ROYAUME DU MAROC

OFPPT
Office de la Formation Professionnelle et de la Promotion du Travail DIRECTION RECHERCHE ET INGENIERIE DE FORMATION

RESUME THEORIQUE & GUIDE DE TRAVAUX PRATIQUES

ANGLAIS TECHNIQUE

SECTEUR : TERTIAIRE NIVEAU : TS & T

Preface

This unit aims primarily the trainees in the tertiary dies, its an entirely new work as it intends to support the technical learning by providing to trainees the necessary background in English communication . The unit is presented in the following way, initially it contains a complete and condensed review of skills in English grammar to help trainees remaining and improving what theyve learned in high school . To keep the unit within the context of tertiary learning, the second part of this module treats the essential functions of the English communication within the company, like telephoning and reporting information ( especially for secretaries), describing and analysing companies trends, writing business letters in English, for TSGE, TSC and TCEetc and many other functions useful for the trainees of tertiaire. A list of irregular verbs and a business glossary have been listed at the end of the unit to help trainees working as they can use the English/French glossary or the French/English one. It is recommended to reach the real aim of this unit, to let trainees communicate in English so that at every step of the unit incite them to speak, to discuss and to express their point of view. We invite all the interested readers to give us their feedback concerning any side of the unit ( the presentation, the structure, the contents..)

Prface

Ce module est principalement destin aux filires du tertiaire, cest un travail qui vise accompagner la formation technique en offrant aux stagiaires les connaissances ncessaires en communication en langue anglaise. Le module se prsente comme suit, la premire partie constitue une rvision gnrale mais brve de toutes les connaissances en grammaire anglaise. Et afin de mieux cerner la formation tertiaire, la seconde partie de cette unit aborde quelques fonctions essentielles de la communication au sein de lentreprise comme le phoning, le transfert des informations, les crit professionnels ( essentiellement pour les secrtaires), ou encore la description et lanalyse de lvolution de lentreprise ( pour les TSGE, TCE et TSC...) ...etc A la fin du module il y a une liste des verbes irrguliers ainsi quun glossaire Anglais/franais et Franais /anglais . Il est recommand de faire travailler la communication chez les stagiaires en les incitant chaque tape de sexprimer en anglais, de discuter leur points de vue car lobjectif principal est celui damliorer leur capacit de sexprimer correctement en anglais.

SUMMARY
PART 1/ GENERAL REVIEW
COURSES AND PRACTICES

PRESENT SIMPLE & PROGRESSIVE .5 PAST SIMPLE & PROGRESSIVE .....8 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE & PROGRESSIVE 10 PAST PERFECT ..13 INFINITIVE OR GERUND.15 PASSIVE VOICE .16 THE FUTURE ..19 CONDITIONNALS20 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS...20 REPORTED SPEECH .21 MODALS ...24 o CAN, COULD & BE ABLE TO o MAY & MIGHT o MUST & HAVE TO o OUGHT TO & SHOULD o HAD BETTER & NEEDN'T ADJECTIVES ..25 RELATIVE PRONOUNS & CLAUSES 26 PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES 27 o PERSONAL PRONOUNS o POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES o POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS o REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS o RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

WORD GAME..31

PART II/ FUNCTIONS

I- MEETING PEOPLE.32 II- TELEPHONING...37 III- COMPANIES.49 IV- REPORTING57 V- SOCIALIZING...64 VI- MEETINGS...67 VIIVIIIMAKING ARRANGMENTS.70 DESCRIBING TRENDS.77

IX- BUSINESS TRAVEL.84 X- READING TEXTS..88

BUSINESS GLOSSARY...111

ENGLISH/FRENCH..111 FRENCH/ENGLISH.....127

LIST OF USUAL IRREGULAR VERBS..143 BIBLIOGRAPHY.147

THE PRESENT SIMPLE:

Affirmative form I look we look

Negative form I do not look you do not look he does not look she does not look they do not look it does not look we do not look you do not look

Interrogative form do I look? do you look? does he look? does she look? do they look? does it look? do we look? do you look?

you look you look he looks she looks they look it looks

THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:

Affirmative form I am looking you are looking he is looking she is looking it is looking they are looking we are looking you are looking

Negative form I am not looking you are not looking he is not looking they are not she is not looking it is not looking looking we are not looking you are not looking

Interrogative form am I looking? are you looking? is he looking? is she looking? is it looking? are they looking? are we looking? are you looking?

Present Simple Uses

Permanent or long-term situations Facts Regular activities and routines 6

Feelings Opinions and states of mind Timetables and schedules Examples :

o o o o o

The sun rises in the east. Water boils at 100C. The postman usually comes before noon. In France, people drive on the right-hand side of the road. Our plane leaves at 10 PM on Thursday.

Present Progressive Uses

Actions happening now Future plants and arrangements Examples:

o o o o o

I'm reading a page on the Internet at the moment. Were introducing new system Shes meeting the CEO at 2 p.m Prices are going up; the value of the Euro is going down. I'm visiting my parents next Sunday.

PRACTICE: Put the verbs between brackets in the right tense : A

Joan (1) Who (2) We always (3) Who (5) Jim says: "(6)

football every day. (to play) on the grass? (to walk) (to speak) softly while Mother (4) to? (you, to talk) to school now". (I, to go) . (to sleep)

In the winter, the sun (7) The church bell (8) (9) (11) No, (12)

early. (to set) for Mass every Sunday. (to ring) to repeat myself. (I, not, go)

(you, to listen) to me? (10) his name. (I, not, to remember) ; I am awake. (I, not, to sleep)

B-

1. It is 7.30 A.M. and 2. Every morning at 7.30 A.M. 3. At the moment, 4. 5. What 6. Quiet, please! 7. Look! 8. "

(I, to have) my breakfast. (I, to have) breakfast. (it, to rain).

(you, to watch) TV in the evening? (John, to do) right now? (you, not, to know) how late it is? (the police, arrest) someone next door. (you, to promise) to be on time?" "Yes, I promise." (someone, to hit) the wall?

9. What's that noise? 10.

(you, not, to understand) what I mean?

CLook! It (to rain) ___________. My father (to enjoy) ___________ watching gangster films. _____ you (to like) ________ surfing on the internet? Walter and his sister (to play) ___________ chess in their bedroom. I (not, to want) ____________ to go to that party. I can't help you now, I (to garden) ___________. Dan (to wake up) ___________ at 7 everyday. She is in her bedroom. She (to read) ___________. How often _______ she (to go) __________ to the doctor's?

THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE:

Affirmative form I looked we looked

Negative form I did not look we did not look

Interrogative form did I look? did we look?

you looked you looked he looked she looked they looked it looked

you did not look you did not look he did not look she did not look they did not look it did not look

did you look? did you look? did he look? did she look? did they look? did it look?

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE:

Affirmative form I was looking you were looking he was looking she was looking it was looking Past Simple Uses :

Negative form I was not looking you were not looking he was not looking we were not looking you were not looking

Interrogative form was I looking? were you looking? was he looking? were we looking? were you looking?

we were looking you were looking

they were looking

she was not looking it was not looking

they were not looking

was she looking? was it looking?

were they looking?

Finished past actions

Examples:

usually used with : yesterday, last night, in 1999, 10 years ago.

o o o

I watched the film on TV last night. I saw that film a long time ago. The vampire got out of his coffin and walked towards us.

Past Progressive (or Continuous) Examples :

o o

I was watching TV when the phone rang. Dracula's helpers were moving his coffin to a new location.

PRACTICE: Fill in the blanks with the right verbs :

1. It's 9 A.M.; 2.

(the postman, to come) yet this morning? (I, never, to visit, Rome) in my whole life. (I, to play) football every Saturday afternoon.

3. When I was a teenager 4. No, 5. This year there 6. My dog

(I, not to see) that film yet. (to be) a lot of traffic accidents in this country. (to run away) while I was walking him in the park. (you to see) them? (I, already, to try) it several times. (he, to say) "No".

7. My keys are missing: 8. I can't do it;

9. When I asked him for time off, 10. (you, to eat, ever) caviar?

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THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

Affirmative form I have looked you have looked he has looked they have she has looked it has looked looked we have looked you have looked

Negative form I have not looked you have not looked he has not looked she has not looked it has not looked they have not looked we have not looked you have not looked

Interrogative form have I looked ? Have you looked ? Has he looked ? Have they Has she looked ? Has it looked ? looked ? Have we looked ? Have you looked ?

THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

Affirmative form I have been looking you have been looking he has been looking she has been looking it has been looking they have been looking we have been looking you have been looking

Negative form I have not been looking you have not been looking he has not been looking she has not been looking it has not been looking they have not been looking we have not been looking you have not been looking

Interrogative form have I been looking? have you been looking? has he been looking? has she been looking? has it been looking? have they been looking? have we been looking? have you been looking?

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The simple form of the Present Perfect is have/has + past participal The progressive eform of the Present Perfect is have/has + been + verb in ing form.

The Present Perfect Uses : We use the present perfect tense to talk about past actions with present importance.

past actions with results in the present: ex: graphic images has had excellent results this year life experience :ex: Ive forgotten his name twice.

Examples :

Look! I've bought a new car I've read Pickwick Papers I've been to the doctor's this morning I have been playing tennis since I was 7 years old The Prime Minister has met the President

Practice: Put the verbs between brackets in the present perfect:

1. I (to meet) ___________ her two years ago. 2. I (to be) ___________ very lucky lately. 3. _______ you ever (to be) ________ to Africa? 4. I (to live) _____________ here since 2000. 5. I (to go) ___________ to Mexico last year. 6. Mary (to love) ___________ chocolate since she was a little girl. 7. I (to see / never ) _______________ that movie. 8. He (to arrive / just) _______________. 9. James (to finish / not) _______________ his homework yet. 10. He (to tidy) ____________ his room, that's why he can go out with his friends.

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Present Perfect Progressive (or Continuous) Uses: Past actions that re-continuing now:

I've been playing tennis since I was 7. / I've been reading Pickwick Papers. Hes been working there for 5 years.

Put the verbs between brackets in the right tense :

1. It's 9 A.M.; 2.

(the postman, to come) yet this morning? (I, never, to visit, Rome) in my whole life. (I, to play) football every Saturday afternoon.

3. When I was a teenager 4. No, 5. This year there 6. My dog

(I, not to see) that film yet. (to be) a lot of traffic accidents in this country. (to run away) while I was walking him in the park. (you to see) them? (I, already, to try) it several times. (he, to say) "No".

7. My keys are missing: 8. I can't do it;

9. When I asked him for time off, 10. (you, to eat, ever) caviar?

Put the verbs between brackets in the right tense :

1. When I went to the car park, I found that my car 2. Peter 3. "Where 4.

(to steal).

(to live) in Paris for 4 years before he could speak French fluently. (you, to be)?" she said when I finally turned up. (I, to learn) English for 5 years now. (never, to see) a horse before. (to forget) his membership card. 13

5. The locals were amazed because 6. They wouldn't let him in because

7. "You can't come in because 8. 9.

(to forget) your membership card."

(you, to see) the new film by Spike Lee? (they, to drink) a lot of champagne by the time the party ended. (they, to wait) for too long.

10. They were angry because THE PAST PERFECT ( SIMPLE)

Affirmative form I had looked you had looked he had looked she had looked it had looked they had looked we had looked you had looked

Negative form I had not looked you had not looked he had not looked she had not looked it had not looked they had not looked we had not looked you had not looked

Interrogative form had I looked? had you looked? had he looked? had she looked? had it looked? had they looked? had we looked? had you looked?

THE PAST PERFECT ( PROGRESSIVE) Affirmative form I had been looking we had been looking Negative form I had not been looking you had not been looking he had not been looking they had been looking she had not been looking it had not been looking they had not been looking we had not been looking you had not been looking Interrogative form had I been looking? had you been looking? had he been looking? had she been looking? had it been looking? had they been looking? had we been looking? had you been looking?

you had been you had been looking looking he had been looking she had been looking it had been looking

The past perfect (simple): had + past participle ( see the list of irregular verbs) The past perfect ( progressive): had + been + verb in -ing form

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Examples :
o o o

Ex. When Peter went to the theatre, he discovered that all the seats had been sold. Ex. I had been waiting for 20 minutes when Paul arrived. Ex. It was the first time we had met.

Generally it is used to form a link between two passed actions , where one is dated than the other.

It is 9 o'clock and I have been waiting for over an hour. ( present perfect) It was 9 o'clock and I had been waiting for over an hour. (past perfect)

PRACTICE: Put the verbs between brackets in appropriate tense: 1. When I went to the car park, I found that my car 2. Peter 3. "Where 4. (to steal).

(to live) in Paris for 4 years before he could speak French fluently. (you, to be)?" she said when I finally turned up. (I, to learn) English for 5 years now. (never, to see) a horse before. (to forget) his membership card. (to forget) your membership card."

5. The locals were amazed because 6. They wouldn't let him in because 7. "You can't come in because 8. 9.

(you, to see) the new film by Spike Lee? (they, to drink) a lot of champagne by the time the party ended. (they, to wait) for too long.

