Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                

Building a Positive Brand Image

1. Understanding the Power of Brand Perception

Brand perception is the sum of all the feelings, thoughts, visual associations, and emotional responses that consumers have towards a particular brand. It's a complex amalgam that is shaped by experiences, advertising, word-of-mouth, and the various interactions a consumer has with a brand. This perception holds immense power as it directly influences consumer behavior, loyalty, and ultimately, the success or failure of a brand. A positive brand perception can lead to increased sales, a loyal customer base, and a significant competitive advantage. Conversely, a negative perception can be challenging to overcome and can lead to a decrease in market share.

From a consumer's perspective, brand perception is often influenced by personal experiences. For instance, a customer who receives exceptional service at a retail store is likely to develop a positive perception of that brand. On the other hand, a business analyst might look at brand perception through the lens of market data, such as brand equity or share of voice. Meanwhile, a marketing professional may focus on the narrative a brand tells through its advertising campaigns and how that aligns with consumer values.

Here are some in-depth insights into the power of brand perception:

1. First Impressions Matter: The initial interaction a consumer has with a brand can set the tone for the entire relationship. For example, Apple's clean, minimalist product design immediately communicates a message of sophistication and high quality.

2. Consistency is Key: A consistent brand message across all platforms and touchpoints reinforces brand identity. Coca-Cola's consistent use of color, font, and imagery has made it one of the most recognizable brands globally.

3. emotional Connection drives Loyalty: Brands that evoke strong emotions tend to have a more loyal customer base. Harley-Davidson, for example, has cultivated a sense of community and freedom among its customers, which has translated into a fiercely loyal fan base.

4. perception Shapes reality: Even if two products are similar in quality, the one with the better brand perception will often come out on top. This is seen in the 'Pepsi Challenge' where blind taste tests often show no clear preference, yet Coca-Cola maintains a stronger market position due to its brand perception.

5. Negative Perceptions Can Be Mitigated: While difficult, changing a negative perception is possible with the right strategy. McDonald's efforts to include healthier options and transparency about food sources have helped improve its perception among health-conscious consumers.

6. Influencers Have Power: Influencers can shape brand perception significantly. When a celebrity like LeBron James wears Nike, it enhances the brand's perception of being associated with success and excellence.

7. Cultural Relevance is Crucial: Brands that stay culturally relevant tend to maintain a positive perception. Netflix's ability to produce and stream content that resonates with diverse audiences keeps its brand perception strong.

8. social Responsibility elevates Perception: Brands that are perceived as socially responsible often enjoy a positive brand image. Patagonia's commitment to environmental sustainability has bolstered its brand perception among eco-conscious consumers.

Understanding the power of brand perception is crucial for building a positive brand image. It requires a multifaceted approach that considers the diverse perspectives of consumers, business analysts, and marketing professionals. By focusing on first impressions, consistency, emotional connection, and cultural relevance, brands can cultivate a perception that resonates with consumers and stands the test of time.

Understanding the Power of Brand Perception - Building a Positive Brand Image

Understanding the Power of Brand Perception - Building a Positive Brand Image

2. Crafting Your Brands Unique Story

In the realm of branding, the power of a unique brand story cannot be overstated. It's the narrative that encapsulates the essence of your brand, setting it apart from competitors and forging a deeper connection with your audience. A compelling brand story is not just a marketing tool; it's a strategic asset that embodies your brand's history, values, mission, and vision. It's about weaving a tapestry of experiences, beliefs, and aspirations that resonate with your customers, creating an emotional bond that goes beyond the transactional nature of business.

From the perspective of a consumer, a brand story that reflects authenticity and relatability is often what transforms a one-time buyer into a loyal advocate. For instance, Patagonia's commitment to environmental sustainability is not just a corporate responsibility strategy; it's a narrative that's intricately woven into every product, campaign, and business decision, attracting customers who share similar values.

On the other hand, from an employee's viewpoint, a strong brand story can be a source of pride and motivation. Employees at Apple, for example, are not just selling technology; they're part of a story that champions innovation, design, and changing the world through powerful computing experiences.

Here are some in-depth insights into crafting your brand's unique story:

1. Identify Your Core Values: Determine the fundamental beliefs that your brand stands for. These should be timeless principles that guide your business decisions and actions. For example, Nike's core value of inspiration is evident in their tagline, "Just Do It," encouraging people to push their limits.

