of political upheaval.
The conference languages are English and Arabic. Please submit a 250 word abstract by 28 April 2012 to cbrc.info@gmail.com
Nora Danielson, Birgit Kemmerling, Steve Thorpe & Sarah Wessel
Drawing from a comprehensive qualitative-empirical data collection, gained in a long-term fieldstudy in capital, industrial, touristic, and rural areas in Egypt, 2010-2014, I will analyse the shift in the public debates from daula ‘almaniyya to daula madaniyya, in a first step. I argue that the shift signifies three underlying notions and developments: (1) the opening of the discursive space to redefine the relationship between religion and politics, (2) the search for a “genuine” concept to organize representational structures, (3) the increasing opposition to the political influence of the military.
Second, I will explore the complex assumptions, perceptions and circumstances to which my research participants – “receiver” of the debates – referred in their explanations in support of a specific state model, with focus on daula madaniyya. This analysis will reveal (1) competing visions and solutions related to the state concepts and its hybrids from a “bottom-up” perspective, and (2) state concepts that were absent in explicit public discussions. I will show that the various ideas associated with the concepts – regardless of their incompatibility – indicate deeper shared concerns, mainly: how the political can be rehabilitated to protect the disintegration of the perceived national collective from internal and external threats.
Papers by Sarah Wessel
Lecture on Arab-German storytelling traditions with a focus on knowledge production and political exchange processes between the Arab region and Germany in transition,
Title: Arab and German Tales on Exhibit – Cultural Exchange Through Time and Space
https://www.culturaldiplomacy.de/mediacenter/index.php?arab-and-german-tales-on-exhibit-cultural-exchange-through-time-and-space
Vortrag: You and the Spy - Knowledge Production and Research in Revolutionary Times
Presented, 5.10.2019, German Middle East Studies Association for Contemporary Research and Documentation (DAVO), Annual congress, University of Hamburg
Panel: Meeting the challenges to academic freedom in Middle East Studies,
Title: Hidden Agendas – Reflections on a Researcher’s Roles in a Violent Context
Based on five years of field work experience in the revolutionary context of Egypt 2010-15, the presentation discusses interrelations between the conduct of research, academic agenda-setting and political developments. It explores key shifts in the conduct of research and debates on knowledge production in a period that can be described as a transformation from an authoritarian closed context to an authoritarian opening and back again. By doing so the presentation provides insight into the various and shifting roles of the researcher as determined by the broader political context over time and explores how the influence of politics, gender, nationality, time, and space on the creation of data can be used as productive means to enrich analysis. It addresses four sets of questions: How does the local political context has an effect on the researcher? Considering shifting political processes, how can responsible research be undertaken? What is the role of a research in times of rapid political change and violence? What effects can political events have on funding structures, research, and - after all - the ways how research is presented. The presentation aims to draw attention to the ethics of doing research in a violent context and its political implications for individuals and institutions alike.
First, I explore the legal indictments against the former president Muhammad Mursi, who had been imprisoned by the state security forces after mass uprisings mid of 2013 and was, among other things, charged for conspiring with foreign groups and leaking state secrets to other countries to illustrate how the state established international actors as a threat. Second, I present a series of imprisonments against employees of International Governmental Organizations as an example for how state actors established the notion to oppose the as such framed international threat. Third, I explore the case of how a „mob“ collectively punished an international team of journalists as indicator for the societal effects of the representations of the international actors as a threat. I argue that the continuous representations of external actors and interventions as a threat and – in an essentialist way – to the Egyptian nation played an important role to legitimize the expansion of political influence and rule by the military, on the one hand. On the other hand, I argue, it served to recreate a public fiction of national unity that was based on the exclusion of any group and individual in opposition to the military.
Call for Papers:
Cairo Based Research Consortium
Egypt Research Symposium: Asking Questions in Revolutionary Times
10 - 14 October 2012, Cairo
Beginning on 25 January 2011, massive protests in Egypt against the regime lead to the fall of president Hosni Mubarak only a few weeks later. The manifold reasons, structural causes, impacts and circumstances of the events require diverse and inter-disciplinary responses in academic research. This symposium will consider revolution as both a discourse and its materialization that constantly affect and reproduce each other. Conducting research in Egypt, no matter in which discipline, means to be confronted with revolution as a conceptual anchor as well as a context in which research is taking place. The symposium addresses this ambivalent but interlinked perspective on the revolution in Egypt; on one hand, how discourses have changed (or not) due to the revolution and what discourses have been ‘forgotten’ in the focus on Tahrir Square. On the other hand, the symposium will address research processes and problems: How did the revolution change research questions, expectations and methodologies? What are the problems and processes of doing research in the midst of and around revolution? Through this exchange, the symposium will analyze the linkages and commonalities between the varied approaches, and by that means contribute to a more nuanced understanding of ongoing research in contemporary Egypt.
PhD students currently engaged in research in Egypt are invited to submit a 250 word abstract, in English or Arabic, which engages with these themes. Papers will be presented and discussed bilingually during the symposium. The bilingual nature of the project is a fundamental aspect of this endeavor, fostering intercultural academic exchange and debate. The symposium will result in a subsequent publication examining contemporary qualitative research in Egypt. Revolution throws all binaries into question. It is our task as researchers to look anew at the structures and narratives that emerge and remain. Rather than reifying existing categories, the project will illuminate the state of contemporary research on Egypt and offer new perspectives on conducting research in times of political upheaval.
