Deaf people who use American Sign Language (ASL) are more likely to use the emergency department ... more Deaf people who use American Sign Language (ASL) are more likely to use the emergency department (ED) than their hearing English-speaking counterparts, and are also at higher risk of receiving inaccessible communication. The purpose of this study is to explore the ED communication experience of Deaf patients. A descriptive qualitative study was performed by interviewing 11 Deaf people who had used the ED in the past two years. Applying a descriptive thematic analysis, we developed five themes: (1) requesting communication access can be stressful, frustrating, and time-consuming; (2) perspectives and experiences with Video Remote Interpreting (VRI); (3) expectations, benefits, and drawbacks of using on-site ASL interpreters; (4) written and oral communication provides insufficient information to Deaf patients; and, (5) ED staff and providers lack cultural sensitivity and awareness towards Deaf patients. Findings are discussed with respect to medical and interpreting ethics to improve...
Objective: Behavioral economic (BE) approaches to understanding and reducing risky drinking among... more Objective: Behavioral economic (BE) approaches to understanding and reducing risky drinking among college students are well established, but little is known about the generalizability of prior findings to peers who currently are not traditional college students and are more difficult to reach for assessment and intervention. This cross-sectional survey investigated whether drinking practices and negative consequences were associated with greater alcohol demand, alcohol reward value, and delay discounting in this target population. Method: Community-dwelling emerging adult drinkers aged 21 to 29 (N = 357) were recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling adapted to a digital platform (Mage = 23.6 years, 64% women). Peers recruited peers in an iterative fashion. Participants completed a web-based survey of drinking practices, negative alcohol-related consequences, and BE measures of alcohol demand, alcohol reward value, and delay discounting. Results: Regression analyses supported the study hypotheses. Higher alcohol demand (intensity and elasticity) predicted higher drinks per drinking day, more past-month drinking days, and more negative consequences. Higher alcohol reward value (discretionary alcohol spending and alcohol-involved activities) and stronger preference for sooner smaller versus later larger rewards predicted select drinking risk variables in the hypothesized direction (p < .05). Conclusions: BE risk characteristics were generalized to community-dwelling emerging adult risky drinkers, with the most consistent associations found between alcohol demand and drinking risk measures. The findings lay a foundation for extending successful BE interventions with college drinkers to this underserved population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
BACKGROUND Quantity (Q), frequency (F), and duration (D) of cocaine use during a person's hea... more BACKGROUND Quantity (Q), frequency (F), and duration (D) of cocaine use during a person's heaviest use period are important aspects of cocaine use patterns that associated with cocaine use disorder (CocUD). METHODS A total 2988 lifetime cocaine users who met CocUD after the onset of cocaine heaviest use were identified from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). QFD were each categorized into four levels. Hierarchical regressions were used to examine the association between QFD of cocaine use and CocUD. Two-way interactions between QFD were also examined. RESULTS As the level of cocaine use increased from low to very high, the prevalence of CocUD increased. Compared to people with low F, cocaine users with very high F were 12.09 times (95 %CI 6.33, 23.07) as likely to meet criteria for CocUD. Similarly, Q was associated with 4.84 (95 %CI 2.55, 9.18) times the risk of CocUD. D was not significantly associated with the risk of CocUD. Significant additive interaction was identified between Q*F on CocUD prevalence. Approximately one-third of the excess risk associated with having high Q & high F was due to the interactive effect. CONCLUSION Of these three cocaine use patterns, F had the strongest association with CocUD, followed by the Q. High Q and high F was a very dangerous pattern of cocaine use as the combination had as a synergistic effect on the risk of CocUD. It is important for intervention programs to focus on the reduction of both Q and F.
Purpose: To determine characteristics of weight gain prevention programs that facilitate engageme... more Purpose: To determine characteristics of weight gain prevention programs that facilitate engagement. Design: Randomized factorial experiment (5 × 2). Setting: Recruited nationally online. Participants: Adults aged 18 to 75 with body mass index ≥25 who decline a behavioral weight loss intervention (n = 498). Measures: Participants were randomly presented with one of 10 possible descriptions of hypothetical, free weight gain prevention programs that were all low dose and technology-based but differed in regard to 5 behavior change targets (self-weighing only; diet only; physical activity only; combined diet, physical activity, and self-weighing; or choice between diet, physical activity, and self-weighing targets) crossed with 2 financial incentive conditions (presence or absence of incentives for self-monitoring). Participants reported willingness to join the programs, perceived program effectiveness, and reasons for declining enrollment. Analysis: Logistic regression and linear regr...
This research examined the relationships among body attributes (i.e., body fat percent and bench ... more This research examined the relationships among body attributes (i.e., body fat percent and bench press performance) and psychological esteem (i.e., perceived athletic competence, body image, and general self-esteem) in high school football players. Structural equation modeling was used to model the relationships among the constructs. Body fat was negatively related to athletic competence and body image, which in turn were positively related to general self-esteem. The role of bench press performance in predicting psychological esteem was inconsistent, however, suggesting that leanness may be more important than body strength for adolescent psychological esteem among high school football players.
Abstract 1. Because of the importance of identifying mediating variables in psychological researc... more Abstract 1. Because of the importance of identifying mediating variables in psychological research, methods to assess mediation are an area of active research. The purpose of this chapter is to outline current thinking about mediation analysis in psychology, but the length of the chapter precludes addressing all new developments, which can be found in other sources (MacKinnon, 2008; MacKinnon, Fairchild, & Fritz, 2007). This chapter first defines mediation and other third-variable effects. Statistical mediation methods using a single ...