2. Understand Your Audience: Develop personas for your target customers. What are their needs, desires, and pain points? How does your brand story address these? Airbnb's narrative of belonging anywhere appeals to travelers seeking authentic and local experiences.

3. Highlight Your Origin: Share the journey of how your brand came to be. What inspired the creation of your brand? Warby Parker's origin story of making designer eyewear affordable addresses a common frustration with the eyewear industry.

4. Showcase Your Milestones: Celebrate the achievements and challenges your brand has overcome. This adds depth to your story and demonstrates resilience. Tesla's milestones in electric vehicle innovation underscore its commitment to sustainable transportation.

5. Be Consistent Across Channels: Ensure that your brand story is coherent and consistent across all marketing channels and customer touchpoints. Coca-Cola's consistent messaging of happiness and sharing has made it one of the most recognizable brands globally.

6. Involve Your Community: encourage customers to share their own stories and experiences with your brand. user-generated content can add authenticity and multiply your narrative's impact. GoPro's user-shared adventure videos are a testament to this strategy.

7. Evolve With Time: As your brand grows, so should your story. It should adapt to new trends, markets, and societal changes while staying true to your core values. Microsoft's evolution from a software provider to a cloud-based solutions leader reflects its adaptability.

crafting your brand's unique story is an ongoing process that requires introspection, creativity, and strategic thinking. It's about finding the intersection between what your brand stands for and what your customers care about, then articulating it in a way that's both genuine and compelling. Remember, your brand story is not just what you tell people; it's what they believe about you based on the signals your brand sends.

Crafting Your Brands Unique Story - Building a Positive Brand Image

Crafting Your Brands Unique Story - Building a Positive Brand Image

3. Aligning Your Visual Identity

In the realm of branding, consistency isn't just a buzzword; it's the backbone of a successful visual identity. A brand's visual identity is the composite of all the visual elements that it uses to communicate its values and personality. This includes logos, color schemes, typography, and imagery. When these elements are consistent, they create a cohesive and recognizable brand image that resonates with consumers. Consistency in visual identity means that no matter where a customer encounters your brand, be it on a billboard, a web page, or a product packaging, they should be able to immediately recognize it as yours. This recognition builds trust, and trust is the currency of brand loyalty.

From the perspective of a graphic designer, consistency is about creating a visual language that can be applied across various mediums and platforms without losing its essence. For marketers, it's about ensuring that every piece of communication reinforces the brand's message. And for the consumer, it's the subtle assurance that the brand they're interacting with is reliable and dependable.

Here are some in-depth insights into why aligning your visual identity is crucial:

1. Brand Recognition: Just like a person's face is instantly recognizable, a brand's visual identity should be distinct and memorable. For example, the golden arches of McDonald's are so iconic that they're recognized worldwide, often without the need for text.

2. Customer Trust: Consistency in visual elements fosters a sense of familiarity. Familiarity breeds trust, and trust leads to customer loyalty. Take Apple's minimalist design approach; it's consistent across all products and marketing materials, which reassures customers of the quality they can expect.

3. Market Differentiation: In a crowded marketplace, a consistent and unique visual identity helps a brand stand out. Consider how Spotify uses bold, vibrant colors and a specific style of imagery to distinguish itself from other music streaming services.

4. Brand Equity: A strong visual identity can add value to a brand beyond its physical assets. For instance, Coca-Cola's distinctive red and white color palette and typography are considered invaluable assets of the company.

5. Effective Communication: When a brand's visual identity aligns with its messaging, it communicates more effectively. Nike's "Just Do It" slogan paired with the swoosh logo encapsulates the brand's ethos of determination and performance.

6. Operational Efficiency: A well-defined visual identity streamlines the process of creating new marketing materials. With a set of guidelines in place, designers can quickly produce new content that is on-brand.

7. Legal Protection: A consistent visual identity can be trademarked, providing legal protection against imitation. The unique shape of the Coca-Cola bottle is a prime example of a trademarked design element.

Aligning your visual identity is not just about aesthetics; it's a strategic move that can have profound implications for your brand's success. It's about crafting a narrative through visuals that tell your brand's story in a consistent and compelling way. By doing so, you not only capture the attention of your target audience but also build a lasting relationship with them.