The conference languages are English and Arabic. Please submit a 250 word abstract by 28 April 2012 to cbrc.info@gmail.com
Nora Danielson, Birgit Kemmerling, Steve Thorpe & Sarah Wessel
Drawing from a comprehensive qualitative-empirical data collection, gained in a long-term fieldstudy in capital, industrial, touristic, and rural areas in Egypt, 2010-2014, I will analyse the shift in the public debates from daula ‘almaniyya to daula madaniyya, in a first step. I argue that the shift signifies three underlying notions and developments: (1) the opening of the discursive space to redefine the relationship between religion and politics, (2) the search for a “genuine” concept to organize representational structures, (3) the increasing opposition to the political influence of the military.
Second, I will explore the complex assumptions, perceptions and circumstances to which my research participants – “receiver” of the debates – referred in their explanations in support of a specific state model, with focus on daula madaniyya. This analysis will reveal (1) competing visions and solutions related to the state concepts and its hybrids from a “bottom-up” perspective, and (2) state concepts that were absent in explicit public discussions. I will show that the various ideas associated with the concepts – regardless of their incompatibility – indicate deeper shared concerns, mainly: how the political can be rehabilitated to protect the disintegration of the perceived national collective from internal and external threats.
Zitiervorschlag: Wessel, Sarah, 2016. Grey-Scales and in-Between: Negotiating the Civil State in Post-Revolutionary Egypt. In: CARPO Studies im Rahmen einer Veröffentlichungsreihe zu ‘dawla madaniyya’ (Zivilstaat) in Kooperation mit Re:Orient und Universität Köln. Einsehbar: <http://carpo-bonn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/CARPO_Study_03_2016_Wessel.pdf>.
Zitiervorschlag: Wessel, Sarah, 2011. Wahl und Kampf in Ägypten. In: Zenith, Zeitschrift für den Orient, [online] Einsehbar:<http://www.zenithonline.de/deutsch/politik//artikel/wahl-und-kampf-in-aegypten-002378/>.
Zittervorschlag: Wessel, Sarah, 2011.Proteste in Kairo: Wahl und Kampf in Ägypten. In: AlSharq, [online] Einsehbar:<http://www.alsharq.de/2011/11/proteste-in-kairo-wahl-und-kampf-in.html>.
Zitationsvoschlag: Wessel, Sarah, 2013.Shabab al-Thaura: Die symbolische Macht der ägyptischen Revolutionsjugend. Inamo, Informationsprojekt Naher und Mittlerer Osten (73), S. 22-25. Online: http://www.schattenblick.de/infopool/politik/ausland/pana1009.html
Die dreisprachige Publikation (deutsch/englisch/arabisch).„Cinderella, Sindbad & Sinuhe“ erschien als Begleitpublikation zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung, die 2019 im Neuen Museum auf der Museumsinsel zu sehen war. In der Ausstellung und im Buch werden die vielfältigen kulturellen Austauschprozesse zwischen der arabischen Welt und Deutschland beleuchtet. Die Ausstellung präsentiert frühe literarische Überlieferungen, die bis heute Künstler und Schriftsteller international inspirieren, wie beispielsweise die altägyptische Geschichte des Sinuhe. Die Art und Weise, wie Geschichten adaptiert und interpretiert wurden, gibt einen Hinweis darauf, wie Ideen über Zeiten und Räume hinweg weitergegeben werden. Dies wird unter anderem anhand der Geschichte des Sindbad deutlich. Die Ausstellung weist auf Gemeinsamkeiten in den Erzähltraditionen hin: Verschiedene Versionen von Cinderella sind beispielsweise sowohl in Deutschland als auch auf der Arabischen Halbinsel zu finden.
In einer Zeit, in der gesellschaftliche Debatten zunehmend von Abgrenzung geprägt sind, ist es umso wichtiger, sich den vielfältigen, auch historisch gewachsenen Gemeinsamkeiten der verschiedenen Kulturen forschend zu widmen und diese einer internationalen Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen.
Die Ausstellung ist eine Kooperation des Ägyptischen Museums und Papyrussammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin und der Arab-German Young Academy of Sciences and Humanities (AGYA). Sie wurde im Rahmen der Arab German Young Academy (AGYA) aus Mitteln des Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) finanziell gefördert. Ferner wurde sie unterstützt durch den Council der Arabischen Botschafter in Berlin und der Mission der Liga der Arabischen Staaten in Berlin.
In doing so, it breaks new ground in the study of political representation, providing analytical innovation to the study of disenchantment with politics, democracy fatigue and social cohesion. Based on five years of intense fieldwork, the author provides rare insights into local and national ideas on politics, justice and identity, and on how people situate themselves and Egypt in the regional and global context. It analyzes how the creation of an alternate, political system was discussed and negotiated among the Egyptian population, the military, the government, public figures, the media, and international actors, and yet nevertheless today, Egypt has a new political regime that is the most repressive in the countries’ modern history. Finally, it recalls the emotions and perceptions of individuals and collectives and interlinks these local perspectives to national events and developments through time.
This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of democratization and authoritarianism, Middle East Studies, political representation and informality, collective action, and more broadly to cultural studies and international relations.