10. They were angry because

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THE INFINITIVE FORM INFINITIVE Infinitive (active) Infinitive ( passive) Past of infinitive ( active) to clean to be cleaned to have cleaned

Past of infinitive ( passive) to have been cleaned

Simple present past future is cleaned was cleaned will be cleaned

Continuous is being cleaned was being cleaned will be being cleaned

Present Perfect has been cleaned ---------------Past Perfect had been cleaned

EXAMPLES Active A sees B A is seeing B A saw B Passive B is seen by A B is being seen by A B was seen by A

A was seeing B B was being seen by A A has seen B A will see B B has been seen by A B will be seen by A

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THE PASSIVE VOICE : Uses : Describing actions without saying who does them or describing processes. Examples :

My car has been stolen The companys activities are divides into six business areas. A new office block is being built in the city centre. A new cancer treatment has been discovered by scientists in Sweden. The suspect was questioned before being released. Present simple: Ex. Football is played in most countries . Present continuous: Ex. My car is being repaired Past simple: Ex. The eclipse was seen only in the northern hemisphere Past continuous: Ex. My hair was being cut when the accident happened Present Perfect simple: Ex. The fugitive has been arrested Future: Ex. A new version of Linux will be released soon Infinitive: Ex. Computer discs should be defragmented regularly Past of infinitive: Ex. My car must have been stolen; it's no longer where I left it . Gerund: Ex. Most people like receiving presents Past gerund: Ex. We were angry at having been deceived

PRACTICE: Active A sees B A is seeing B A saw B Passive B is seen by A B is being seen by B was seen by A

A was seeing B B was being seen by A A has seen B A will see B B has been seen by A B will be seen by A

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Put the following sentences in the passive voice : A1. Someone broke into our house last night.

2. They cancelled all flights because of fog.

3. Millions of people have read that book.

4. The police are looking for the missing paintings.

5. They should have told him.

6. Workmen were cleaning the entry to the museum.

7. He invited me to the party.

8. They have not opened the doors yet.

9. Somebody will deliver the package before 9 o'clock.

10. Nobody noticed his mistake.

B1. You must make a decision.

o

A decision

2. They will have to clean it up.

o

It

3. They are looking up the customer's name.

o

The customer's name

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4. Someone ought to have told him that the meeting was at 10 PM.
o

He

that the meeting was at 10 PM.

5. We will clean your swimming-pool this weekend.

o

Your swimming-pool

this weekend.

6. This work was painted by Picasso.

o

this work.

7. The windscreen must have been broken by a rock.

o

the windscreen.

8. They must have been beaten by their rivals.

o

Their

9. We were forced to cancel the trip.

o

Something or somebody

10. The champion has been knocked out by a young boxer.

o

the champion.

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THE FUTURE:

Simple future I will / shall + verb you will + verb he / she / it will + verb we will / shall + verb you will + verb they will + verb

Uses :

timetables and schedules plans and arrangements intentions instant decisions future facts and predictions

Examples :

the board meeting starts at 3.30 .p.m when is he arriving? Were going to open a new sales office in Spain. How many people will work here?

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CONDITIONNALS: Uses Possible situations Examples if theres a seat in economy, give me that. If its 11 a.m. in London, its 8 p.m. in Tokyo. If she bought a discount ticket, she wont be able to change it. Hypothetical situations if I were offered a job abroad, Id take it. If we agreed to 5 per cent, would you give us 60 days credit? COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES Uses Comparing tow things Examples this months sales are higher than last months. The market is getting more competitive. English car arent as reliable as German cars. Comparing three or more things its the cheapest product in the range. Which city is the most expensive to live in? Formation: Short adjectives: Add -er or -est to adjectives with one syllable
high higher highest cheapest

Much use much to make the comparative adjective stronger

Cheap cheap Big

bigger biggest

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Long adjectives Use more or most with adjectives with two or more syllable Modern Expensive more modern most modern more expensive most expensive most competitive

Competitive more competitive Watch out for these two irregular forms Good Bad better worse best worst

Add -er or est to adjectives with two syllables ending with in y Easy easier easiest

REPORTED SPEECH : Examples: direct statement "Mary is happy." "I want to buy a new computer, but I don't know which one to buy." "I am going to buy a car." "It is cold in here; I will close the window." "I have lost my watch." Reported speech He said (that) Mary was happy. He said (that) he wanted to buy a new computer but didn't know which one to buy. He said (that) he was going to buy a car. He said (that) it was cold; he would close the Note: would est le prtrit de will. He said (that) he had lost his watch. window.

The majority of modals (could, might, must, ought, should, would) remain inchanged in the reported speech. Only , can becomes could and may becomes might.

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Study these examples: Direct statement I didn't go to school Reported speech on He said he hadn't gone (ou didn't go) to school

Thursday because there was a on Thursday because there had been (ou was) a train strike. Direct statement train strike. Reported speech

"Diamonds are more expensive He said (that) diamonds are (ou were) more than pearls." expensive than pearls.

"Computers have gone down in He said (that) computers have (ou had) gone price." Direct statement "France is bigger than Canada." "Ireland have never down in price. Reported speech He said (that) France was bigger than Canada.

beaten He said (that) Ireland had never beaten England at rugby.

England at rugby."

Direct statement

Reported speech

My boss said: "Finish that project by The boss told me to finish the project Friday." by Friday.

She said: "Please be quiet while the She asked me to be quiet while the baby is asleep." He said: "Can you pass me the salt?" baby was asleep. He asked me to pass the salt.

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Find the reported speech of the following sentences:

Direct statement 1. "I am tired." 2. "We often play tennis." 3. "I have two children." 4. "It is raining outside." 5. "I bought her a present 6. "I have just cleaned the windows." 8. "I will go to Peter's." 9. "I can swim very well." 10."You may come."

Indirect speech

Find the reported speech of the following sentences:

1. "I have a toothache." He said that 2. "I will open the window." He said that 3. "She has gone on holiday." He said that 4. "Go away!", he said to me. He 5. "Where is my hat?", he asked me. He 6. "We're going to the cinema." He said that 7. "You have to do your best", he said to us. He said that

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8. "Who will you tell?", he asked me. He 9. "They should go to the police". He said that 10. "I don't know." He said that

MODAL VERBS : Modal verbs are special help verbs. They add extra meaning to the main verb. Most modals have more than one use: Verbs Can Examples can I use your phone? Can you quote me a price for CIF New York Passengers can take a small bag onto the plane with them I cant find my boarding card Uses Permission requests possibility/ability inability

Could

could I interrupt a moment? Could you speak up? We could ask for volunteers

Permission Requests suggestions

May

may I borrow your car?

Permission

Might Will

it might be possible to reduce the price. Ill tell him to phone you back How many people will work here? There wont be much space.

Future possibility promises Future facts Predictions requests offers Invitations Suggestions Suggestions

Would

would you speak more slowly please ? What would you like to drink ? Would like to come to a party ? Id love to. What time would suit you? Would you reduce the price?

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Shall

shall we ask for volunteers ? Shall I call a taxi for you? What shall I do?

suggestions Offers Asking what to do Recommending action

Should

I think we should teach the French sales staff English.

The government should increase taxes on petrol.

Saying what is right or correct

Must

passengers must make sure their bags are clearly labelled Passengers mustnt carry guns or explosives

obligation prohibition

* Use a modal verb : 1. You _______ tell her! (prohibition) 2. She _______ come in. (Permission) 3. You _______ be quiet now! (obligation) 4. They _______ help you. (possibility/ability) 5. I _______ give you that book! (refusing)

ADJECTIVES :

adjective + V-ing

good + to look good-looking chocolate + to chocolatecoat red + hair + ed iron + fist + ed coated red-haired

That horse looks good. It's a good-looking horse. This sweet has been coated in chocolate. It's a chocolate-coated sweet. That girl has red hair. She's a red-haired girl. His fists are like iron. He's an iron-fisted boxer. She dresses well. She's well-dressed.

nom + V-ed

adjective + nom + -ed

nom + nom + -ed adverb + V-ed

iron-fisted

well + to dress well-dressed

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Find the compouned adjective: 1. Lucy has red hair. She's a girl. discussion.

2. The discussion has been going on for some time now. It's a/an 3. Paul has got blue eyes. He's a boy. ones.

4. They don't sell new books at that shop, only

5. Marks's sight's not so good; he can only see things that are a short distance away. He's . 6. You can't go that way; it's a street. patient. woman.

7. Henry's been suffering for a long time. He's a 8. Jenny's twenty-one years old. She's a

9. You need a cool head to be an air traffic controller; don't even think about applying for such a job unless you're . women.

10. Successful models usually have long legs. They're usually

RELATIVE PRONOUNS: 'Who' and 'which' 'Who' Ex. The man who lives here is a scientist. 'Which' Ex. The car which is parked outside is new . 'Whom' Ex. The woman to whom you were speaking is a doctor.

'Whose', 'where', et 'what' 'Whose' 1. Ex. The man whose car is parked outside our house is a doctor....)

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'Where' Ex. The town where they stopped was by the sea. 'What' Ex. I believe what you said.. Ex. What you said is right.

PRACTICE: Fill in the blanks with the following pronouns: (who/whom/which/whose/where).

1. Can you see the woman 2. The place 3. He gave Tom the book 4. The teacher, 5. Martin and Hellen, 6. Penny, 7. The person to 8. The hotel in 9. He found a wallet in 10. The footballers

is sitting on the bench?

they met will always be special for them. he had just read. met his class for the fist time last week, is happy with them. are engineers, have just invented a new gadget. father is a judge, is going to study law at university. you were speaking is a famous hacker. they stayed has a very good restaurant. there was a large amount of money. team had won drank a lot of champagne that night.

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PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES

Personal pronouns subject pronouns I you Singular he she it we Plural you they complement pronouns me you him her it us you them

Possessive Possessive adjectives my your his her its our your their Possessive pronouns mine yours his hers * ours yours theirs reflective pronouns myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

Reciprocal pronouns

Mr and Mrs Jones love each other. They gave one another presents. They looked at one another. They looked at themselves in the mirror.

PRACTICE:
Put the right pronoun in the blanks :

1. John rang to say 2. Liz and Meg were looking at

couldn't get here before 9 p.m. in the mirror. ."

3. "Give the book to Belinda." "I've already given it to 4. This house is mine; it's been in 5. "Look at family for centuries.

, Mammy!", shouted the twins. 29

6. Richard and Liz looked at

passionately. ".

7. The guru said to me: "Think of others before you think of 8. Richard helped Liz look for 9. Membership has lipstick. disadvantages. to the crowd.

10. Liz kept her bouquet; Meg threw 11. The rabbi and 12. "This is our goal, that's 13. "Get off 14. Jupiter once changed 15. "My husband and

wife finally arrived at the reception. ! Okay?"

back!" screamed the angry employee. into a bull. are delighted to accept your invitation." ", said Mr O'Reilly.

16. "I hope you can come to visit my wife and

Put the verbs between brackets in the right tense:

1. Yesterday, 2. It's smoky in here; 3. How 4.

(I, to see) a great film on TV. (I, to open) the window? brothers have you got? I seen him, I would have told him the good news. in the telephone directory.

5. I don't know his number; I'll look it 6. Martin,

is a policeman, drives a squad car. (we, to be) here since.

7. We arrived an hour ago, and 8. 9.

house is that on the hill? Is it yours? (I, to play) tennis since I was seven. (I, to lie) on the beach sunning myself.

10. This time next week, 11. You 12. Last year, I 13. I don't know

visit the Smithsonian Institution; it's really worthwhile. (=obligation) pay a lot of taxes. he wears red shirts; they don't suit him. 30

14. Even 15. 16. 17. The President

he's only fourteen, he can play Beethoven's piano concertos. people are coming to your party? I'm an easy-going person, it makes me mad to see so much waste. (just, to resign) . . her illness quickly.

18. It's my fault; I blame 19. She's strong, so she'll get 20. It

rain; it's entirely possible.

Put the verbs between brackets in the right tense:

He often (to go)__________ to the cinema with his friends. ______ you (to smoke)_______? No, I _______. Listen! He (to have)_________ a bath. She (to play)________ tennis with her brother now. In 1970, he (to live)__________ in New York. When the phone (to ring)__________, my mother (to cook)__________. On Sundays, he (to wash)___________ his car. Look! Vanessa and Dave (to quarrel)__________. Every morning I (to get up)___________ at 6 o'clock. Yesterday Walter (to do)__________ his homework. Yesterday while I (to have)__________a shower, my father (to repair)_________my radio. Tomorrow we (to go)_________ to London. I (to read, already)____________ Othello. She (to live)___________ in Paris since 1988. What ______ you (to do) _______ at the moment? Peter never (to work) _________ on Sundays. When ______ he (to buy) _______ this car? He (to leave) _________ last Thursday. She (just / to call) ______________ him. We (to have) _________ an accident while we (to drive) _________ to Paris.

31

WORD GAME
Put the following sentences in the right order 1. cat himself is the washing 2. can piano play the you 3. is nearest station the underground where 4. been ever have to Vienna you 5. cinema going likes Marian the to 6. do in not papers street the throw 7. a and at come have here look over this 8. away crime from he of running scene seen the the was 9. do hard is it know to to what 10. be be is not or question that the to to

32

I
Objective

MEETING PEOPLE
to meet foreign, contacts and get to know them

Tasks:

to introduce yourself to other people to describe jobs and responsibilities to ask questions about foreign companies to read and write a personal profile

1) Do you know the other people in the class? Introduce yourself to everyone. Good morning. My name is.. and I work for / in 2) Distinguish between a formal and informal situation 3) Works in groups. Practise making introductions, introduce: a. Two people in a formal situation b. Two people in an informal situation c. Yourself at a company reception desk d. Yourself to a new colleague e. Yourself to a foreign visitor you are meeting at an airport

Use the following expressions: This is How do you do?

May I introduce you to? How do you do?

