Affective disorders and schizophrenia were among the first behavioral abnormalities to be express... more Affective disorders and schizophrenia were among the first behavioral abnormalities to be expressed in terms of activity measurements. The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-I) (APA, 1952, p. 25) included increased motor activity among the formal inclusion criteria for Manic Depressive Reaction, Manic Type (000-x11). Manic Depressive Reaction, Depressed Type (000-x12) was said to be characterized by “motor retardation and inhibition.” The term “stupor” was also used in contrast with agitation (p. 25).
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Oct 16, 2014
Hilgard&a... more Hilgard's comment raises some important issues, although many of these have little to do with the primary purpose of the study under discussion. This purpose was to objectively examine the relationship between three conceptually and operationally different procedures for measuring hypnotic responsivity. Hilgard's concern over the magnitude of the correlation between the HIP and SHSS:C is unfounded. A cross-validated correlation of .66 was found between the HIP and SHSS:C in a new sample of 44 student volunteers. This demonstrates that the HIP correlates about the same with SHSS:C as the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Hilgard's conception of the Eye-Roll (ER) hypothesis is clarified. Evidence which utilizes all cases in the correlational analysis is presented in support of the ER hypothesis. Happily, we all agree on a new methodology which will be definitive in testing the validity of the ER hypothesis.
Research on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the chief instrument in contemporary studies in ps... more Research on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the chief instrument in contemporary studies in psychiatric epidemiology, has supported its utility in enabling lay interviewers to reproduce psychiatric interviews within an acceptable margin of error. Nonetheless, we propose that the Diagnostic Interview Schedule commits itself to dubious assumptions regarding the accuracy of human memory, shared by other history-taking efforts, by relying on retrospective reports of lifetime DSM-III symptoms and episodic dating of symptom spells. For more than a century, the fallibility of human memory has been the topic of intensive experimental and naturalistic study, a history which is relevant to the construction of instruments like the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The continuing use of retrospective lifetime symptom reports suggests that this literature has been largely ignored in the development and administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Prospectively organized research is needed to disclose the limits of human memory for recent psychiatric events and the mediating conditions under which memory for such events can be accurately retrieved and improved.
The goals of this comment are to emphasize the positive contribution made by Hornsey and Fielding... more The goals of this comment are to emphasize the positive contribution made by Hornsey and Fielding (2017) and to present reasons why their contribution is neither theoretic nor transtheoretic. This comment seeks to provide a theoretic and transtheoretic explanation that involves unconscious processing. It indicates that connectionist neural network models provide relevant mechanism information for how unconscious processing works.
Mediators are widely thought to be mechanisms. Mediation is to mechanism what correlation is to c... more Mediators are widely thought to be mechanisms. Mediation is to mechanism what correlation is to causation. Statistical evidence of mediation is necessary but not sufficient evidence of mechanism just as statistical evidence of correlation is necessary but not sufficient evidence of cause. Mechanisms also require evidence of causation and an explanation regarding how and why mediation works in terms of a series of causal steps in order to have explanatory value. Otgaar, Muris Howe, and Merckelbach made a case for an associative activation psychological mechanism. This article further advances the case for an associative activation mechanism by showing that it is an important parallel distributed processing mechanism in the connectionist neural network models introduced by Rumelhart and McClelland.
Affective disorders and schizophrenia were among the first behavioral abnormalities to be express... more Affective disorders and schizophrenia were among the first behavioral abnormalities to be expressed in terms of activity measurements. The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-I) (APA, 1952, p. 25) included increased motor activity among the formal inclusion criteria for Manic Depressive Reaction, Manic Type (000-x11). Manic Depressive Reaction, Depressed Type (000-x12) was said to be characterized by “motor retardation and inhibition.” The term “stupor” was also used in contrast with agitation (p. 25).
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Oct 16, 2014
Hilgard&a... more Hilgard's comment raises some important issues, although many of these have little to do with the primary purpose of the study under discussion. This purpose was to objectively examine the relationship between three conceptually and operationally different procedures for measuring hypnotic responsivity. Hilgard's concern over the magnitude of the correlation between the HIP and SHSS:C is unfounded. A cross-validated correlation of .66 was found between the HIP and SHSS:C in a new sample of 44 student volunteers. This demonstrates that the HIP correlates about the same with SHSS:C as the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Hilgard's conception of the Eye-Roll (ER) hypothesis is clarified. Evidence which utilizes all cases in the correlational analysis is presented in support of the ER hypothesis. Happily, we all agree on a new methodology which will be definitive in testing the validity of the ER hypothesis.
Research on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the chief instrument in contemporary studies in ps... more Research on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the chief instrument in contemporary studies in psychiatric epidemiology, has supported its utility in enabling lay interviewers to reproduce psychiatric interviews within an acceptable margin of error. Nonetheless, we propose that the Diagnostic Interview Schedule commits itself to dubious assumptions regarding the accuracy of human memory, shared by other history-taking efforts, by relying on retrospective reports of lifetime DSM-III symptoms and episodic dating of symptom spells. For more than a century, the fallibility of human memory has been the topic of intensive experimental and naturalistic study, a history which is relevant to the construction of instruments like the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The continuing use of retrospective lifetime symptom reports suggests that this literature has been largely ignored in the development and administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Prospectively organized research is needed to disclose the limits of human memory for recent psychiatric events and the mediating conditions under which memory for such events can be accurately retrieved and improved.
The goals of this comment are to emphasize the positive contribution made by Hornsey and Fielding... more The goals of this comment are to emphasize the positive contribution made by Hornsey and Fielding (2017) and to present reasons why their contribution is neither theoretic nor transtheoretic. This comment seeks to provide a theoretic and transtheoretic explanation that involves unconscious processing. It indicates that connectionist neural network models provide relevant mechanism information for how unconscious processing works.
Mediators are widely thought to be mechanisms. Mediation is to mechanism what correlation is to c... more Mediators are widely thought to be mechanisms. Mediation is to mechanism what correlation is to causation. Statistical evidence of mediation is necessary but not sufficient evidence of mechanism just as statistical evidence of correlation is necessary but not sufficient evidence of cause. Mechanisms also require evidence of causation and an explanation regarding how and why mediation works in terms of a series of causal steps in order to have explanatory value. Otgaar, Muris Howe, and Merckelbach made a case for an associative activation psychological mechanism. This article further advances the case for an associative activation mechanism by showing that it is an important parallel distributed processing mechanism in the connectionist neural network models introduced by Rumelhart and McClelland.
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