Aligning Your Visual Identity - Building a Positive Brand Image

Aligning Your Visual Identity - Building a Positive Brand Image

4. Communication Strategies

Engaging with your audience is not just about sharing content; it's about creating a dialogue and fostering a community. In today's digital age, where attention is fragmented and competition for it is fierce, the ability to captivate and maintain an audience's interest is crucial for building a positive brand image. This engagement goes beyond mere transactions; it's about creating emotional connections and providing value that resonates on a personal level. From a marketer's perspective, this means understanding the audience's needs and preferences, and from a consumer's standpoint, it involves seeking brands that align with their values and offer more than just a product or service.

1. Understand Your Audience: Before you can engage, you need to understand who you're talking to. Create personas for your audience segments to tailor your communication effectively. For example, a tech brand might find that their audience values informative content, so they produce in-depth tutorials and reviews.

2. Content is King, but Context is Queen: It's not just what you say; it's how, when, and where you say it. A well-timed post during a major event relevant to your audience can significantly boost engagement. Take Oreo's "Dunk in the Dark" tweet during the Super Bowl blackout as a prime example.

3. Interactive Content: Quizzes, polls, and interactive videos can increase engagement by inviting the audience to participate. A fashion retailer might use an interactive quiz to recommend personalized outfit choices.

4. Consistency is Key: Maintain a consistent tone and style across all platforms. This doesn't mean posting the same content everywhere, but ensuring that your brand's voice is recognizable whether on Twitter, a blog, or a newsletter.

5. Feedback Loops: encourage and respond to feedback. Whether it's comments on a blog post or reviews on a product, showing that you listen and care builds trust. A software company might use customer feedback to improve their product and announce the changes, crediting the community.

6. Leverage Storytelling: People love stories; they're how we make sense of the world. Share stories about your brand, customers, or employees that embody your brand values. Patagonia's focus on environmental stories connects deeply with their audience's values.

7. Visuals and Videos: Visual content can be processed 60,000 times faster than text. Use infographics, images, and videos to grab attention. A health food brand might share quick recipe videos that showcase their products in a visually appealing way.

8. Influencer Partnerships: collaborate with influencers who share your brand values and have the trust of your audience. An eco-friendly home goods store might partner with a popular sustainability blogger to reach a wider audience.

9. Exclusive Offers: Provide value that can't be found elsewhere. early access to sales, exclusive content, or members-only events can make your audience feel special. A gaming company might offer beta access to their latest game for their community members.

10. Educate and Inform: Don't just sell; educate. Providing valuable information positions your brand as an authority. A financial services company might offer free webinars on personal finance management.

By implementing these strategies, brands can create meaningful connections with their audience, leading to a loyal customer base and a stronger brand image. Remember, engagement is a two-way street; it's about dialogue, not monologue.

Communication Strategies - Building a Positive Brand Image

Communication Strategies - Building a Positive Brand Image

5. Leveraging Social Proof and Testimonials

In the realm of brand building, the power of social proof and testimonials cannot be overstated. These elements act as a bridge of trust between a company and its potential customers, serving as a persuasive force that can significantly sway purchasing decisions. When consumers are presented with evidence that others have had positive experiences with a brand or product, it often diminishes their uncertainty and propels them towards making a commitment. This psychological phenomenon is rooted in the concept of 'normative social influence,' which suggests that individuals look to the behavior of others to guide their own actions, especially in situations where they are uncertain.

From the perspective of a new customer, testimonials serve as a firsthand account of a product's effectiveness and the credibility of the brand. For existing customers, it's an opportunity to share their satisfaction and contribute to the brand's narrative. Meanwhile, businesses view social proof as a marketing tool that can be leveraged to increase conversion rates, enhance brand loyalty, and build a community around their offerings.

1. The role of Customer reviews:

- Online reviews are perhaps the most direct form of social proof. A product with a high number of positive reviews can lead to increased sales. For instance, a study by the Spiegel Research Center found that nearly 95% of shoppers read online reviews before making a purchase.

- Negative reviews, paradoxically, can also contribute positively by lending authenticity to the product; a mix of good and bad reviews can actually improve consumer trust, as a perfect score may seem too good to be true.