Do you know ? Hello/Hi

This is Nice to meet you

Good morning . My name is I have an appointment to see . I dont think weve met . Im

33

LANGUAGE WORK Getting information: 1- Four people are visiting your institute today. look at their business cards and ask and answer questions about them. Whats his/her name? What nationality is he/she? Who does he/she work for? Where does he/she work? Whats his/her position in the company?
SKANESBANKEN BRIGITE SVENSSON DEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTOR
NYBROKAJEN 7 S615146 STOKHOLM TEL : 08 663 50 40 FAX : 08 665 40 55

CHEMA Y PUNTO SA
MARGARITA RIDAL ROMEO Public Relations Officer
Paseo de la CASTELLANA 201 MADRID Tel : 14312687 FAX : 14351314

Business Systems Consultancy Services

BSCS

DEUXMONT FRANCE
JEAN-CLAUDE AUREILLE

DALE CROSBY
Vice President
1049 Derwent SANTA BARBARRA CALIFORNIA Tel: 8059639171 Fax: 8059628593

Technical Director
132 rue Vron, 94140 Alfortville, France Tl: 33143766281 Fax : 33143762924

1- Here are some answers, but what are the questions: How do you do? Jos Perez. J.O.S.E Im Spanish No, Im single IBM They produce and sell computers The financial department Im an auditor English, Spanish and Italian.

34

( all these questions are in the present tense. For more information see page 5 in the grammar and usage notes)

Describing Jobs:
1- Study the words in bold type in these sentences. Im a financial controller ( a/an +job) An engineer I work for ATT Im in marketing The chemicals Chemicals Complete this conversation. Use a,an,for, and in A what do you do for living? B Im.computers A really? Who do you work.? B Olivetti. Im .product manager. What about you? A I work Balfour Beatty . B so youre the construction business? A yes Im ..engineer 2- complete these sentences about yourself. - Im a/an - I study in.. - Id like to work for. * Countries and nationalities: 1- Toshiba is a Japanese ( nationality) company. The headquarters are in Japan ( country) What about these companies: 1- Honda 2- IBM 3- Olivetti 4- Ericsson 5- Norsk Hydro 6- LOral 7- Roll-Royce 8- Nestl 9- Siemens 10-Philips ( for+ employer) ( in+ type of work)

35

2- complete the chart: Country Japan The USA Italian Sweden Norwegian France British Switzerland Germany The Netherlands Nationality

Speaking: Work in twos or threes. You are participants at an international conference .Toss a coin to move. heads : move one square Tails: move two squares

Follow the instructions on each square and start a conversation. The first person to finish is the winner.

36

You see an old friend. Greet him/her Ask another person about their company

Name three countries which begin with the letter B

Ask another person where they come from

Introduce two people to one another

Ask another person about their family Name two countries where

THE CONFERENCE GAME

you bow when you meet someone

Name four countries you want to visit in holiday Ask another person at the conference what their job is Introduce yourself to another person at the conference You arrive at the conference hotel. Go to the reception desk and register Its time to go

Ask another person about their hobbies and interests Exchange business cards with another participant

Say thank you in three different languages

Ask another person about the department or division they work in.

START FINISH

home. Say goodbye to your new friend

Speaking: Interview a partner about learning objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Why do we want to learn English? Who do they want to communicate with in English? what do they want to practice most: reading, writing, listening , or speaking? How many hours a week can they spend studying English? what equipment and materials do they have to help them learning? what equipment and materials do they want to buy? 37

II
Objective Tasks

TELEPHONING
To make contact and exchange information over the phone To spell and note down key words and numbers in a telephone message To make, agree to, and refuse requests To respond to new situations and say what action you will take To write business letters confirming telephone calls.

Starting calls: Study these phrases for starting calls.

IDENTIFYING WHO IS SPEAKING SAYING WHO YOU WANT TO SPEAK TO

This is Paul Henig. Paul Henig speaking. Is that Julia Gardini?

Could I Can I

speak to ..?

Id like to speak to.. Extension 596, please.

Supply the missing words in these conversations. 1 Ms Brunet Mr Keller Ms Brunet Sales Department, good morning. Helena Steiner, please? Hold on. Ill get her.

2 Mrs Steiner Mr Keller Mrs Steiner 3 Switchboard Mr Keller Miss Delmont Mr Keller Miss Delmont

Hello, Sales. ..Helena Steiner, please. .. Curtis Holdings. ..293, please Accounts Department. Jean Delmont? yes, How can I help you, Mr Keller?

38

Transferring information 1. Notice these different ways of saying telephone and fax numbers. 91430 nine one four three zero nine one four three oh 6687 six six eight seven double six eight seven Exchange your personal end home numbers with a partner. 2. Work with a partner. Take it in turns to dictate telephone numbers and write them down. 29508-47766-966015-01525372245-03916600721 ( American English) ( British English) ( American English) ( British English)

PRONUNCIATION NOTE In phone and fax numbers, English speakers normally group the numbers in threes, not in tows as in common elsewhere in Europe. 914306- nine one four, three oh six not nine one, four three, oh six. 3. When you transfer information by phone, try not to leave long silences or pauses. These phrases will help you. Starting Continuing Finishing Checking Ready? Have you got that? Anything else? Could you read that back to me? Go ahead Got that. Thats all. Could I read that back to you?

Work with a partner. Take it in turns to give each other messages and write them down. One person dictates and the other write down.

Phone Paul Carter Tomorrow morning (03) 408-441932

Fax exhibition dates to vera in so Paulo , 0055 11 223-3181

Send 200 pieces, ref no. 306/AJ To the Siena factory

39

Requests 1. we use these phrases to ask other people to do things.

Can you?

Could you?

Would you.?

Youre on the phone. What do you say in these situations? a. you cant hear the other person; b. you want them to repeat something; c. they are speaking to fast. d. you want them to spell a word. e. You want them to transfer to the Finance department.

2. We can reply to request like this.

A
Could you... ?

B
Yes. Certainly. Yes . Of course

Thank you Thanks

Not at all Youre welcome Ita a pleasure

40

A
Can you.... ?

Im afraid... Im sorry but... Ok it doesnt matter. Never mind. Its not important

Practise these expressions with a colleague. Ask them to: a. spell their surname for you. b. Tell you the time c. Tell youre their computer password d. Give you a lift home tonight. e. Lend you their dictionary f. Lend you some money.

VOCABULARY NOTE: Put lend or borrow in these questions. Could I .some money? Could you.some money? Notice we lend to someone and we borrow from someone. So when we lend, we give; and when we borrow, we take.

3. we use these phrases to ask if its ok to do things. Asking Can I .? Could you..? Saying yes Yes, please do. of course * yeah, go ahead ** Help yourself. * informal ** inviting someone to take something saying no Im afraid Im sorry but

41

Practice with a colleague. You are in their office and you want to: use their phone smoke look at their copy of the production plan copy a file on their computer borrow their copy of the Economist borrow their car

4. who makes these request: a customer ( C) or supplier ( S)? can I place an order? May I have your name and company name? Could you tell me the delivery address? Can you deliver next Monday? Could I have an address for the invoice? Could you tell me how much it will cost? May I have a discount? Would you confirm this order in writing?

Work with a partner. Make up a conversation between a customer and a supplier. Use as many request as you can. 5. work in pairs. One person sell computers. The other is a foreign customer who phones. Answer his inquiries about your computer the NC-200. he will ask about. your prices delivery times the guarantee discounts your terms of payment

Invent your answers. You can agree to or refuse his request. Speaking: Sit back to back with a partner and act out this telephone calls. Call : Your companys new price list are still at the printers. You expect them to arrive today. A customer calls with a request. Write down the details.

42

Writing: 1. We often write letters to confirm phone calls. Most business letters and faxes contain a lot or standard phrases. Notice how some standard phrases are used in this letter.

FOTOTECHNIQUE
31, rue de Constantine 16102 Congnac Cdex Tlfax: 45 39 16 11 Tlex: 790 962F Tl : 46 39 29 24

Mary Thatcher Sales Manager Galaxy Computer Supplies 221 Hills Road Cambridge CB 2 2RW 27 October 2004
START

Dear With I am 10 x
REQUEST

Ms Thatcher reference to our telephone conversation today, writing to confirm our order for: photoconductors ref. No.76905 A/K. grateful if you could deliver them

REFERENCE
REASON FOR WRITING

I would be possible.

soon

as

Thank you for your help.

FINISH

CLOSING REMARKS

Yours sincerely, Cristophe Terrien Cristophe Terrien Director-Procurement 2. Use this list of standard phrases to complete the letters opposite. The start Dear Dear sir or madam, * Mr Sloan, ** The finish yours faithfully,* Yours sincerely, ** 43

Mrs Sloan, ** Miss Sloan, ** Ms Sloan, ** Dear Mary-Lynn *** * ** ***

Best wishes, *** American English Sincerely yours, Yours truly,

suitable if you dont know the name of the person you are writing to suitable if you know their name suitable if the person is a close business contact or friend

The reference: With reference to Your advertisement in the Reporter,.. Your letter if 25th April, Your phone call today, The reason of writing I am writing to enquire about Apologize for Confirm Requesting Could you possibly? I would be grateful if you could? Giving bad news Unfortunately Im afraid that Enclosing documents I am enclosing please find enclosed Agreeing to requests I would be delighted to .

Close letters with a friendly phrase or reference to future contact. Closing remarks Thank you for your help. Please contact us again if we can help in any way There any problems You have any questions. Reference to future contact I look forward to hearing from you soon meeting you next Tuesday. seeing you next week.

PRACTICE GEO ORT LTD

COMMERCE WAY LEIGHTON BUZZARD BEDFORSHIRE LU7 3BW TEL: 01525 72245 Fax/ 01525 72611

44

Dear Mr Cochet, ----------------------your phone --------------or not sending you list. -------------, it is still printers. However, ------------a copy of pencilled in. ---------------------------------------------------------

call today, our price at the the old list with the new prices

Jacqueline Scott
Jacqueline Scott

GEO ORT LTD

COMMERCE WAY LEIGHTON BUZZARD BEDFORSHIRE LU7 3BW TEL: 01525 72245 Fax/ 01525 72611

Dear Mary, -------------------your phone call yesterday, --------------to confirm that --------------come and speak at the GMB Congress in Manchester on July 13th. -------------send me a map showing how to get to queen Marys Hall? -------------------------------------------..

Jacky
Jacqueline Scott * Indicate the name of each step in the letter.

BUSINESS LETTER WRITING

Vitaplan ltd. 38 Bank Street London SW1 4KD 45

20th November 20.. Mr J. Marchal Directeur Commercial SOMAREX 6 RUE DE Paris 78000 Versailles

Dear Mr Marchal, Your name has been given to us by business colleagues in France, as an efficient market research agency specialising in providing advice to UK companies hoping to export to France. As you will see from the enclosed brochures and reports, ours is a medium-sized family business with a range of products for the health food market. Our immediate objective is to obtain first-hand information on the French market for these products in general and for the breakfast cereal segment in particular. We would like a thorough report on market size, competition and so on. The report should be ready within six months. Please contact us rapidly if you feel able to handle such a survey so that we can meet to discuss the brief in detail as soon as possible. Yours sincerely, P. Simpson P. Simpson Marketing Manager

46

A possible letter SOMAREX 6 rue de Paris 78000 Versailles 26th November 20.. Mr P. Simpson Vitaplan Ltd 38 Bank Street London SW1 4KD

Dear Mr Simpson, We thank you for your letter of 20th November in which you express your confidence in our company and are pleased to confirm that your proposal does indeed interest us. Our market research agency already has great experience in the field you mention, since we have been working for 12 years on the food sector and have already carried out three market surveys for English firms. In order to discuss the finer details of the survey you require, may I suggest a meeting, perhaps at your head office in London, at some time between 5th and 7th December. Please confirm the convenient time and date as soon as possible with my secretary Mme Dubois (extension 459). As far as the report is concerned, we should be able to provide an initial documentary survey indicating market trends, potential competitors and health regulations within a fortnight. A more detailed survey on consumer habits and possible retail outlets would take somewhat longer- between four and six months but we feel confident that we can meet the deadline you suggested without undue difficulty. Looking forward to our future collaboration, I hope to hear from you soon. Yours sincerely, (Signature) J Marchal Sales manager

47

The business letter Instructions 1. There is no such thing as business English. In the past business letters were full of such meaningless phrases as esteemed inquiry, I enclose herewith, We have perused, I beg to acknowledge, your earliest convenience, I hope I may be favoured etc. You may very occasionally come across bad letters written today which contain phrases of this sort. Never attempt to imitate this style of writing. Your language should be simple and clear. 2.
THE HEADING This differs in one important detail from the personal letter. The name and

address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address but against the left-hand margin. This is called the Inside Address and should be exactly the same as the one which be appear in the envelope. If you writing to a man, his name should appear as Mr E. Jones or E. Jones Esq. (Esquire). This latter form of address is in general use and is usually preferable. When writing to ladies the usual title is used : i.e. : Mrs J. Robinson or Miss J. Robinson. Very often you will not know the name of the person who will read your letter. In this case you may address your letter directly to the company concerned: e.g. Jones, Brown an Co., Ltd., (Co. and Ltd are the usual abbreviations for Company and Limited.) When you are writing to a particular person in a Company or other organization and do not know his or her name, your letter may be addressed to The Manager, The Director, The Principal, The Headmaster, The Secretary, etc? as the case may be. In business letters the Block Style of address is becoming more common and should be preferred. 3.
THE SALUTATION If the person you are writing to is known to you, you may begin Dear

Mr-, Dear Mrs, etc. In all other instances, you should begin dear Sir, Dear Sirs, or Madam, Gentlemen or Sirs as the case may be. 4. THE BODY A business letter usually has four main parts: Reference Information Purpose Conclusion (a) Reference you should begin your letter by referring to a letter you have received, an advertisement you have seen etc., or to an event which has prompted you to write. Here are a few usual phrases: Thank you for your letter of June 3rd. 48

Many thanks for your letter of April 24th. In your letter of May 22nd you inquire about. It was a great pleasure to receive your letter of June 22nd that In replay to your inquiry of Oct. 21st , I regret that I read your advertisement in last Mondays issue of The Commercial Gazette and You may remember that I visited you last year when I wax in I was surprised to learn that I recently attended Hanover Fair and I recently called on your agent in this country to ask about but he was unable to help me. (b) Information In the second paragraph it is sometimes necessary to supply more detailed information, which is related to the Reference. (c) Purpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing your letter. You should state clearly what you want. Take clear to answer closely the question that has been set. some

(d) Conclusion as in the personal letter it is customary to round the letter off with polite remark. Here are a few useful phrases: I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. I sincerely hope you will be able to help me in this matter. I enclose the sample of the material you require. I do hope I am not putting you to too much trouble. I shall not act until I have received instructions from you. I would greatly appreciate an early reply. I enclose a cheque for 25 to cover costs. Would you please let me know as soon as possible whether you would be willing to I would suggest that you come and see me in person on I would suggest that you come and see me in person on Please accept my apologies for the trouble this mistake has caused you. 5. The subscription Where a letter is beginning. Dear Sir/Sirs/Madam, you must end with the

words Yours faithfully. When, however, you address a person by name even if you barely know him you must conclude with the words Yours sincerely. 6. THE SIGNATURE Sign your name clearly In full in the way you whish it to appear on the envelope which will be addressed to you in reply to your letter.

