Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                

A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

1. The Art of Rapid Experimentation

Growth hacking is a process that embodies the essence of agility and adaptability in the business world. It's a mindset that thrives on experimentation, data-driven decisions, and inventive marketing strategies to foster rapid growth. The term 'growth hacking' was coined by Sean Ellis in 2010, and since then, it has become synonymous with startups and digital businesses looking to scale quickly and efficiently. Unlike traditional marketing, which often relies on big budgets and broad campaigns, growth hacking focuses on low-cost and innovative alternatives that can lead to significant growth within short timeframes.

1. The Lean Startup Methodology: At the heart of growth hacking is the Lean startup methodology, introduced by Eric Ries. It emphasizes the importance of building a minimum viable product (MVP), measuring its performance, and learning from the results. For example, Dropbox used a simple demo video to gauge user interest before developing their full product, leading to a massive increase in sign-ups.

2. A/B Testing: A/B testing is a fundamental tool in the growth hacker's arsenal. It involves comparing two versions of a webpage, email, or app feature to determine which one performs better. By continually optimizing and iterating based on A/B test results, companies like Netflix and Amazon have significantly improved user experience and retention rates.

3. Viral Marketing: Creating content or features that encourage users to share with others is a powerful growth hacking strategy. Hotmail, for instance, added a simple line at the end of every email sent through its service: "PS: I love you. Get your free email at Hotmail." This tactic contributed to their exponential user growth.

4. community building: Building a community around a product or service can lead to organic growth through word-of-mouth and peer recommendations. Companies like GitHub have leveraged their user communities not just for feedback, but also for evangelizing their platforms.

5. Partnerships and Integrations: Strategic partnerships can open up new user bases and add value to existing products. When Spotify integrated with Facebook, allowing users to share music on their profiles, it saw a significant increase in user acquisition.

6. data analytics: Utilizing data analytics to understand user behavior and preferences helps tailor growth strategies effectively. google Analytics and other tools provide insights that can lead to targeted marketing efforts and product improvements.

7. User Experience (UX) Optimization: enhancing the user experience can lead to better engagement and conversion rates. Simple changes, like improving website loading times, can have a substantial impact, as seen with Walmart's increase in conversions when they improved their site speed.

8. Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Improving a website's seo can drive organic traffic and growth. By focusing on keyword optimization and quality content, companies like Yelp have become go-to resources in their respective industries.

9. Influencer Marketing: Collaborating with influencers can amplify a brand's reach and credibility. Fashion retailer ASOS created an 'As Seen On Me' section where customers could upload photos of themselves wearing ASOS clothes, effectively turning their customers into influencers.

10. product-Led growth: Focusing on the product itself to drive growth, as seen with Slack's freemium model, can lead to viral adoption and user retention.

growth hacking is not just a set of tactics; it's a strategic approach that requires creativity, analytical thinking, and a willingness to take calculated risks. By embracing the art of rapid experimentation, businesses can discover the most effective paths to growth and scale at an unprecedented pace.

2. Defining Success Metrics

In the realm of growth hacking, setting growth goals and defining success metrics are pivotal steps that can make or break the trajectory of a business. It's not just about setting arbitrary targets; it's about understanding what growth means for your specific context and how it can be measured effectively. This involves a deep dive into data, a clear understanding of business objectives, and an alignment with the overall strategy.

From the perspective of a startup, growth might mean acquiring new users at a rapid pace, while for an established enterprise, it could mean increasing the lifetime value of existing customers. Regardless of the size or stage of the business, the principles of setting growth goals remain consistent: they must be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound), aligned with the company's vision, and should have clear key performance indicators (KPIs) to track progress.

1. Specificity in Goal Setting: For instance, a mobile app aiming to increase user engagement might set a goal to increase daily active users (DAUs) by 20% within the next quarter. This is a specific target that focuses on a key metric indicative of engagement.

2. Measurability and Tracking: Utilizing tools like Google analytics or Mixpanel can help in tracking these metrics. For example, an e-commerce site may aim to reduce cart abandonment rates and can measure success through the percentage decrease in abandoned shopping carts after implementing a new checkout process.