2. Influencer Endorsements:

- Collaborating with influencers can tap into their followers' trust. A fashion brand, for example, might partner with a well-known fashion blogger who models their clothing and shares their genuine thoughts, thereby transferring some of their credibility to the brand.

3. User-Generated Content:

- Encouraging customers to post their own content with the product, such as photos or videos on social media, can create a ripple effect of endorsement. A classic example is the #ShareACoke campaign by Coca-Cola, which turned personalized bottles into social media fodder, creating widespread brand engagement.

4. Celebrity Testimonials:

- While celebrity endorsements are a form of influencer marketing, they often carry weight due to the celebrity's wide-reaching fame. When basketball star LeBron James endorses a pair of sneakers, his fans are likely to perceive those sneakers as desirable.

5. Trust Badges and Certifications:

- displaying trust badges from recognized authorities or certifications can reassure customers about the security and quality of the brand's products. For instance, an 'SSL Secure' badge on an e-commerce site tells customers that their transactions are safe.

6. Media Mentions and Appearances:

- Being featured in reputable media outlets can serve as a powerful endorsement. If a tech startup is mentioned in a major publication like Forbes, it gains a level of prestige and trustworthiness.

7. case Studies and Success stories:

- Detailed accounts of how a product or service has solved a problem can be very convincing. For example, a SaaS company might share a case study of how their software increased a client's revenue by 50%.

leveraging social proof and testimonials is a multifaceted strategy that involves understanding consumer psychology, engaging with different types of influencers, and showcasing evidence of a brand's value and reliability. By effectively employing these tools, a brand can enhance its image, foster trust, and ultimately drive growth.

6. Crisis Management

In the realm of brand management, encountering negative feedback is an inevitable part of the journey. It's not a matter of if, but when a crisis will strike, and how a company navigates through this can either fortify its brand image or cause significant damage. The key lies in crisis management—a strategic approach that involves prompt response, transparency, and a commitment to resolving the issue at hand. This process is multifaceted, requiring a blend of communication skills, empathy, and a deep understanding of one's audience.

From the perspective of a customer, negative feedback is often a direct channel to express dissatisfaction, seeking acknowledgment and resolution. For a brand, it's an opportunity to demonstrate its values, responsiveness, and customer-centric approach. Meanwhile, investors view a company's handling of negative feedback as a barometer for its resilience and long-term viability. Here's an in-depth look at navigating negative feedback:

1. Immediate Acknowledgment: The first step is to acknowledge the feedback swiftly. This doesn't mean a resolution must be instant, but a quick acknowledgment shows that the brand is attentive and cares. For example, a simple "We hear you and we're on it" can go a long way.

2. Assess the Situation: Understand the gravity of the feedback. Is it a one-off comment or a symptom of a larger issue? For instance, if multiple customers complain about a product defect, it may indicate a need for a recall or redesign.

3. Craft a Response Plan: Depending on the assessment, develop a tailored response plan. This could range from a public statement to a direct communication with the affected parties.

4. Transparency: Be as open as possible about the issue and how it's being handled. If there was a mistake, admit it. Honesty can enhance trust. A case in point is when KFC ran out of chicken in the UK and humorously rearranged its brand letters to "FCK" in an apology ad, winning back customer goodwill.

5. Resolution and Follow-Up: Resolve the issue and follow up with those affected. Showing that you've taken steps to prevent future occurrences demonstrates commitment to service quality.

6. Monitor and Learn: Post-crisis, monitor brand sentiment and learn from the experience. Implement changes to prevent similar issues, and consider feedback loops that can catch problems early.

7. Employee Training: Ensure that all employees understand how to handle negative feedback. role-playing scenarios and training can prepare them for real situations.

8. Legal Considerations: In certain cases, legal advice may be necessary to navigate the feedback without causing further issues.

9. Consistent Communication: Keep communication lines open with all stakeholders throughout the process. consistency is key to maintaining confidence in the brand.

10. post-Crisis analysis: After resolving the crisis, conduct a thorough analysis to understand what happened, why, and how to improve.

By viewing negative feedback as a chance to strengthen the brand rather than a setback, companies can navigate crises with grace and emerge stronger. The ultimate goal is not just to manage the crisis but to convert it into a positive outcome that reinforces the brand's image and values.