Deaf people who use American Sign Language (ASL) are more likely to use the emergency department ... more Deaf people who use American Sign Language (ASL) are more likely to use the emergency department (ED) than their hearing English-speaking counterparts, and are also at higher risk of receiving inaccessible communication. The purpose of this study is to explore the ED communication experience of Deaf patients. A descriptive qualitative study was performed by interviewing 11 Deaf people who had used the ED in the past two years. Applying a descriptive thematic analysis, we developed five themes: (1) requesting communication access can be stressful, frustrating, and time-consuming; (2) perspectives and experiences with Video Remote Interpreting (VRI); (3) expectations, benefits, and drawbacks of using on-site ASL interpreters; (4) written and oral communication provides insufficient information to Deaf patients; and, (5) ED staff and providers lack cultural sensitivity and awareness towards Deaf patients. Findings are discussed with respect to medical and interpreting ethics to improve...
Objective: Behavioral economic (BE) approaches to understanding and reducing risky drinking among... more Objective: Behavioral economic (BE) approaches to understanding and reducing risky drinking among college students are well established, but little is known about the generalizability of prior findings to peers who currently are not traditional college students and are more difficult to reach for assessment and intervention. This cross-sectional survey investigated whether drinking practices and negative consequences were associated with greater alcohol demand, alcohol reward value, and delay discounting in this target population. Method: Community-dwelling emerging adult drinkers aged 21 to 29 (N = 357) were recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling adapted to a digital platform (Mage = 23.6 years, 64% women). Peers recruited peers in an iterative fashion. Participants completed a web-based survey of drinking practices, negative alcohol-related consequences, and BE measures of alcohol demand, alcohol reward value, and delay discounting. Results: Regression analyses supported the study hypotheses. Higher alcohol demand (intensity and elasticity) predicted higher drinks per drinking day, more past-month drinking days, and more negative consequences. Higher alcohol reward value (discretionary alcohol spending and alcohol-involved activities) and stronger preference for sooner smaller versus later larger rewards predicted select drinking risk variables in the hypothesized direction (p < .05). Conclusions: BE risk characteristics were generalized to community-dwelling emerging adult risky drinkers, with the most consistent associations found between alcohol demand and drinking risk measures. The findings lay a foundation for extending successful BE interventions with college drinkers to this underserved population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
BACKGROUND Quantity (Q), frequency (F), and duration (D) of cocaine use during a person's hea... more BACKGROUND Quantity (Q), frequency (F), and duration (D) of cocaine use during a person's heaviest use period are important aspects of cocaine use patterns that associated with cocaine use disorder (CocUD). METHODS A total 2988 lifetime cocaine users who met CocUD after the onset of cocaine heaviest use were identified from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). QFD were each categorized into four levels. Hierarchical regressions were used to examine the association between QFD of cocaine use and CocUD. Two-way interactions between QFD were also examined. RESULTS As the level of cocaine use increased from low to very high, the prevalence of CocUD increased. Compared to people with low F, cocaine users with very high F were 12.09 times (95 %CI 6.33, 23.07) as likely to meet criteria for CocUD. Similarly, Q was associated with 4.84 (95 %CI 2.55, 9.18) times the risk of CocUD. D was not significantly associated with the risk of CocUD. Significant additive interaction was identified between Q*F on CocUD prevalence. Approximately one-third of the excess risk associated with having high Q & high F was due to the interactive effect. CONCLUSION Of these three cocaine use patterns, F had the strongest association with CocUD, followed by the Q. High Q and high F was a very dangerous pattern of cocaine use as the combination had as a synergistic effect on the risk of CocUD. It is important for intervention programs to focus on the reduction of both Q and F.
Purpose: To determine characteristics of weight gain prevention programs that facilitate engageme... more Purpose: To determine characteristics of weight gain prevention programs that facilitate engagement. Design: Randomized factorial experiment (5 × 2). Setting: Recruited nationally online. Participants: Adults aged 18 to 75 with body mass index ≥25 who decline a behavioral weight loss intervention (n = 498). Measures: Participants were randomly presented with one of 10 possible descriptions of hypothetical, free weight gain prevention programs that were all low dose and technology-based but differed in regard to 5 behavior change targets (self-weighing only; diet only; physical activity only; combined diet, physical activity, and self-weighing; or choice between diet, physical activity, and self-weighing targets) crossed with 2 financial incentive conditions (presence or absence of incentives for self-monitoring). Participants reported willingness to join the programs, perceived program effectiveness, and reasons for declining enrollment. Analysis: Logistic regression and linear regr...
This research examined the relationships among body attributes (i.e., body fat percent and bench ... more This research examined the relationships among body attributes (i.e., body fat percent and bench press performance) and psychological esteem (i.e., perceived athletic competence, body image, and general self-esteem) in high school football players. Structural equation modeling was used to model the relationships among the constructs. Body fat was negatively related to athletic competence and body image, which in turn were positively related to general self-esteem. The role of bench press performance in predicting psychological esteem was inconsistent, however, suggesting that leanness may be more important than body strength for adolescent psychological esteem among high school football players.
Abstract 1. Because of the importance of identifying mediating variables in psychological researc... more Abstract 1. Because of the importance of identifying mediating variables in psychological research, methods to assess mediation are an area of active research. The purpose of this chapter is to outline current thinking about mediation analysis in psychology, but the length of the chapter precludes addressing all new developments, which can be found in other sources (MacKinnon, 2008; MacKinnon, Fairchild, & Fritz, 2007). This chapter first defines mediation and other third-variable effects. Statistical mediation methods using a single ...
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