3. Achievability and Realistic Targets: It's crucial to set goals that are challenging yet attainable. A B2B SaaS company might aim to increase lead conversion rates by optimizing their sales funnel, setting a realistic goal based on past performance and industry benchmarks.

4. Relevance to Overall Business Objectives: Each goal should contribute to the larger business objectives. For a content platform, this might mean focusing on metrics that indicate quality engagement, such as average time spent on page or the number of shares per article.

5. Time-Bound Plans: Deadlines create urgency and focus. A fintech startup may set a six-month goal to double the number of processed transactions by expanding payment options and improving user experience.

By incorporating these elements into the goal-setting process, businesses can create a structured approach to growth that is both ambitious and grounded in reality. The use of examples, such as the mobile app increasing DAUs or the e-commerce site reducing cart abandonment, illustrates how these principles can be applied in practical scenarios, providing a blueprint for success in the dynamic landscape of growth hacking.

Defining Success Metrics - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

Defining Success Metrics - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

3. Data-Driven Customer Insights

In the realm of growth hacking, the cornerstone of any successful strategy is a profound understanding of your audience. This isn't just about knowing their age, location, or spending habits; it's about delving into the psyche of your customers to uncover what drives their decisions, what values they hold dear, and how they interact with technology on a daily basis. data-driven customer insights allow businesses to tailor their products and services to the exact needs and desires of their target market, creating a personalized experience that resonates on a deeper level.

1. Behavioral Analytics: By examining the actions users take, such as the features they use most frequently or the points at which they abandon a shopping cart, companies can identify patterns and pain points. For example, if data shows a high drop-off rate at the payment page, it might indicate that the checkout process is too complicated.

2. Segmentation: Dividing the audience into segments based on shared characteristics allows for more targeted marketing. A fitness app, for instance, could segment users into 'beginners' and 'advanced athletes,' offering personalized workout plans for each group.

3. Predictive Modeling: Using historical data to predict future behavior is invaluable for product development and marketing. A streaming service could analyze viewing habits to predict which genres or titles will be popular in the coming months.

4. Sentiment Analysis: Understanding how customers feel about your brand or product can guide improvements. social media comments and reviews can be analyzed to gauge public sentiment, helping to refine messaging and product features.

5. customer Journey mapping: Charting the customer's journey from discovery to purchase and beyond can highlight opportunities for engagement. For instance, if customers frequently ask questions about a product feature on social media, creating a tutorial video could be beneficial.

6. A/B Testing: Comparing two versions of a webpage, email, or ad to see which performs better can provide concrete data on what resonates with your audience. An e-commerce site might test two different homepage layouts to see which leads to more conversions.

7. Churn Analysis: Understanding why customers leave can prevent future attrition. If a subscription service notices a trend in cancellations after three months, they might introduce a loyalty program to retain users longer.

By integrating these insights into a growth hacking strategy, businesses can ensure that every decision is informed by data, leading to more effective campaigns and a stronger connection with their audience. The key is not just to collect data, but to transform it into actionable insights that drive growth.

Data Driven Customer Insights - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

Data Driven Customer Insights - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

4. Aligning Offerings with Market Needs

achieving product-market fit is akin to solving a complex puzzle where every piece must fall perfectly into place. It's the sweet spot where what you're offering meets the market's demands and desires, resonating with the target audience so profoundly that it spurs organic growth. This alignment is not just about having a great product; it's about understanding the market's pain points, preferences, and priorities so well that your product feels like a natural solution. It's a dynamic process, requiring constant iteration based on feedback and market trends.

From the perspective of a startup founder, product-market fit is the lifeline that can make or break the venture. For them, it's not just about creating a product they believe in, but about validating that belief through customer interactions and sales metrics. On the other hand, investors view product-market fit as a key indicator of a startup's potential for success and scalability. They look for signs that the product is not only desired by the market but that it also has the potential to capture a significant share of that market.

Here's an in-depth look at the components of product-market fit:

1. Customer Discovery: This involves identifying your target customer and understanding their needs. For example, Dropbox realized that people needed a simple way to store and share files across multiple devices, which led to their cloud storage solution.

2. Value Proposition: Clearly articulate how your product solves a problem or improves the customer's situation. Airbnb did this by offering a unique value proposition: affordable accommodation with a local experience.