Crisis Management - Building a Positive Brand Image

Crisis Management - Building a Positive Brand Image

7. Building Brand Advocates

Community involvement has emerged as a cornerstone in the edifice of brand building. In an era where consumers are increasingly skeptical of traditional advertising, brands that invest in creating genuine community connections are not just seen as entities selling products or services, but as integral parts of the community's fabric. This shift towards community-centric branding is not just about goodwill; it's a strategic move that fosters brand advocates—loyal customers who believe in the brand and voluntarily spread positive word-of-mouth.

From a consumer's perspective, a brand that shows consistent commitment to community causes is perceived as trustworthy and socially responsible. For instance, when a company sponsors local sports teams or participates in community service, it demonstrates a shared value system with its customers. On the other hand, from a business standpoint, community involvement is a means to an end—a way to engage with customers on a deeper level, understand their needs, and build long-term relationships.

Here are some ways brands can foster community involvement:

1. Local Partnerships: Collaborating with local businesses or organizations can amplify a brand's presence and show support for the local economy. For example, a coffee shop that sources its beans from local growers not only ensures freshness but also strengthens community ties.

2. Sponsorships and Events: sponsoring local events or sports teams can increase visibility and demonstrate a brand's commitment to community development. A tech company sponsoring a local hackathon is a great way to engage with the community and promote innovation.

3. Volunteering and Philanthropy: Brands that encourage employees to volunteer or that donate to local causes are seen as contributing to the community's well-being. A retail chain organizing a charity run for a local hospital is an example of philanthropy that resonates with the public.

4. Customer Engagement Programs: Creating programs that involve customers in decision-making or in social causes can create a sense of ownership and loyalty. A clothing brand that lets customers vote on new designs or a portion of sales going to environmental causes can create strong brand advocates.

5. Educational Initiatives: Brands that invest in educational programs or workshops demonstrate a commitment to the community's future. A financial services firm offering free financial literacy workshops is investing in the community's economic health.

6. Sustainability Efforts: Brands that prioritize sustainability and environmental responsibility can connect with customers who share these values. A supermarket chain reducing plastic use or a beauty brand committing to cruelty-free products can strengthen community bonds.

Community involvement is a multifaceted approach that requires sincerity and consistency. Brands that successfully integrate into the community fabric not only build a positive image but also create a loyal customer base that acts as brand advocates, propelling the brand forward through organic growth and genuine endorsements.

Building Brand Advocates - Building a Positive Brand Image

Building Brand Advocates - Building a Positive Brand Image

8. Metrics That Matter

Understanding and measuring brand image is crucial for businesses aiming to establish a strong presence in the market. It's not just about recognizing a logo or a tagline; it's about the emotional resonance and the values that consumers associate with a brand. This perception directly influences consumer behavior and, ultimately, the financial performance of a company. To accurately gauge brand image, companies employ a variety of metrics that reflect both the direct and indirect impact of their branding efforts. These metrics offer insights from different perspectives, including customer loyalty, brand equity, and competitive positioning, providing a comprehensive picture of a brand's standing in the minds of consumers.

1. Customer Surveys: Gathering data directly from consumers through surveys can provide valuable insights into brand perception. For example, using the net Promoter score (NPS), which asks customers how likely they are to recommend a brand to others, can be a strong indicator of brand image.

2. Brand Equity: This metric evaluates a brand's value over and above its tangible assets. Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, for instance, considers the financial performance of branded products or services, the role of brand in purchase decisions, and brand competitiveness.

3. social Media Sentiment analysis: Analyzing social media conversations can reveal how people feel about a brand. Tools like Brandwatch or Hootsuite can track mentions and sentiment, offering real-time feedback. For example, a sudden spike in negative sentiment on social media might indicate a problem with a recent product launch or campaign.

4. Brand Tracking Studies: These longitudinal studies monitor changes in brand image over time, helping companies understand trends and the impact of marketing campaigns. For instance, a brand tracking study might show how a rebranding effort has shifted public perception.

5. Market Share: Although primarily a business performance metric, market share can reflect brand strength, especially when compared to competitors. A growing market share suggests a positive brand image, while a declining share might signal the need for image rehabilitation.

6. customer Retention rates: high retention rates often indicate a strong brand image, as customers continue to choose a brand over competitors. For example, Apple's high customer retention rates are partly attributed to its strong brand image.