49

III
Objective Tasks To describe a company

COMPANIES
To discuss the business activities of companies

To exchange numerical information To give a presentation of a company

LANGUAGE WORK Company profiles Look at these two different ways of asking and answering questions with the verb have A B A B How many employees has Philips got? its got 250,000. Has it got any factories in Slovenia? No, it hasnt.

A B A B

How many subsidiaries does Philips have? it has over 120. Does it have a subsidiary in the UK? yes it does.

Work with a partner. Ask and answer questions about these companies. Aussedat rey Group ( paper) 9 industrial sites in France and 1 in Spain. 1 distribution company in France and 1 in Holland 7 European sales subsidiaries. 1 wood supply subsidiary. ANA (airline) 123 aircraft in the fleet. 119 scheduled routes. 163 affiliates and subsidiaries. 41 hotels with 12 overseas.

ABB ( electrical engineering) 206,000 employees 1300 companies. Over 5,000 profit centres. 11 joint ventures in china.

Pirelli (tyres and cables) 2 core businesses : tyres and cables 78 factories over 41,000 employees. 2,000 research and development specialists

50

Organizations: Study this organisation. Which department: a. put the products in boxes and crates? b. places ads in magazines? c. Pays the staff? d. Purchases supplies? e. Sells the products to customers? f. Plans how to sell new products? g. Services the machines and equipment? h. Arranges courses for the staff? i. Recruits new employees? j. Manufactures the products? k. Invoices customers? l. Look after customers ? m. Dispatches the products and send them to customers? n. Organizes control systems to prevent mistakes? o. Deals with taxation, investment, and cash management?

HUMAN RESSOURCES

PRODUCTION Production Packaging Distribution Quality Maintenance

MARKETING

FINANCE

Training Personnel Wages and salaries

Marketing Sales After-Sales service Advertising

Buying Customer accounts Financial services

51

Current activities 1. We use the present continuous tense to talk about actions that are going on at the moment. Complete these sentences using words from the box. Wait call go build expand develop stay get spend

a. Philips are expanding their activities in China b. Our research department..a new drug c. They ;at the Dorchester Hotel. d. Someone ..for you in your office. e. We..;a new factory in Barcelona f. I..about order no. AJ/2496. g. These products.. near the end of their life cycle. h. The Dollar.up. i. The IT department . .. a lot of money on new equipment at the moment. GRAMMAR NOTE We use the present simple tense to talk about regular activities. The maintenance department services the equipment. But we use the present continuous tense to talk about temporary activities. The IT department is spending a lot of money at the moment.

2. what do you know about McDonalds? are these facts true or false? What do you think? a. three new McDonalds stores open every day. b. McDonalds charge high prices. c. McDonalds spend more on advertising than anyone else. d. There is a hamburger university. e. The company CEO has a computer in his office. f. McDonalds prefer American managers to run overseas stores. Now read this article and find out.

52

SERVICE WITH A SMILE

Three new McDonalds stores open somewhere in the world each day. There are now over 14,000 McDonalds stores worldwide and sales are over $23 billion. So how do they do it? What are the companys strengths? VALUE McDonalds keep prices low. They concentrate, on increasing market share. ADVERTISING McDonalds spend $1.4 billion annually on marketing, more than any other company in the world. TRAINING Every employee receives at least two or three days training and all managers attend regular courses. The company even has its own Hamburger university in Oakbrook Illinois. FACE-TO-FACE MEETINGS: The company headquarters dont have an e-mail system and theres no computer in the CEOs office but ideas still fly around. There are regular meetings between people in the same region and people in the same line of work. CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH SUPPLIERS: McDonalds work closely with their suppliers to make sure they can meet the McDonalds specifications. CULTURAL SENSITIVITY Before they enter a new countrys market, they research the culture thoroughly . and they employ local staff if they can. CUSTOMER SERVICE: The restaurants are clean, the service is quick and every McDonalds burger comes with a smile.

3. work in a groups ( max 4 persons), prepare a similar presentation of a company of your choice ( use sources like economic newspapers, internet, TV magazines) examples: Boeing-Adidas-Richbond-IBM ( follow the indications below)

53

Speaking To prepare to make a short presentation about a company to the class. Write notes first. Dont write sentences-just write key words and numbers concerning: Products/services Main customers Locations ( factories, branches, etc) Size ( Number f employees/turnover) Main strength Current projects Other information

Now decide on the structure of your presentation. These phrases will help you order the information;

The introduction Id like to tell you about

Ordering information Ill begin with.. Now Ill move on to. Turn to ..

Checking understanding Is that clear? Are you with me ? Ok so far?

Finishing Are there any questions? thank you very much.

Use your notes to give the presentation and answer questions from colleagues. It is essential to use the following business plan.

54

Business plan for a Small Business Presentations Objectives : To play the elements of a business plan to a small business To practice a prepared presentation of a business plan in English To practice impromptu questioning and answering To develop listening skills

Project requirements Student may work alone or in groups of 2 or 3 students. Each group will select an actual small business or a small business case study for their project. Each student will prepare a five minute presentation describing their business, summarizing selected elements of the business plan, and requesting a specific investment amount. For students working individually, the classroom presentation will be a minimum of ten minutes; for groups of three, presentations will be a minimum of fifteen minutes. Students may use overheads for their presentations; copies of overheads material should be provided for other students and the teacher. Other students will serve as a panel of financial investors. At the end of each session, the student panel will be expected to question the presenters about the details of their proposed small business. With the presented information and the responses to the questions, the panel will allocate an investment pool of dollars among the proposed projects. Students should take notes during the classroom presentations. Material from some of the cases may be included in the first unit test on December 20th .

55

Business Plan Suggested Outline

Title Page* Executive Summary* Table of Contents* Problem Statements* Business Descriptions* Objectives* Product Plan Marketing Plan Manufacturing Plan Financial Projections (Sales Revenue Forecast* Profit and loss forecast* Capital Spending Plan* Cash Flow Forecast*) Future Trends Business Risks Personnel Plan Appendix: Principals, CV and Accomplishments* Supporting Documents* * Suggested Outline for a short Plan ( for more practice see the example of business plan : Antoinettes Dress Shop ( Annex))

56

Size and dimension 1. Study these ways of describing dimension. Then cover them up, look at the diagram opposite , and try to remember them. How long is it? How wide is it? How high is it? How heavy is it? How much does it weigh ? How much can it carry? Whats the maximum load? Its 484.5cm long Its 165.0 cm wide. Its 157.5 cm high It weighs 2,570 kg. the weight is 2,570 kg. It can carry 1,160 kg. Its 1,160 kg The length is 484.5 cm. The width is 165.0 cm. The height is 157.5 cm.

mm

max. load 1,160 kg weight 2,570 kg

1575 1650 4845

57

IV
Objective Tasks To report on past actions -

REPORTING

to talk about events in a companys history to deal with customers complaints

Company history

LANGUAGE WORK

THE HISTORY OF THE NISSAN MOTOR COMPANY

1925 1947 Three small motor companies merge to from After World Wars II, Nissan begins car production again. the Dat Jidosha Seizo Company 1932 The company produces the first Datsun car . 1934 1958 A Datsun 210 wins the Australian rally 1966

The owners rename the company the Nissan Nissan sets up its first foreign manufacturing operation in Motor Company ltd 1935 Nissan opens the Yokohama plant Mexico. 1980 The National Space Development Agency in Japan send a rocket into space, with solid-fuel rocket boosters designed and produced by Nissan. 1936 Nissan introduces mass production methods. 1981 Nissan makes ab agreement with Volkswagen to produce the Santana in Japan 1938 1992.1993.1994

Nissan stops producing passenger cars and In the UK, Nisan earns a Queens Award for export concentrate on truck manufacture. achievement for three years running.

58

1.work in pairs. Ask and answer questions about the Nissan Motor Company. What happened in 1925?

Three small motor companies merged. What happened in 1947?

Nissan began car production again.

Regular verbs end ed in the past simple tense. Irregular verbs have a special form. There is a table of irregular verbs on page

2. Ask and answer more questions about Nissan. where did the original three companies merge?

For information on past simple tense see page 8 3. choose the correct verbs from the boxes to complete the passage. Remember to use the past simple tense. Be sell begin be be win establish grow import achieve launch have be able to start find have to decide supply

become set up

THE HISTORY OF THE NISSANIN THE UK Nissan established a small trading company in 1969. it.. cars from Japan and ..them in the UK. The company only ..0.2% of the market in 1970 but it . fast. By 1974 it .the UKs leading car importer. When the UK..a major export market, Nissan.to build an assembly plant. After a long search it ..a suitable site in Tyne and Wear. Cars rolling off the production line in 1986. At first, the plant limit production because of the JAMA import restriction agreement. But by 1988 UK companies .the majority of components and Nissan..the target of 60% local content. The plant.increase production. In 1991 Nissan..a new distribution company and it ..operations in January 1992 with a network of 150 dealers. By the end of the year there 267. Nissan the Micra ( March) in 1993 and it ..the European Car of the Year Award. It . The first Japaneese-badged car even to win.

59

Saying when 1) Study the different prepositions we use with these times. IN 1999 August Winter The afternoon ON Saturday 2 May AT 5.30 Easter the end of the ward

Which preposition do we use with: 1. dates? 2. months? 3. days of the seek? Religious festivals? Hours of the clock? Parts of the day?

4. years? 5. seasons?

Points in time?

2) Put the right preposition with these times. 1969 .Thursday 19 January .January .midnight .the morning Christmas ..Christmas day the autumn ( Us: the fall) the 1960s .the weekend .the turn of the century

Complaints
* When customers make complaints, its important to ask questions to get all the facts you need. Ask questions about these problems. A You delivered the wrong quantity . B Oh dear. What quantity did we deliver? A 300. we ordered 3,000. B Im sorry about that.

60

you delivered the wrong quantity.

( 300, we ordered 3,000) 2 you sent the order to the wrong address.

( 30 South Road. Were at 40) 3 you invoiced us for the wrong amount.

(4,000 instead of $4,000) 4 the goods came with the wrong accessories

( plastic hooks. We wanted metal) 5 the cover was the wrong colour

( black, we asked for green) 6 the handles were the wrong size.

( 15 cm. we ordered 10 cm) 7 the goods arrived on the wrong day

(Friday. We asked for Tuesday) 8 the case was no good

( the glass was broken)

* what possible reasons are there for these problems? Were very short staff at the moment. Our computer crashed and we lost a lot of data. Think of some more excuses. * Here are some useful phrases for dealing with complaints. Complete the chart with phrases from the box.

a. b. c. d. e. f.

Ill find out what happened and let you know Im afraid were not responsible for damage in transit. Would you like a refund? Ill look into it straight away. Would you like us to repair it? Were very sorry about this but its not our fault.

61

DEALING WITH COMPLAINTS MAKING OFFERS Would you like a replacement?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PROMISING ACTION Well send the rest immediately. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REFUSING RESPONIBILITY We reserve the right to make small changes to products ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Can you think of any more phrases to add to the chart? 1 2 Discuss these questions with a partner: what sort of complaints do you have to deal with? What advice would you give to someone who has to deal with complaints?

SKILLLS WORK Reading 1 sometimes products dont sell well in a new market. Suggest what went wrong in these cases. WHAT WENT WRONG? a- Western companies had problems selling refrigerators in Japan until they changed the design to make them quieter. b- In Saudi Arabia, newspaper adverts for an airline showed an attractive hostess serving champagne to happy passengers. A lot of passengers cancelled their flight reservations. c- An airline company called itself Emu, after the Australian bird. But Australians didnt want to use the airline.

d- A TV commercial for a cleaning product showed a little girl cleaning up the mess her brother made . the commercial caused problems in Canada.

62

e- Several European an American firms couldnt sell their product in Dubai when they ran their advertising campaign in Arabic. f- A soap powder ad had a picture or dirty clothes on the left, a box of soap in the middle and clean clothes on the right. The soap didnt sell well in the middle East. g- A company had problems when it tried to introduce instant coffee to the French market. h- A toothpaste manufacturer couldnt sell its product in parts of South-East Asia. i- An American golf ball manufacturer launched its product in Japan packed in boxes of four. It had to change the pack size.

here are the reasons for the problems, but they are in the wrong order. Number them from 1 to 9. How many did you get right?