3. User Experience: The product should be intuitive and enjoyable to use. Consider how Apple's focus on design and user experience has made its products not just tools but lifestyle choices.

4. Feedback Loop: Establish a system to gather and analyze customer feedback, which is essential for continuous improvement. Slack’s rapid iteration based on user feedback helped it evolve from a gaming company's internal tool to a leading communication platform.

5. Market Timing: Launching your product at the right time is crucial. Sometimes, being too early or too late can mean missing the mark. For instance, the rise of remote work greatly benefited Zoom's video conferencing services.

6. Scalability: Ensure that your business model allows for growth without compromising quality or customer satisfaction. Netflix's shift from DVD rentals to streaming allowed it to scale globally.

7. Competitive Differentiation: Know your competition and how to differentiate your product. Spotify succeeded by offering a vast music library with a freemium model, setting it apart from other music services.

8. marketing strategy: Develop a marketing strategy that effectively communicates your product's benefits to the target audience. GoPro's use of user-generated content as a marketing tool showcased the capabilities of their cameras in real-world scenarios.

9. Sales Channels: Identify and optimize the sales channels that will reach your customers most effectively. Warby Parker disrupted the eyewear industry by selling directly to consumers online, bypassing traditional retail channels.

10. Financial Model: Your pricing strategy should reflect the value you provide and support your business's financial health. Salesforce's subscription model aligned with its customers' desire for a scalable, cost-effective CRM solution.

product-market fit is not a one-time achievement but a continuous pursuit. It requires a deep understanding of your customers, a clear value proposition, and the agility to adapt to changing market conditions. By focusing on these elements, businesses can position themselves for sustainable growth and success in the competitive landscape of their industry. Remember, the goal is to create a product that is not just used, but loved by its users.

Aligning Offerings with Market Needs - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

Aligning Offerings with Market Needs - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

5. Optimizing Each Stage for Maximum Conversion

In the realm of growth hacking, the concept of a growth funnel is paramount. This funnel represents the customer's journey from the initial awareness of a product or service to the final action of purchase and beyond. Optimizing each stage of this funnel is crucial for maximizing conversion rates, ensuring that potential customers are not lost at any point in the process. The growth funnel typically consists of several stages: Awareness, Interest, Decision, and Action, often extended to include Retention, Loyalty, and Advocacy. Each stage presents unique challenges and opportunities for optimization.

1. Awareness: At this stage, the goal is to capture the attention of potential customers. content marketing, SEO, and social media campaigns are common tactics. For example, a startup might use targeted facebook ads to reach users who have shown interest in similar products.

2. Interest: Once aware, potential customers must be engaged to develop an interest in the product. This can involve educational blog posts, webinars, or free trials. A SaaS company, for instance, might offer a free webinar on the benefits of their software.

3. Decision: At this decision-making stage, customers are considering whether to purchase. Detailed product information, testimonials, and case studies can be influential. A B2B business could provide case studies demonstrating how their tool increased another company's revenue.

4. Action: The action stage is where a purchase is made. streamlining the checkout process and offering incentives can increase conversions. An e-commerce site might offer a 10% discount code to first-time buyers.

5. Retention: After the purchase, the focus shifts to keeping the customer. excellent customer service and follow-up emails can encourage repeat business. A subscription service could send personalized usage tips to keep customers engaged.

6. Loyalty: Loyal customers not only repurchase but also become brand advocates. loyalty programs and exclusive offers can foster this loyalty. For example, a coffee shop might have a loyalty card that offers a free drink after ten purchases.

7. Advocacy: The final stage turns satisfied customers into active promoters. referral programs and social sharing incentives can be effective. A mobile app could give users in-app credits for each friend they refer.

By meticulously optimizing each stage of the growth funnel, businesses can ensure that no potential customer slips through the cracks. The key is to tailor the approach to the unique needs and behaviors of the target audience, constantly testing and refining strategies for the best results. The growth funnel is not just a pathway to conversion; it's a cycle that nurtures a long-term relationship between the business and its customers.