7. Employee Advocacy: employees can be brand ambassadors, and their advocacy can be a powerful endorsement. measuring employee engagement and advocacy through internal surveys can provide insights into the internal brand image.

8. Media Coverage: The quantity and quality of media coverage can affect brand image. Positive features in reputable publications can enhance a brand's image, while negative publicity can damage it.

By employing these metrics, businesses can obtain a nuanced understanding of their brand image, allowing them to make informed decisions about their marketing strategies and brand management practices. It's a multifaceted approach that considers the diverse factors influencing how a brand is perceived and valued by its customers and the wider public.

Metrics That Matter - Building a Positive Brand Image

Metrics That Matter - Building a Positive Brand Image

In the dynamic world of marketing, staying relevant is synonymous with staying alive. Brands that evolve with market trends not only survive but thrive. This evolution is not about losing your brand's identity; it's about adapting and enhancing it to resonate with the current market pulse. As consumer behaviors shift, technology advances, and cultural narratives change, so must the image a brand projects. This is not a one-time makeover but a continuous process of listening, understanding, and implementing changes that align with the zeitgeist while staying true to the core values and promises of the brand.

1. consumer Behavior insights: understanding consumer behavior is pivotal. For instance, the rise of eco-conscious consumers has led brands like Patagonia to emphasize their commitment to sustainability, which is now a cornerstone of their brand image.

2. Technological Advancements: Technology shapes how brands interact with their audience. Nike's use of augmented reality to allow customers to try shoes virtually is a testament to adapting to tech trends to enhance customer experience.

3. Cultural Shifts: Brands often adjust their messaging to reflect cultural shifts. When body positivity became a significant movement, Dove shifted its brand image to embrace and celebrate natural beauty in all forms.

4. Competitive Landscape: keeping an eye on the competition is crucial. When Pepsi launched Pepsi Max as a direct competitor to Coca-Cola Zero, it was a strategic move to align with the trend of zero-calorie sodas.

5. Global Events: Global events can dramatically shift market trends. The COVID-19 pandemic, for example, saw brands like Zoom become household names as the demand for remote communication solutions soared.

6. social media Trends: social media can make or break a brand image. Wendy's leveraged its witty social media presence to position itself as a relatable and engaging brand.

7. Regulatory Changes: Changes in regulations can force a brand image evolution. The GDPR laws in Europe pushed companies to prioritize privacy, changing how they communicate transparency and trust.

8. Economic Fluctuations: economic ups and downs influence consumer spending. Luxury brands like Louis Vuitton often adjust their marketing strategies during economic downturns to maintain their image of exclusivity and desirability.

By weaving these insights into the fabric of their brand image, companies can ensure they remain relevant and appealing to their target audience. It's a delicate balance of change and consistency, innovation and tradition, that when done right, can lead to a powerful and enduring brand image.

Read Other Blogs

Disjoint Sets: Separate but Equal: Disjoint Sets and Euler Diagrams

Disjoint sets, also known as non-intersecting sets, are a fundamental concept in mathematics and...

Market insights: Market Insights for Startups: Strategies for Success

In the dynamic world of entrepreneurship, a deep dive into the market's intricacies can be the...

Value Investing: Value Investing: Finding Counter Cyclical Gems in a Volatile Market

Value investing is a strategy that stands the test of time, not merely because it's been endorsed...

Formulas Tab: Formulas Tab Unlocked: The Secret to Powerful Excel 2016 Calculations

Excel 2016 stands as a beacon of efficiency in the modern office suite, and at the heart of its...

Cost Model Integration: How to Combine Your Cost Model with Other Models and Tools

Cost models are essential tools for estimating and managing the costs of various projects,...

Data Analysis: Data Analysis Made Easy: Enabling Macros for Efficient Excel Operations

In the realm of data analysis, efficiency and automation are key to managing large datasets and...

Community questions: From Curious to Engaged: How Community Questions Shape Discussions

Online discussions are an essential part of learning, sharing, and collaborating in the digital...

Industrial automation: Industrial Automation and the Future of Entrepreneurship: Opportunities and Challenges

In the realm of modern manufacturing, the advent of automation technologies has been a pivotal...

Bankruptcy: Bankruptcy and Beyond: Rising Above the Debt Overhang Dilemma

Bankruptcy is a legal process through which individuals or businesses that are unable to repay...