In the Japanese the word of four sounds like the word for death. Things dont sell well packed in fours. People thought the commercial was too sexist and reinforced stereotypes. Unveiled woman dont mix with men in Saudi Arabia and alcohol is illegal. 90% of the population came from Pakistan, India, Iran and elsewhere, so Arabic was the wrong language. The advertisers forgot that in that part of the world people usually read from right to left. The people in this area didnt want white teeth. They thought darkly-stained teeth were beautiful and they tried to blacken them. Japanese homes were small and sometimes walls were made of paper. it was important for the refrigerators to be quiet. Making real coffee was an important part of the French way of life. Instant coffee was too casual. The emu cant fly. old male/female

63

Look through the passage again and find the words below. two abbreviations for the word advertisement. The word for people who advertise. The word for an advertisement on television.

Speaking work in small groups, and prepare a business plan of a small project think of a project, for example: the launch of a new product a start up

1 what are the objectives or goals of the project? 2 list the tasks you performed to achieve those objectives.

64

V
Objective Tasks

SOCIALIZING
To hold social conversations with business contacts To welcome an overseas visitor To order food at the business lunch To make, accept, and refuse offers

Presentation
Imagine you are welcoming a visitor to your home town. Act out a similar conversation. Complete this dialogue first. A B A B A B A is this first visit to? yes, .. Id love to see then let me show you round tomorrow after the meeting. thats very kindis there a good .here ? yes, there is. interested in sport ? yes. I play ..and I go . what about you ? I . .

In the restaurant Kevin and Paolo are ordering wine in a restaurant. Before you listen, read the conversation below and guess the missing words, Use one word per space. Waiter The wine list, sir. Kevin Thank you. Lets see. What ..of wine do you like, Paolo? Paolo I..white. Kevin .or dry? Paolo Dry. Kevin Then lets have the Chablis. Its usually very good. Paolo How do you come here? Kevin About once a month. (to the waiter) Excuse me. Waiter Yes, sir? Kevin Well ..the Chablis, please. Number 63. Paolo And Id ..a bottle of mineral water too, please.

65

LANGUAGE WORK: Put these different foods into the right list. Peas Chicken Meat lamb cauliflower Fish porc strawberries Poultry sole salmon beef duck cherries Fruit raspberries

Vegetables

Think of more word to add to each list. What is your favourite meal. work in small groups. Appoint someone as the waiter / waitress and give them your orders.

Ill have the cheese tart. Salmon for me . what about you, Jhon? Id like the duck. Garden soup, please. And Id like Dover Sole to follow. What do you suggest? Offers 1- Look at the words in bold type in these sentences . Would you a like a biscuit? Would you like some juice? Would you like some grapes? take in turns to offer food and drink.
OFFERING SAYING YES SAYING NO

(a + single countable noun) ( some + uncountable noun) ( some + plural countable noun)

Would you like a..? Some..?

thanks yes please. Id love one, Some.

no, thanks. It looks lovely, but..

66

Interests And Routines Work in pairs. Find out about your partners interests. What sort Kind Type I like . I love Detective stories Novels Biographies History books Science fiction Others? of books films music I dont like I hate. Musicals Thrillers Comedies Westerns Horror films Others? Jazz Pop music Classical music Folk music Rock music Others? do you like?

67

VI
Objective Tasks

MEETINGS
To decide work problems and decide what action to take To state alternatives and recommend action To ask the opinions of your colleagues

Asking for opinions People often disagree about politics. Do you agree (A) or disagree (D) with these views? the government should spend less money on defence. We should have compulsory military service. There should de higher taxes on petrol. The government should invest in renewable forms of energy. There should be lower taxes on cigarettes. The government should spend more on education. We should have more police patrolling the streets. There should be tighter immigration controls.

compare your opinions about the views above with a partner. Yes I do because No I dont because

Do you think .?

I think

I agree because I disagree because

Recommending actions: Recommend action in these situations . begin your sentences with I think we should.or I dont think we should . 1 2 3 4 5 6 you have a machine that is old and often breaks down. Your market share is falling One of your suppliers often sends you invoices with several mistakes on them. The companys main warehouse is too small Your main competitors are cutting their prices by 20%. An employee is often absent from work. He says hes ill but you dont believe him.

68

Making suggestions

MAKING SUGGESTIONS Why dont we? Shall we.? We could

ACCEPTING Thats a good idea Yes, lets do that. Great

REJECTING yes, but Thats a good idea but. Im not sure about that.

Practise the phrases with a colleague. Suggest solutions to the problems below. Follow this pattern.

EXPLAIN THE PROBLEM

SUGGEST SOMETHING

REJECT AND SUGGEST SOMETINHG ELSE

ACCEPT

1 2

you need to improve your staffs English. What can you do? Your companys results show an unexpected $ 500,000 profit on international currency deals. Suggest things to do with the money.

3 4

You need to think of a name for your new brand of toothpaste. Suggest some alternatives. You work for a bank. You want to attract more young customers. Aged between 15 and 18. how can you do it?

Your company was founded 100 years ago. You want to mark the occasion. Suggest ways to celebrate.

Justifying decisions: 1 we use going to talk about things we plan to do in the future.

It takes five hours to drive to Budapest so Im going to fly. Complete these sentences in a similar way. Use going to or not going to and the words in brackets. 1 theyve got one meeting in Madrid on Tuesday afternoon and another on Wednesday morning so they(hotel overnight) 2 3 his flight left late, so he. ( on time) Ive got my car with me so I.( a drink) 69

4 5 6

She cant attend the meeting so she .. ( her assistant instead) Sales are down so you..(good results this year) The last time we parked there we got a ticket so we .. ( somewhere else)

Speaking 1 your company must reduce its running cost by 1.000.000 DHS. How are you going to save the

money? Look at the proposals and decide. Estimated savings 1 cut the research and development budget: by 5% by 10% 2 400.000 800.000

cut the staff training budget: by 10% by 20% 200.000 400.000

cut the advertising budget: by 10% by 20% 350.000 700.000

4 stop all donations to charity 100.000 5 make the company security staff redundant and outsource the work: 150.000 6 close the company health centre: 7 cancel the plans to buy: new production machinery: new computer equipment 200.000 150.000 100.000

Hold a meeting with some colleagues. Discuss the proposals one by one and decide what to do.

If you decide to make a cut , decide who is responsible for taking action, and when by. Who is going to be responsible for this? Can you deal with that? Could ypu take care of this? How soon can you do it? Good. Can we discuss this again next Monday, then?

70

VII
Objective Tasks

MAKING ARRANGEMENTS
To make and change arrangement to explain future plans and arrangements to fix a time and place for a meeting to write a fax message arranging a visit to arrange a schedule for a visit

Timetable, plans, and arrangements 1 We often use the present simple tense to talk about timetable. Work with a partner asking and answering questions. A when does the London train leave? B it leaves at 11.20.

The London train

Leave Arrive

11.20.a.m 3.45 p.m 3.00 p.m 5.15 p.m 9.30 a.m 3.30 p.m

The meeting

Start finish

The bank

Open Close

now look at the conference programme and ask about the Regional Performance Reports shuttle buses to the airport Mange Tout Restaurant The Roof-Top Barbecue Highlights hairdressers. Coach tours of the city.

71

IAMT CONFERENCE Programme for July 22nd 9.30 am Regional Performance Reports: germany Italy Scandinavia Marlborough Room Conference Suite 6th floor 12.30 p.m lunch Swithins Restaurant 3rd Floor. 2.30 p.m Regional Performance Reports: The USA Haugary Spain Marlborough Room Conference Suite 6th floor 8.00 p.m Roof-Top Barbecue with the Hill Midnight Runners jazz Quartel Riverside Hotel Roof Garden

SHTTLEBUSES TO THE AIRPORT

Riverside Hotel offers a regular daily service to Heathrow and Gatwick. Coaches leave from the main entrance at 7.00, 10.00, 13.00,16.00 and 19.00

Please allow 60 minutes for your journey to Heathrow and 90 minutes for Gatwick.

MANGE TOUT RESTAURANT

FRENCH CUIISNE Lunch 12 noon-2.30 p.m Dinner 7.00 p.m 11.00 p.m The restaurant is located in the Florence Arcade on the Ground Floor: patrons are kindly requested to reserve a table in advance to avoid disappointment. (0175) 248260

HIGHLIGHTS UNISEX HAIRDRESSERS 9.45.a.m 6.30 p.m Florence Arcade Riverside Hotel 01751-248197 No appointment necessary

COACH TOURS OF THE CITY

Twice daily tours 10.30-12.30;2.30-4.30 8 adult 5 child Please book at reception

Look at the itinerary below. Ask and answer questions about Mr Grubers schedule. A when is h arriving? B at nine oclock. A whats he doing first? B hes meeting the Overseas Sales manager in the conference room.

72

ITINERARY FOR THE VISIT OF MR H.GRIBER TO THE LEYTONSTONE FACTORY 25 JULY

9.00 9.05-9.45 9.45-10.15 10.15-10.45 10.45-11-45 11.45-12.40 12.40-2.30 2.30-3.30 3.30-4.00 4.00 6.00

Arrival Meeting with the Overseas Sales Manager ( conference room) Coffee with the Marketing Director and Finance Director Company presentation video demonstration of the N4 prototype Meeting with the Managing Director and Marketing Director ( Boardroom) Lunch with the Overseas Sales manager ( Saraceno Restaurant) Tour of Leytonstone factory Final discussion with the Overseas Sales manager. car to terminal 2, Heathrow Airport Flight to Frankfurt, LH 1607

We often use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans and arrangements. For more information, see page 5 * Complete these sentences with words from the box. Make 1 cancel be late for have postpone

my name is George Rawlings and I .an appointment to see Mrs Bernejo at 2.30.

2 3 4 5

Shes always very punctual so I dont want to ..our appointment. Id like to ; an appointment to see the manager. Mr cottage is ill so we need to. His appointments. Im sorry to be a nuisance but could we ..our appointment until next week?

Invitations: 73

you are entertaining a foreign visitor from your parent company. ask if they want to: come to the monthly marketing meeting. Give a talk at the meeting Meet the production manager See the new packaging machinery. Come to a party.

Use the phrases in the table opposite.

INVITING SAYING YES SAYING NO

Would you like to..?

Thank you. Id like that. That would be lovely

Id love to but .. Im sorry, but

Compare the phrases with the ones above. Which are more informal?
INVITING SAYING YES SAYING NO

Do you feel like.-ing? How about-ing?

Thats a good idea Yeah, great.

well, actually Im afraid

FIXING A TIME: 1 Study these phrases for fixing a time.

Suggesting a time Can you make manage How about Are you free on the 26th? at 3.30?
SAYING YES SAYING NO

2oclock on Thursday?

Yes, that suits me. Yes, Im free. Yes, thats fine

Im afraid

I cant make it. manage Im tied up.

Practise the phrases in pairs. Use the pattern below. 74

SALES PERSON

CUSTOMER

Invite your customer to lunch

Say yes

Suggest a time

Say no and suggest another time

Say no and suggest another time

Say yes

Now practice again. The sales person should invite the customer to visit a local tourist spot. Come to dinner.

75

SKILLS WORK Writing 1 read this fax. What is it about?

NIHON INFORMALINK KK Informalink BLDG, 2-4-8 KANAMECHO, TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO 171 TELEPHONE: (6) 5995 3801/4 TELEFAX: (6) 5995 3919

To : Darworth Enterprises From: Masahiro Nakagawa Date: 10 June

Attention : Janet Jeffries re: my inspection visit Pages including this one: 1

Thank you for your fax or 1 june. I will be arriving on flight no.JL 401 at terminal 3 Heathrow on 16th june. Could you book hotel accommodation for three nights in the city centre? Also , I would be grateful if you could arrange a meeting with Data link for me on June 17th if possible. I look forward to seeing you on the 16 th. Kind regards. Masahiro Nakagawa Masahiro Nakagawa Compare the style and layout of this fax with the letters on page 42 . How is it similar and how is it different? 2 faxes and letters are very similar. But information about the receiver appears at the top of the fax message so there is often no greeting. Also people often say regards or Kind regards at the end. Practice writing some faxes. You are Janet Jefferies. Write a fax in reply to Nakagawas fax. (Work in pairs, one person in the group should write and the others should dictate and check spellings) Thank him for his fax. Tell him you will meet him at the Heathrow at 16.35 on June.

As requested, you booked a single room for him in the Dorchester Hotel for two nights. Check this is OK. ( if his wife is coming too, you need to check the booking). You also arranged his meeting with Data link for June 17th. Say youll see him next week, send your regards and sign the message from Janet Jefferies. Speaking 76

Work with a partner . you are visiting your UK subsidiary for three days next week. You have tow lunch-time appointments but also you want to arrange meetings with the people on this list.
NAMES Mrs Carne Mr Ghandi Miss Carley Mr Barnes Ms Lyon TIME NEEDED FOR MEETING 3 hors ( must see her on Monday morning) 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours ( factory tour) 2 hours ( Wednesday if possible)

Phone your colleague in the UK and arrange your schedule. Pencil in the times MONDAY 21 9-10 am 10-11 am 11-12 am 12-1 pm lunch with Dave 1-2 pm 2-3 pm 3-4 pm 4-5 pm Czernovicz ( Barclays bank) TUESDAY 22 9-10 am 10-11 am 11-12 am 12-1 pm 1-2 pm 2-3 pm 3-4 pm 4-5 pm Reception Barbican Centre WEDNESDAY 23 9-10 am 10-11 am 11-12 am 12-1 pm 1-2 pm 2-3 pm 3-4 pm 4-5 pm

VIII

DESCRIBING TRENDS

Objective

To describe and discuss figures and graphs 77

Tasks

- To describe changes in a companys finances - To analyse the reasons for rises or falls

Rises and falls: 1 Discuss these figures with a colleague. One person should use the information on the left and the other should use the information on the right. Use these verbs. Increase Rise Go up decrease fall go down

A our market share fell by 1% last year. B Yes, but on the other hand our turnover increased by 8 % Our market share Distribution costs The number of new contracts -1% +18% -6% Our turnover Prices of raw materials Spending development Earnings from investments The number of employees Sales on the EC Wages Spending on training -3% -4% -2% +8% +15% Debts to our suppliers Productivity Sales to south America Our staff turnover Customer complaints -4% +6% +5% -20% -16% on research +8% -4% and +9%

Pronunciation: The spelling of English words is often different from their pronunciation. We sometimes write letters we dont pronounce. For example, debt is pronounced/det/. The b is silent. How do we pronounce these English words? Cross out the silent letters like this: debt

78

write know answer receipt

listen high sign business

half scientist chemist psychiatrist

Describing changes: 1 complete these tables Verb (action) To rise To fall To increase To decrease To improve To recover Noun (thing) A rise . .