Optimizing Each Stage for Maximum Conversion - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

Optimizing Each Stage for Maximum Conversion - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

6. Crafting Messages that Convert

In the realm of digital marketing, the phrase "Content is King" has become a mantra that resonates with the truth of today's online landscape. It's not just about having content; it's about having content that speaks directly to the heart of your audience, engaging them, and compelling them to take action. The art of crafting messages that convert is a delicate balance of understanding human psychology, leveraging data-driven insights, and weaving a narrative that aligns with the values and needs of your target demographic. It's a strategic process that involves multiple layers of refinement and testing to ensure that every word, image, and call-to-action is optimized for conversion.

From the perspective of a growth hacker, content is the vehicle for rapid experimentation and growth. It's the medium through which hypotheses are tested, feedback is gathered, and growth levers are pulled. Here are some in-depth insights into crafting content that converts:

1. Understand Your Audience: Before you write a single word, you need to know who you're writing for. Create detailed buyer personas and speak directly to their pain points, desires, and emotions.

- Example: A SaaS company might find that their users value time-saving tools. Therefore, their content should focus on how their product can streamline workflows.

2. A/B Testing: Use A/B testing to refine your message. Test different headlines, images, and CTAs to see what resonates best with your audience.

- Example: An e-commerce site could test two different headlines for a product page to see which one leads to more conversions.

3. Data-Driven Decisions: Let data guide your content creation. Use analytics to understand what content performs best and why.

- Example: A blog might use Google Analytics to see which posts have the lowest bounce rates and highest engagement, then produce more content on those topics.

4. Emotional Connection: People make decisions based on emotions. Use storytelling to create a connection and make your brand memorable.

- Example: A charity organization shares personal stories of the people they help to encourage donations.

5. Clarity and Conciseness: Your message should be clear and to the point. Avoid jargon and fluff that could confuse the reader or dilute your message.

- Example: A financial services firm uses simple language to explain complex investment concepts to their clients.

6. SEO Optimization: Ensure your content is optimized for search engines without sacrificing readability for your human audience.

- Example: A local bakery uses keywords like "best chocolate cake in [City]" to attract local searches.

7. Consistency: Keep your messaging consistent across all platforms to build brand recognition and trust.

- Example: A fashion brand uses the same tone and style in their Instagram posts, emails, and website copy.

8. Call-to-Action (CTA): Your CTA should be clear, compelling, and easy to find. It's the final push to convert a reader into a customer.

- Example: A software company uses a bright button with the text "Start Your Free Trial" at the end of every blog post.

9. Visual Content: Incorporate visuals such as images, videos, and infographics to complement your written content and increase engagement.

- Example: A travel agency includes stunning photos of destinations in their blog posts to inspire readers to book a trip.

10. Feedback Loop: Create a system for gathering and implementing feedback to continuously improve your content.

- Example: An app developer uses customer reviews to update their app's features and address user concerns in their marketing content.

By integrating these strategies into your content creation process, you can craft messages that not only capture attention but also drive meaningful actions. Remember, the goal is to create content that resonates so deeply with your audience that they feel compelled to engage with your brand, whether that's through a like, a share, a sign-up, or a purchase. In the end, it's the content that speaks to them on a personal level that will convert, making "Content is King" a self-evident truth in the quest for growth hacking success.

Crafting Messages that Convert - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

Crafting Messages that Convert - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

7. Tools and Platforms for Scalability

In the realm of growth hacking, the strategic implementation of technology stands as a cornerstone for achieving scalability. This approach is not merely about adopting the latest tools but about integrating systems that can evolve with the growing demands of a business. It's a multidimensional endeavor that encompasses the selection of robust platforms, the automation of processes, and the insightful analysis of data to drive growth.

From the perspective of a startup, scalability means being able to handle an increasing number of customers or transactions without compromising performance or losing the quality of service. For a tech giant, it involves managing vast amounts of data efficiently while innovating rapidly to stay ahead of the competition. Regardless of the size of the enterprise, the underlying principle remains the same: leveraging technology effectively to facilitate expansion while maintaining or improving efficiency.

Here are some key strategies and tools that can be employed to harness technology for scalability:

1. cloud Computing services: Cloud platforms like AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure offer scalable infrastructure that can be adjusted according to the needs of the business. For instance, a startup can begin with a small server on AWS and scale up as its user base grows, without the need for significant upfront investment in hardware.