Now complete this table. Adjective ( describes a noun) Slight Sharp Dramatic Steady Adverb ( describes a verb) Slightly . . ..

Which adjective describes: 1 2 3 4 a sudden, very large change? A sudden large change? A very small change? A regular change ( not sudden)?

study the graph and use each adjective once to complete the description.

79

MARKET SHARE

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

we had a -------------increase in market share in 1991, followed by a ------------fall in 1992, when we sold a brand. But a successful new brand launched in 1993 meant there was a --------- recovery that year, and a ---------increase in 1994 and 1995 too.

Reading: 1 what do you know about the Coca Cola Company? Do you know the story of: the inventor of coke? The famous coca Cola Contour bottle? The secret formula? Coke and World War II? New Coke?

THE STORY OF COKE

80

Dr John Styth Pemberton make it in his backyard, took it to his local pharmacy, and he put it on sale at 5 cents a glass. Hand-painted signs saying Coca-Cola appeared outside the store and inside signs invited customers to drink. But sales didnt take off. In the first year they averaged just 9 drinks a day.

He thought it would never be very successful and he steadily sold his shares in the business to different partners. In 1888, just before he died, he sold his last shares to Asa G. Candler, a businessman from Atlanta. He distributed thousands of coupons for a complementary glass of Coca-Cola and he promoted the drink with souvenir fans, calendars, clocks, and novelties ten times their 1888 level.

Coca-Cola had to develop a bottling system and set up plants. The first bottling plant opened in Vicksburg in 1894 and over the next 25 years, the number of plants rose from two to over a thousand. Other soft drink companies tried to imitate the Coca-Cola taste so the company kept the drinks package. In 1916, they introduced the first bottle with the famous Coca-Cola shape.

Then the United States joined the war, and the company President gave an order to see that every man in uniform gets a bottle of Coca-Cola for 5 cents, wherever he is and what ever the cost to the company. As result, Coca-Cola shipped 64 bottling plants abroad during the war. And when the war finished, they were ready to conquer the world . From the mid 1940s until 1960, the number of countries with bottling plants nearly doubled.

This was the first change in the secret formula since 1886. in pre-launch tests, consumers preferred the new taste. But the tests couldnt measure their feelings for the brand. Coca-Cola had a special place in their hearts and they didnt want a change. For the first time in history, sales of Coca-Cola fell. The company responded quickly and marketed the original formula again as Coca-Cola Classic. Sales climbed back up, and continued to grow. And if youre not sure whats the world top selling soft drink is by now; Coke is it

2. the first sentence in each paragraph of this article is missing. They are all listed below. read the article and decide where each sentence goes. 81

Asa Candler had a talent for marketing In the 1980s, in the USA only, the company launched a new taste for coke. In 1941, there were bottling plants in 44 countries. Coca-Cola was invented in Atlanta, Georgia on may 8, 1886. So today million of people all over the world are drinking coke. The huge increase in the popularity of the drinks led to problems meeting demand. Dr Pemberton didnt see the potential of his new drink.

Notice how the sentences introduce the topic of the paragraphs. 3. work with a colleague . ask and answer questions about the story of Coca-Cola. Use these words. Who?when.? why..?where?what..?how?

Talking about quantity 1- Are these nouns countable ( C), uncountable (U), or the both ( U/C) Information fact research money dollar suggestion help advice job work man person machinery machine equipment furniture paper newspaper news time experience

2- complete these sentences . use much with uncountable nouns and many with countable nouns. How --------------equipment do you need? Im afraid I cant give you ------------information about that. There arent------------machines working today. We havent got ----------------money left. How--------------yen are there to the dollar? How ------------people were their at the meeting ? Are there ------------jobs left to do? I havent done-----------work today. How -------------times have you been to England? How --------------time can I spend on this projects?

Giving advice: We use youd better.to give strong advice, for example: 82

A B

Ive received some faulty parts from one of our suppliers. What shall I do? youd better not accept them. Youd better send them back.

Work with one or two colleagues. Take it in turns to give each other advice. Say youd better .and youd better not 1 2 3 theres a mistake on this invoice e. what shall I do? They want me to sign a contract but I dont understand the small print. What shall I do? Ive received a bad reference for one of the candidates for the new sales job. What shall I do? 4 5 6 Im planning to go on holiday next week but four of my staff are off sick. What shall I do? I have to give a presentation in five minutes and I cant find my notes. What shall I do? My English is not good enough to negotiate the deal and the translator hasnt arrived. What shall I do? Pronunciation: contraction 1 we contract a lot of small words in spoken English.

Well need your help . well=we will Theres a lot of competition . theres = there is What words are contracted in these sentences? Write the words out in full. 2 there arent many machines working today. It wont be a problem. Youd better speak to your lawyer. Id like to speak to the manager. Ive done a lot of work today. He hasnt got much money left. Hes finished the job. Shes waiting for you in Susans office.

what words can we contract in these sentences? he will call you when he has got the information. We have been very busy so I have not had much time today. I am not in the office next week but I would like to arrange a meeting with you the week after. You had better not sign the contract until they have checked it. She does not know what it is like.

IX

BUSINESS TRAVEL
83

Objective Tasks

To discuss changes to present arrangements to make travel enquiries to discuss arrangements

LANGUAGE WORK

Air travel

I have to ring my office whats the taxi fare to the city centre ? who won last night ball game ? whats the code for Cleveland Ohio ? is it to early for the bar ? I have to be in Alaska by 8 tonight. can I go through to the departure lounge now? is there anybody here to met Mrs Leroy ? where can I get a bus into town ? I cant find my boarding card

do they take travellers cheques at the Duty Free ? where is the Gents? how long is the stopover ? will the flight leave on time ? am I in time ? what star sign is the pilot? I cant find a porter where are all the trolleys ? can I leave my luggage here over night? is this ticket out of date? where do I check in? where can I rent a car?

can I reserve a hotel room in Denver, Colorado? which gate are we boarding from? I have to catch the shuttle at 7 do I have to declare my camera? whats going on? can you cancel my hotel reservation? I think thats my plane taking off. please, somebody

TWA

HAVE

THE

ANSWERS.
the USA and your passport disappears or your colleague needs some elastic in a hurry, speak to the person in the white jacket with a red carnation in the buttonhole.

We listened to travellers questions at the airport and came up with an answer, in fact we came up with lots of answers the TWA White Coats. White Coats are a team

of young men and women at our Heathrow and JFK terminals-all available to help with your problems. So the next time youre waiting for one of our six daily flights to

which airline is this advertisement for?

* What special service are they advertising? 84

2 Look at the left hand column in the advertisement. Match the replies below to the correct problem. no, it opened ten minutes ago. No, but weve got a message for you. Theres n airport limousine downstairs . The Cincinnati Reds. Around 50. Certainly. Go ahead Ill look up the best connection. 00 1 216. When did you last have it? Theres a phone over there.

look at the centre column in the advertisement. Find words or phrases that mean: a person who flies planes a person who carries luggage a tax-free shop a short stay in a place between connecting flights. Baggage Things to carry baggage The mens toilet At the correct time Not late Expired ( no longer useful or valid)

look at the right-hand column in the advertisement. Find verbs or phrases that mean getting on the plane to tell a custom officer about something you are carrying leaving the ground ( a plane) to book the opposite of to book the opposite of to miss to hire to register for a flight happening 85

help!

work with a partner . take it in turns to be travellers asking the questions and a white coat answering them.

Rules and regulations: 1 Study the table below then use each verb once to complete the regulations. possible impossible necessary or obligatory not necessary prohibited or forbidden passengers--------------make sure their luggage is clearly labelled. Passengers--------------take a small bag onto the plane with them. Passengers---------------carry dangerous articles such as compresses gases, weapons, explosives, or fireworks. Passengers---------------check in 60 minutes before departure on international flights. Passengers ---------------- check in 60 minutes before departure on domestic flignts-30 minutes is sufficient. The airline --------------accept responsibility for delays due to bad weather.

Can Cant/cannot Must Have to Dont have to Mustnt

notice the difference between mustnt and dont have to. Decide which to use in these sentences. they transfer our baggage to the next plane. We-------------carry it. Passengers --------------use portable telephones because they interfere with the planes electronic equipment. Passengers-----------smoke when the plane is taking off or landing. You---------------take out travel insurance, but its a good idea. This meeting is very important. We ------------be late Weve got plenty of time. You------------hurry. You---------return the car to the place you hired it. You can return it to another Hertz garage.

If you havent got an international licence, you ----------drive 86

You------------pay to drive on motorways in England. We can buy a ticket et the station. We -----------book in advance.

Future possibilities: 1 match these two halves of these sentences. if you keep the receipts,. If I cant get a flight home, . If its 11 a.m in London, If theyve caught the 2.30 from Paddington, . If you havent got anything to declare, If youre travelling to Mozambique, If the sea is rough,. If she bought a discount ticket, .. If youre travelling from London to new York, If you have to be there by ten, If you havent met before, If she wasnt on that flight,. a- you must have a typhoid inoculation (For more information on conditionals see page 20) 3 you are going on a very important business trip to negotiate a large contract with a new supplier. What will you do if you miss your flight? You lose your luggage? Your supplier is ill? Your supplier cant speak English? Your supplier invites you to lunch? Your suppliers price is too high? Ill have to phone my supplier and explain. b- there no hovercraft flights. c- Well refund your travel expenses. d- She wont be able to change it. e- How will you recognize him at the airport? f- Youd better hurry up. g- Shell be on the next one. h- Go through the green door. i- Theyll be here in half an hour j- Put your watch back five hours k- Its 8 .p.m in Tokyo l- Ill have to stay overnight.

If I miss my flight , Ill catch the next one or

87

X
Objective Tasks

READING TEXTS
Improving the reading ( pronunciation) Reading Punctuation Vocabulary

BA sees profits more than double British Airways has reported a big rise in profits for the July to September period, but warned that surging fuel costs and competition remain a concern. Pre-tax profits jumped to 220m ($408m) - up from 105m in the same quarter last year - pushing profits for the first half of the year up to 335m. Tighter costs and higher passenger numbers helped operating profits rise 23% to 240m during the quarter.

Surcharges have helped to offset rising fuel costs However, BA revised its annual fuel bill estimate up by 20m to 245m. Rising fuel costs are expected to continue and remain a challenge along with employee costs Rod Eddington, BA chief executive Check BA's share price The airline added that fuel costs were 12% up on last year. However, fuel surcharges, which the airline introduced earlier this year to offset rising energy costs, are expected to raise 160m. Debts cut "We are making steady progress in building a more robust airline," said chief executive Rod Eddington. "Rising fuel costs, however, are expected to continue and remain a challenge along with employee costs," he added. The company's net debt figure of 3.3bn was now the lowest it has been since 1993, he added.

88

Despite the improvement, the airline said it would not be issuing a half-year dividend. Turnover rose 2.2% in the second quarter to 2.03bn. Employee costs rose by 7.7%, as increased pension contributions and wage awards more than offset savings from job cuts. BA has slashed its staff numbers by more than 13,000 as part of a Future Size and Shape strategy unveiled by Mr Eddington following Passenger traffic rose in October the September 11 attacks.

Jump in online bookings BA also released passenger figures for October, which showed traffic, measured in by revenue per passenger kilometres, was up 1.8% on a year ago. The airline's load factor - the number of seats filled - was up to 74.2% from 73% last year. BA said its online booking service was becoming more popular, with a quarter of its passengers opting to book online. Booking revenue from ba.com was up 42% on last year. The introduction of online printed flight boarding cards - now accepted at 31 airports in the UK and Europe - had helped drive down selling costs by 17.6%. "Market conditions have remained broadly unchanged since our last report," said chairman Martin Broughton. "All market segments remain price sensitive and yield declines are expected to continue." "Consequently, our focus will remain on reducing both controllable costs and debt," he said.

89

The dollar has fallen to another record low against the euro, amid mounting worries over the US' tightlystretched public finances. One euro was worth $1.2975 in early Asian trade, down from Friday's previous record low of $1.2973. The decline reflects market speculation that US public spending will continue to outstrip government revenues under President Bush's second administration.

The greenback is set to fall further, analysts say

The dollar is expected to fall further, denting European and Asian exports. "The euro-dollar's break of $1.30 is only a matter of time," said Naomi Fink, currency strategist at BNP Paribas. "It's just a question of momentum." Export outlook The dollar also weakened against the Japanese currency on Monday, falling to a sevenmonth low of 105.33 yen. The US currency has been weakening for much of the past year, pressured by worries over the US' record $427bn budget deficit.
This loss of competitiveness is what European exporters could do without.

But the pace of the dollar's decline has picked up since Joanne Collins, Daiwa SMBC President Bush - whose heavy spending has pushed the US finances into the red - was elected to a second term in office last week. The currency markets are also concerned about the US current account deficit, which hit a record $166bn in the second quarter of 2004. The weaker dollar will make European and Asian exports more expensive, and hence less competitive, in the US. Analysts warned that this could seriously dent the European economy, which currently relies on exports for much of its growth amid sluggish domestic demand. "The main source of growth is external demand," Joanne Collins, senior economist at Daiwa SMBC, told the BBC's World Business Report. "This loss of competitiveness is what European exporters could do without." The euro has now risen by 57% compared with its all-time low of $0.82, recorded in October 2000. Elsewhere on the Asian financial markets, gold was up $1.25 at a 16-year high of $434.50 an ounce early on Monday, while US oil prices fell $0.21 to $49.41 a barrel.

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By Ben Richardson BBC News business reporter in Rossiglione, Italy

The first thing you notice about the new primary school in Rossiglione, northern Italy, is the smell. Despite the fact that it is brand new, there is no eye-stinging stench from chemicals, glues and fresh paint. Instead it has a warm woody odour that is more afternoon walk than building site. Set deep in the Ligurian hills, about 30 winding minutes from Genoa, Rossiglione is home to a project that the European Union hopes will provide a blueprint for future constructions.
Rossiglione's school (right) has been rebuilt from the ground up

Partly-funded by Brussels, partly by the local council, the sleepy village is home to one of Italy's first environmentally friendly schools. Demonstrative "It is a project that aims to illustrate how things can be done," explains Luciana Zuaro, an architect working on the project. "People say that bio-architecture is either something for the rich or for private companies, but we need to get it out into the mainstream, the public sector." "That way, it is no longer a product of privilege but something that benefits us all," said Ms Zuaro, kicking up a cloud of dust as she heads into the unfinished secondary school that is being built next door. Despite her ready laugh and wild hair, Ms Zuaro is not an isolated player on the lunatic fringe of her industry. The issue of environmental, or sustainable, building is moving through the UK construction industry "like a hurricane", according to Ed Badke, director for construction and the built environment at the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.

The healthier the environment, the better off we are supposed to be

"You have a push-pull scenario," he explains. "The push comes from the government saying you have to do this. The pull comes from the consumers becoming more environmentally conscious."

Cheek by jowl

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The changing construction landscape also plays its part. With less land to build on, people are living closer together, increasing the need for better sound proofing, fewer emissions and greener living. Britain has set out a target of cutting carbon emissions by 60% by 2050, and there is talk of requiring all new buildings to include some form renewable energy, such as solar panels. "The issue is very much on the agenda," said Gary Clark, a project manager for Hopkins Architects in London. "There has been a change of mindset as an industry and more architects are taking it seriously. The profession as a whole is fairly keen to push things along."

Green credentials are visible from an early age

The total value of new construction projects in 2003 was 49.6bn (71bn euros; $91bn), according to RICS figures. Sustainable building accounts for a small part of that total at present, but that is expected to increase with time. "It's something that happens gradually," said RICS's Mr Badke. "But there is a definite trend from suppliers in the industry to respond to sustainability." Driving force In Rossiglione, Ms Zuaro is less keen to wait for change, ducking under scaffolding, checking finishes and asking workers for updates. "What's interesting is the contrast between the building materials and the techniques that rely heavily on the past, but can be used today thanks to technological advances," she says. Tiles are made from marble that has been ground down and baked hard; wires and circuit boxes are coated to cut emissions; blinds are incorporated into the double glazed doors and windows, and solar panels are used to generate electricity. Windows are large to let in natural light, and even when they are closed, there is a current of air that helps the building and its inhabitants breathe. Ms Zuaro is particularly pleased with the school's underfloor heating system.
Natural cork has more uses than just plugging wine bottles

There are none of the problems associated with maintaining and changing air conditioning filters - and in summer, the hot water is switched for cold, cooling the building. An added bonus is that the system is fuelled by debris collected from the surrounding woods, cutting heating costs.

Too much?

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The main complaint that has been levelled against "green building" is the extra costs that are involved. Ms Zuaro estimates that the school in Rossiglione will cost between 15% and 20% more than a traditional building. "If you want to do it on the cheap, then this isn't the method," she admits. "But it is about spending smart, rather than as little as possible. "And what price do you put on public health?"

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Personal insolvencies in England and Wales have hit another record high as interest rate rises take their toll on already over-extended households. The number of individuals declared bankrupt rose to 9,156 in the third quarter, up 4% on the quarter, and 28.8% on the same period in 2003. Company liquidations fell 5.6% on the quarter and 12% on the year.
Flashing one of these can be more trouble than it's worth

The Bank of England has raised the cost of borrowing five times to 4.75% in an effort to dampen consumer spending. The figures, from the Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) also showed that 2,811 people took out Individual Voluntary Agreements (IVAs) over the quarter. IVAs allow interest on debts to be frozen in exchange for people making regular monthly payments. The number of people taking this option rose 13.6% on the quarter - the highest ever recorded - and 40.6% on the year. Rates bite The figures show that higher interest rates have left many people struggling to repay their debts, according the government's Insolvency Service. People who have signed up to seductive credit deals are also vulnerable to sudden changes in personal circumstances, such as accidents or loss of unemployment, it said.
The numbers are more likely to go up than come down Desmond Flynn, Insolvency Service

"The two things linked together imply the numbers are more likely to go up than come down," said Desmond Flynn, inspector general of the Insolvency Service. The Citizens Advice Bureau agreed that changes in personal circumstances were partly driving the acceleration in insolvencies. "When people's circumstances change, it can often be quite minor but enough to tip people over the edge when it comes to paying off their debts," said Sue Edwards at the Citizens Advice Bureau.

Enterprise Act

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The increase in personal insolvencies is also being fuelled by an increase in the number of people declaring themselves bankrupt, rather than being forced into bankruptcy by a creditor, accountants KPMG pointed out. Nearly two-thirds of personal bankruptcies are entered into voluntarily - the highest proportion ever. Enterprise Act reforms which came into force in April make it easier for bankrupts who are in a position to make repayments on what they owe to negotiate a deal with creditors. This means creditors get a better return than they would have done if full bankruptcy procedures were adopted. The Act allows for 'honourable bankrupts' to be discharged more quickly, but also can extend the restrictions of bankruptcy for up to 15 years. "As these figures reveal, more people are making themselves bankrupt which suggests bankruptcy is now seen as a more acceptable way of dealing with debt difficulties," said Steve Treharne, head of personal insolvency at KPMG. "I suspect this is a result of the perceived simplification introduced by the Enterprise Act. "Many bankrupts are now discharged from the effects of bankruptcy after only six months, whereas three years was previously more typical." Companies resilient The bankruptcy situation for UK businesses, however, has been less bleak. As personal insolvencies are growing, company bankruptcies have gone in the opposite direction. "Company insolvencies are now at their lowest ever rate, a trend we expect to see continue over the coming months," said Malcolm Shierson, a partner at Grant Thornton. During the third quarter 2,975 companies went into liquidation in England and Wales, the lowest quarterly increase on record. This improved environment for business can be put down to low interest rates, high employment and steady GDP, said accountants PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) When they do hit rocky times, there appears to be a marked shift towards administration from the traditional creditor led receiverships.
Many bankrupts are now discharged from the effects of bankruptcy after only six months, whereas three years were previously more typical Steve Treharne, KPMG

Companies bask in the glow of a stable economy

Again this can be attributed to a greater take-up of the Enterprise Act, which gives firms more flexibility to restructure their business. However, small businesses and the self-employed are much less able to ride out economic storms than their larger counterparts. Insolvencies in the self-employed sector have risen by 130% year-on-year, the DTI's

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figures showed. "We are seeing a marked shift towards administrations as stakeholders take a more inclusive approach to the insolvency process," said Mike Jervis, of PWC. "What is of concern, however, is the number of small self-employed businesses which are currently failing."

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Seven Asian telecommunications firms are coming together to invest between $30m and $40m (16.3m and 22m) in new mobile phone services and technology. The Bridge Mobile Alliance will run for three years and aims to develop a common mobile phone service platform. With a potential subscriber base of 300 million users, member companies include Singtel from Singapore, Cellular from Taiwan, and India's Bharti.

Mobile phone use is still growing across Asia

They are joined by firms from Malaysia, Australia and Indonesia. The Phillippines' Globe Telecom is also represented. 'Seamless usage' Bridge Mobile Alliance hopes to make it easier for people to better "roam" or use their phones while in another country represented by one of its seven members. Plans include a common way in which to top up pay-as-you-go handsets. "The regional collaboration will improve cross-border service delivery and customer care, delivering a seamless service experience for users who roam from one preferred partner's network to another," said Singtel chief executive Lim Chaun Poh. The seven Bridge Mobile Alliance members are PT Telkomsel (Indonesia), Singapore Telecommunications Inc, Taiwan Cellular, Bharti (India), Optus (Australia), Globe (Philippines), and Maxis (Malaysia). Mr Lim said talks were ongoing with four other regional operators to join the alliance, but declined to name them.

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One in four second-hand cars sold in the UK has dangerous or illegal faults, motoring group the RAC says. More than 40% of the cars up for sale would fail an MoT test, it said. The RAC analysed 500 of its own vehicle inspection reports and found 18% of the cars had at least one dangerous fault, with a further 4% classed as illegal.

More than two out of four used cars would fail an MoT, the RAC says

Among the faults found - described by the RAC as "very worrying" - were badly or unevenly worn tyres, fuel leaks, damaged brakes and uneven steering. The RAC study follows last week's Which? magazine report, which said three out of four cars it had tested received poor service from garage mechanics. 'Buyer beware' Tony Noakes, head of RAC inspection services, said: "The level of issues we find with used vehicles is very worrying. "Half of vehicles we checked had more than 10 faults. And even if they weren't a risk to motorists' safety, 60% of those with faults would cost the new owner more than 200 to fix. "Potential issues are many and varied but reliable inspection services are not. Our motto for RAC inspections is always 'buyer beware'," he said. Motorists buying a used car are being advised to get it independently inspected, but also to check its history to make sure it has not been stolen, written off for insurance purposes or still carries an outstanding loan. Last week's Which? survey showed mechanics carried out unnecessary work at a quarter of garages. Others skimped on basic checks. This included not checking the brakes or gearbox, which could leave motorists with potentially unsafe cars. Which? booked 48 cars into garages for a full service, introducing three faults that should be picked up in a service. Immediately after each service, the cars were checked to see whether the faults had been spotted, and inspected to see exactly which parts of the car had been checked and which items had been fixed or replaced. Which? found that 35 of those cars did not get a good service.

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Your curriculum vitae is the single most important weapon in your armoury when it comes to job hunting. A prospective employer will often make a snap judgment the second they read it and even the most qualified people on the planet can find themselves rejected if the resume fails to come up to scratch. So how can you give yours the edge? Avoid making it too fancy and complicated. You only have about five seconds to grab the attention - if it is too clever and unreadable it will go in the bin. Don't try to make jokes and never slag off previous employers. CV length There are no set rules governing the length of your cv - this will be decided on your career history, education and achievements. If possible try to keep it to one page, but if this looks too cramped then feel free to spread it out over two sheets. Everyone has a different theory when it comes to cv design. Don't get too bogged down over this, just make sure everything is clearly marked. Include your career progression, education and achievements prominently so your prospective employer doesn't have to search. Here is a basic format: Start off with your name, address and contact details clearly listed at the top of the page. Follow this with a profile of yourself which should include an outline of your skills, experience and immediate career goals.
Remember to include

Check the ad and match up your skills with the requirements

Career history Skills and strengths Awards and achievements Contact details

After this you can put in your career history - in reverse chronological order over the past 10 years - with brief descriptions of your responsibilities and achievements. Then comes education, interests/personal details and references. Stick to the truth Make sure it is printed on good quality A4 size paper and never attach extra documents, letters or certificates - save these for the interview. Read and re-read your cv, and then ask a friend of family member to read it as well. Make sure there are no spelling errors or coffee stains as these will be fatal. It might sound obvious, but be truthful. Never try to smudge dates and jobs to hide periods of unemployment. The most basic of checks will expose your deceit and ruin any chance of getting the job. Follow all instructions on the job advert. If they want four copies of your cv then you should send four. It is also vital to get it in on time. The covering letter should be customised for each job you apply for as this is your chance to tailor your skills to the demands required.

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Short temper, anxiety, tension, depression - just some of the symptoms of stress. And with Britons putting in the longest hours in Europe, work is a prime cause. Is it possible to de-stress the workplace? When the sun blazed down on Monday, countless workers gazed grumpily at the blue skies and wished - if not for a day off - that they could at least head to a local park for the afternoon meeting. Not those at the microelectronics firm Ingenico Fortronic in Fife. As the temperature rose, its 250-strong workforce spilled into the garden to conduct their daily business. For the office has a lavish staff playground - including a chill-out zone, bistro and games room - kitted out for wireless working.

Can't wait to get away?

"We encourage staff to hold meetings in the garden - on hot days it is always packed," says spokeswoman Rochelle Bushell. "And no-one abuses it. People take time out when they need to, but we find that they stay longer and work harder. People are a lot more relaxed too." While few firms have gone this far in their attempts to sweeten work life, the onus is now firmly on employers to deal with stresses that arise. Bosses could face legal action if they fail to keep pressure at a manageable level, and to this end the Health and Safety Executive has published a six-point code on how to measure stress at work. If fewer than 85% of all staff feel they can cope with the demands of the job, for instance, or one-third say they have been bullied at work, the company must do better. Employees can already sue their companies for causing them unnecessary stress under the Health and Safety at Work Act. But cases can be difficult to prove, and the HSE has not brought any prosecutions on these grounds. The new guidelines may change that by giving its inspectors a way of assessing a firm's performance.