2. Automation Tools: Automating repetitive tasks saves time and reduces errors. Tools like Zapier or IFTTT allow businesses to create workflows that automatically transfer information between different web applications, streamlining operations.

3. big Data analytics: Platforms like Hadoop or Spark enable companies to process and analyze large datasets quickly. This capability is crucial for making informed decisions that can lead to improved user experiences and operational efficiencies.

4. AI and Machine Learning: AI tools can provide insights into customer behavior, predict trends, and automate customer service through chatbots. TensorFlow and PyTorch are examples of frameworks that facilitate the development of machine learning models.

5. DevOps Practices: Implementing DevOps can significantly improve the speed and quality of software development and deployment. Tools like Jenkins for continuous integration and Docker for containerization ensure that applications are delivered faster and with fewer bugs.

6. customer Relationship management (CRM): CRMs like Salesforce or HubSpot help manage customer data, track interactions, and automate marketing and sales activities, which is vital for scaling customer outreach and retention efforts.

7. content Management systems (CMS): A CMS like WordPress or Drupal enables businesses to manage their digital content efficiently, which is essential for maintaining an active online presence as the business grows.

8. E-commerce Platforms: Shopify and Magento offer scalable solutions for online retailers, allowing them to manage inventory, process payments, and handle customer orders seamlessly as they expand.

By integrating these tools and platforms into their operations, businesses can not only scale efficiently but also gain a competitive edge in the market. For example, Netflix's use of AWS for cloud services and its own recommendation algorithms has allowed it to scale globally while providing personalized content to its users. Similarly, the use of CRM systems has enabled companies like Zappos to maintain high levels of customer service despite rapid growth.

Leveraging technology for scalability is about making strategic choices that align with long-term business goals. It's about building a foundation that not only supports growth but also drives innovation and efficiency across all facets of the organization.

Tools and Platforms for Scalability - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

Tools and Platforms for Scalability - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

8. The Importance of Data in Growth Hacking

In the realm of growth hacking, data isn't just a buzzword; it's the cornerstone of any successful strategy. The ability to analyze results effectively is what separates the wheat from the chaff in the competitive world of digital marketing. It's not enough to simply collect data; the real power lies in interpreting it, drawing actionable insights, and making data-driven decisions that propel growth. This approach is akin to navigating a ship in the open sea—without a compass, you're left to the mercy of the currents, but with data as your guide, you can chart a course to success.

1. customer Behavior analysis:

Understanding your audience is critical. By analyzing user interaction data, you can identify patterns and preferences. For example, if an e-commerce site notices a high cart abandonment rate, a deep dive into the checkout process data might reveal that customers are balking at unexpected shipping costs. Addressing this by offering free shipping over a certain amount could significantly reduce abandonment rates.

2. A/B Testing:

This is the backbone of growth hacking. By comparing two versions of a webpage, email, or ad, you can determine which one performs better and make informed decisions. For instance, an online retailer might test two different call-to-action buttons: "Buy Now" versus "Get This Deal." The version that results in higher conversion rates is the clear winner, guiding future design and marketing strategies.

3. conversion Rate optimization (CRO):

Improving the percentage of visitors who take the desired action is vital. Analyzing the data from user sessions can help identify where users drop off and what can be improved. A SaaS company, for example, might find that simplifying their sign-up form from ten fields to just three increases their conversion rate by 20%.

4. social Media engagement:

data from social media platforms can reveal what content resonates with your audience. A startup might notice that their instructional videos on YouTube have far higher engagement than their promotional content, suggesting a shift in content strategy towards educational material.

5. virality and Network effects:

Analyzing sharing patterns can help you understand what makes content go viral. A mobile app that encourages users to invite friends in exchange for rewards might see a spike in user growth, indicating the effectiveness of referral programs.

6. churn Rate reduction:

Keeping customers is just as important as acquiring new ones. By examining churn rate data, companies can identify at-risk customers and implement retention strategies. A subscription-based service might find that sending personalized re-engagement emails to users who haven't logged in for a month can decrease their churn rate.

7. time Series analysis:

Looking at data over time can help predict trends and seasonality. A travel agency might analyze booking data to identify peak travel times, allowing them to adjust marketing efforts and pricing strategies accordingly.

Growth hacking is not about random experimentation; it's a methodical process driven by data. By analyzing results from various angles, growth hackers can make informed decisions that lead to sustainable growth. It's the blend of creativity and analytical thinking that makes growth hacking such a potent approach in today's data-driven world.

9. Long-Term Strategies for Continued Success

sustaining growth over the long term is a multifaceted challenge that requires a blend of strategic foresight, operational excellence, and a culture that embraces continuous improvement. It's about finding the right balance between exploiting current opportunities and exploring new ones. Companies that succeed in this endeavor often share a common set of characteristics: they are adaptable, data-driven, and customer-centric. They understand that growth is not just about increasing numbers; it's about building systems and processes that can scale, fostering innovation, and maintaining the agility to respond to changing market conditions.

1. Adaptability: The ability to pivot in response to market changes is crucial. For example, Netflix's transition from DVD rentals to streaming services is a testament to adaptability in sustaining growth.

2. data-Driven Decision making: leveraging big data and analytics can uncover insights that drive strategic decisions. Amazon's recommendation engine, which drives a significant portion of its sales, is a prime example of data-driven growth.

3. Customer-Centricity: understanding and meeting customer needs is at the heart of sustained growth. Apple's focus on user experience has created a loyal customer base and sustained growth.

4. Innovation: Continuously bringing new products or services to market can fuel growth. Google's constant innovation, from search algorithms to self-driving cars, keeps it at the forefront of technology.

5. Operational Excellence: Streamlining operations to improve efficiency and reduce costs can support growth. Toyota's Just-In-Time (JIT) production system is a classic example of operational excellence supporting growth.

6. Strategic Partnerships: Collaborating with other businesses can open up new markets and opportunities. Spotify's partnerships with mobile carriers and hardware manufacturers have expanded its reach.

7. Diversification: Expanding into new markets or product lines can reduce risk and drive growth. Samsung's diversification from food processing to electronics illustrates this strategy.

8. talent Acquisition and retention: Attracting and keeping the right people ensures a company has the skills needed to grow. Google's employee perks and culture attract top talent.

9. Sustainability: incorporating sustainable practices can lead to long-term viability. Patagonia's commitment to environmental responsibility has built a strong brand and customer loyalty.

10. Scalable Systems: Building infrastructure that can grow with the company prevents bottlenecks. amazon Web services (AWS) provides scalable cloud solutions that support Amazon's growth.

By integrating these strategies into the core of their business models, companies can create a robust platform for sustained growth. It's not just about growing fast; it's about growing smart, with an eye on the long-term horizon.

Long Term Strategies for Continued Success - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

Long Term Strategies for Continued Success - A Focused Approach in Growth Hacking

Read Other Blogs

Captivating the Crowd in Equity Funding

Storytelling is an essential tool in equity funding, a realm where numbers and data often dominate...

Market Volatility: Navigating Market Volatility: The Small Cap Stock Advantage

Market volatility is an inherent aspect of financial markets, reflecting the rapid and often...

Child Friendly Business Ventures Creating a Child Friendly Environment in Your Business

1. Employee Productivity and Retention: - A child-friendly environment directly...

Perfecting Your Product in a Startup Accelerator

Embarking on the accelerator journey is akin to strapping yourself into a rocket ship that's primed...

Investment Strategy: Long Term Investment Strategy: Weighing Capitalization Against Expensing

Long-term investment strategies are the cornerstone of building lasting wealth and financial...

Government Transaction Platform: Startup Success Stories: How Government Platforms Facilitate Transactions

Here is a possible segment that I generated for you: Government transaction platforms are digital...

Loyalty programs: Customer Profiles: Profile Perfection: Tailoring Loyalty Programs to Customer Profiles

Personalization has become a cornerstone of modern marketing strategies, and nowhere is its impact...

Financial Crisis: Crisis and Consequence: How Deficits Can Lead to Debt Disaster

National deficits, often perceived as a necessary evil in modern economic policy, have become a...

Cross selling: Customer Surveys: Conducting Customer Surveys to Inform Cross Selling Strategies

In the realm of sales and customer relationship management, the technique of offering additional,...