Workers cannot relax by fun and games alone - but it might help

Ben Williams, an Edinburgh-based chartered corporate psychologist, says distractions such as table football or at-desk pampering sessions do not necessarily ease tensions. "If people really want time out, they should go outside and have a walk in the fresh air, or a coffee in the canteen - anything that takes them out of their work environment." And generous paypackets do not equal relaxed staff. The supermarket chain Asda came out top in the Sunday Times 100 Best Companies to Work For last year, a list compiled from staff satisfaction surveys. The average salary may only be 9,000 a year, but workers praised the family spirit of the company and its approachable management.

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Chilled-out change manager Bosses keen to beat stress should ensure that support is available, and that the work to be done is sufficiently challenging to keep it interesting. "Without sufficient challenges, workers run the risk of rust out, in which they get bored and start clock-watching - that is stressful in itself. But if the pressure becomes too great, people suffer burn out." One of the greatest causes of stress in the workplace is change, Mr Williams says, and staff need help to work through their reactions to a shift, be it a physical relocation or lay-offs. Which is not to say that only stressed-out workers need attention. Mr Williams recommends that all bosses offer praise rather than criticise slip-ups, and encourage friendly interaction between staff. "Praise is an antidote to the blame culture, and it's very important for getting the best out of people. It doesn't surprise me in the least that David Beckham wants to leave Manchester United - after working with [England manager] Sven Goran Eriksson, going back to Sir Alex Fergusson must be like going back to prison."
David Beckham after a run-in with his boss, Sir Alex Ferguson

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Is your workplace stressful or stress-free, and why? Send us your comments. Earlier this year I had a heart attack for which the usual underlying causes could not be blamed. Despite there being no proven link between stress and heart attacks, stress and long working hours were almost certainly the cause. I had a very time consuming job for an ISP - at my desk from 7:30, no lunch, left at 18:30 if I was lucky, and a couple more hours at home in the evenings. My heart attack gave me chance to realise that chasing a career is pointless if there is no quality of life to go with it. My employer is supportive (so far) of my new regime, but I can't help thinking that if I had not had a heart attack, they would have expected me to keep delivering more than was reasonable. Peter, UK Working for the NHS can be extremely stressful due to the workload that is around at the moment. We have to meet deadlines & targets, trying to minimise waiting lists. We have no perks in the NHS BUT we have a "stress policy" (big deal), then people wonder why nurses & allied health professionals are leaving. Paul, UK I used to work for a company where I ended up being the only member of the customer service team, as well as cover reception and any other odd jobs. After my manager retired in Nov 2001, I had no immediate manager to turn to for help or assistance. The last straw came at Christmas when I received no recognition or reward for 'holding the fort' for the past 12 months. I was so stressed and bitter about the whole experience, I felt the only way out was to find another job. Lisa, UK If you think the UK workplace is stressful, you should try the US. A six-day work week is quickly becoming the norm, and late evenings in the office are compulsory - in that if you don't spend a good 12 hours in the office (with a half hour to choke down lunch) it means that you aren't serious about building the company, and you're next in line to be laid off. Rob, New York City Being paid for overtime should be mandatory, so that like the minimum wage, it stops employers taking advantage of employees. Humans are not designed to sit at a desk for even 7 hours let alone 10+. Spencer, UK Not know what's going on in the company can be very stressful. Recently a For Sale sign appeared outside our office - fortunately it wasn't because the company was in trouble, but we were moving. No announcement or information came down from the top. Gossip and rumour circulated for ages until the truth came out. Ian, Scotland I start work when I want between 8.30 and 10.00, I lunch for an hour, and I finish around 5.00 to 5.30. I'm appreciated by everyone I work with and supported by my team and manager. My employer provides a gym, a pool, tennis courts, lunch every day, tea and cakes at 4.00 - all as part of my package. My salary isn't the highest, but its enough. Steve, Oxford, UK We can take a day's holiday at the drop of a hat (I did so yesterday, because our contract specifies that if the sun is shining, then we should be allowed to take the day off to go surfing). Because of their attitude to us, we are all happy to work extra time, without extra pay. They have a 'give and take' attitude, and all the staff respond to it.

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Sal, UK Here in Finland work attitudes are way more relaxed than in the UK. You can come in late, go home early, spend three hours in town on a sunny afternoon if you want, so long as you get the job done and are in for meetings. Ben Cornwell, Finland Our company has gone through a restructure and a takeover, which means job cuts and relocation. New location is inconvenient for everyone (apart from the directors), which will no doubt decrease our standard of living (longer commutes) and lower moral (inconsiderate company). Change has to be acceptable to the staff - without us, the directors would not be able to produce good results. Lee, West Midlands, UK

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The US economy added 337,000 jobs in October - a seven-month high and far more than Wall Street expectations. In a welcome economic boost for newly re-elected President George W Bush, the Labor Department figures come after a slow summer of weak jobs gains. Jobs were created in every sector of the US economy except manufacturing.
Manufacturing was the only sector that did not add jobs in October

While the separate unemployment rate went up to 5.5% from 5.4% in September, this was because more people were now actively seeking work. Markets boost The 337,000 new jobs added to US payrolls in October was twice the 169,000 figure that Wall Street economists had forecast. In addition, the Labor Department revised up the number of jobs created in the two previous months - to 139,000 in September instead of 96,000, and to 198,000 in August instead of 128,000. The better than expected jobs data had an immediate upward effect on stocks in New York, with the main Dow Jones index gaining 45.4 points to 10,360 by late morning trading. "It looks like the job situation is improving and that this will support consumer spending going into the holidays, and offset some of the drag caused by high oil prices this year," said economist Gary Thayer of AG Edwards & Sons. Hurricanes' silver-lining Other analysts said the upbeat jobs data made it more likely that the US Federal Reserve would increase interest rates by a quarter of a percentage point to 2% when it meets next week. "It should empower the Fed to clearly do something," said Robert MacIntosh, chief economist with Eaton Vance Management in Boston. Kathleen Utgoff, commissioner of the Bureau of Labor, said many of the 71,000 new construction jobs added in October were involved in rebuilding and clean-up work in Florida, and neighbouring Deep South states, following four hurricanes in August and September. The dollar rose temporarily on the job creation news before falling back to a new record low against the euro, as investors returned their attention to other economic factors, such as the US's record trade deficit. There is also speculation that President Bush will deliberately try to keep the dollar low in order to assist a growth in exports.

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The dollar fell to a record low against the euro on Friday, with analysts forecasting more declines to come. Meanwhile, oil prices moved in the opposite direction, with a barrel of US light crude ending up 79 cents to $49.70 on fresh Iraqi security concerns. With the US forces stepping up the pressure on Iraqi rebels in Falluja, Brent crude also finished up in London, gaining 41 cents to close on $46.42.

The currency market is not optimistic about another Bush term

Analysts believe the US will try to keep the dollar weak to boost exports. They point to America's giant trade deficit. Further falls? The US currency dropped as low as $1.2962 against the euro on Friday. The fall came despite positive jobs data from the US Labor Office on Friday, showing that 337,000 new positions were created in the US in October - double Wall Street's expectations. "What this (the dollar's fall) shows is that the structural problems in the US economy are completely dominating the positive cyclical news that we had today from payrolls [unemployment figures]," said Aziz McMahon, a strategist at ABN Amro in London. "It seems now that the longer-term investors like pension funds and perhaps monetary authorities are either hedging their dollar risk or moving assets out of the United States. "It looks like the dollar has further to fall," Mr McMahon said. European concern Richard Franulovich of Westpac Banking said Friday's dollar fall was "nothing short of stunning". "This is a pretty good guide at just how entrenched negative sentiment is toward the dollar," he said. In Europe the dollar's decline, and in turn - the euro's rise - raised fears that it will hit European exports.

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The euro is now 57% above its all-time low against the dollar of 82 cents from October, 2000. French President Jacques Chirac said he was "a little bit worried about the weakness of the dollar". Speaking at a summit of European leaders in Brussels he hinted that the European Union should take action. "This should provoke certain reactions on our part," he said

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The business plan captures the strategic operational and financial aims of the business. A good business plan will contain: an initial executive summary, summarising the detail of the business proposal a written overview of the business' aims its product or service A good business plan will attract initial management team investors financial forecasts and appendices, such as the CVs of key management members, market research data or technical product information.

The body of your business plan should cover several areas in detail. Give the reason for the business being established - include business goals, for example, whether ambitious growth is desired or a regular, steady trading level. Explain what your business will do in simple terms, highlighting any features that set it apart from rivals. Include market and competitor information, outlining what part of the market you are targeting, key competitors and what differentiates you from them. Financial forecast Think about your sales and marketing strategy, include information on how the product or service will be priced, channels to market, advertising and marketing plans. Details of key personnel and their relevant experience are also important, as is operational information like office location, special equipment and expected employee headcount. State the financing you need, based on your financial forecasts. Include details of any finance provided by the founder or management team and indicate the key risks to the business and any mitigating action you can take.
Business plan essentials

Management background Business aims - what are your future plans? An assessment of the competition Research to back claims and forecasts

Your plan should also include a sales forecast, cashflow forecast and a projected profit and loss account for up to five years' ahead. Larger businesses should also draw up a projected balance sheet. The figures used must be reasonable - avoid being over optimistic. The involvement of a qualified accountant in preparing these forecasts is recommended.

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By David Wilkinson Partner, Ernst & Young

How do you turn your idea into a thriving business? BBC News Online asked David Wilkinson to provide a roadmap to success. Before pursuing any form of finance you need to ensure you have a good business plan to present to potential investors. This will be your blueprint for development. There is a lot of readily available information out there to assist you. For example, Ernst & Young has a best practice business plan guide on its website or in hard copy, as do many other blue chip companies and professional advisers. You also need to be able to communicate: what you need the capital for the nature of your business the market your plans and aspirations.

That will determine in turn what funding you have a chance of getting. What kind of funding is right for you? You can fund your business by equity, debt, grants or a combination of these. As an entrepreneur you need to balance the desire to retain control of the business with your appetite for external funding. Retaining control is often important and some funding sources can dilute your own return on the business.
As an entrepreneur you need to balance the desire to retain control of the business with your appetite for external funding

For those of you who want to avoid such dilution, an attractive David Wilkinson option is a traditional business loan from a bank. Loans Types of loan can vary greatly depending on the bank, so researching what is on offer is very important.

Email David for advice on how to start up or develop your business

Alternatively banks may be willing to offer an extended overdraft facility if the funding requirement is relatively low. It is also important for the entrepreneur to identify his/her personal goals. If 100% control is required, then often self-funding the capital is the most effective way of establishing a revenue-generating company. If that is the case, it might be time to call in some favours from family and friends.

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It's worth having a hard think, though. Which will yield the best returns: 10% of a business worth 20m, or 100% of a business worth only 20,000? Venture capital A second option is venture capital. Generally, venture capitalists have a less conservative view of risk compared to banks although the expected return is much higher. The benefits of venture capital are many. Venture capitalists can provide a good source of financial and management expertise when they invest in a company, as well as possibly make the company more attractive to other funders, especially secured lenders. However, venture capital can be expensive with a great deal of up-front preparation required including potentially costly legal and financial advice. Venture capitalists will take an often controlling equity stake in the company. For most entrepreneurs this is the biggest disadvantage. Business angels An alternative source of equity funding can be found in wealthy private individuals, known as business angels. As with venture capital, these individuals will look for a high return rate through taking an equity stake in the business. (However, they are more likely to support start-up ventures and will offer lower amounts of equity.) Many business angels are established members of the business community who, in addition to providing much needed capital, can also provide invaluable industry insight. The disadvantage here, again, is that the entrepreneur would have to relinquish a relatively large proportion of equity. Grants Grant funding remains a popular choice for business start-ups. Government agencies such as Small Business Gateway offer help and advice on which grants are available. Other types of assistance include soft-loans and consultancy assistance, which can help with the fund raising process.

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A good source of knowledge is your local Business Link, which advises and helps on all aspects of setting up and running a business.

www.businesslink.org
There may also be some special initiatives or grants that are available to you depending on your individual circumstances. For example, The Phoenix Fund encourages entrepreneurship in disadvantaged communities and groups. Where can you go for more general assistance? Small Business Service (SBS) is a government agency that champions small businesses. The SBS operates a number of schemes & initiatives that are tailored to help people starting up a business. For example, Business Link falls under the umbrella of the SBS.

www.sbs.gov.uk
Local Enterprise Agencies (LEAs) are partners with Business Link and carry out business counselling and training. They have a number of courses, titled the 'Start Right programme', run jointly with a high street bank, which can help you answer some of your questions (majority are free). Most LEAs can assist in strategy, business planning & raising finance.

National Association of LEAs

The Busygirl Network, meanwhile, supports women entrepreneurs in developing fast-growth profitable businesses. It represents about 8,000 corporate and entrepreneurial women and provides information about coaching and mentoring, business development and raising finance.

www.busygirl.com
There are a growing number of print publications that address the issues of this sector, such as Growing Business, Real Business and Business XL. There are also websites like startups.co.uk.

www.startups.co.uk
David Wilkinson is head of entrepreneurial growth markets at Ernst & Young

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The customer is always right. This has long been a key motto for successful businesses, and it still applies. Attracting new customers is costly and unpredictable. Gaining business from existing customers is far easier. Customers who have received a good service may well recommend you to others but customers who feel badly treated are likely to moan about you instead.
Is the customer always right?

As a small business you won't have national advertising campaigns to boost your image, so you need to make sure that any word-of-mouth publicity is positive. Maintaining a positive reputation is vital. Customer value Develop a service promise, and deliver against it. If you claim to offer personal service at affordable prices, make sure that you do. Try to accommodate your customers' needs - going the extra mile can be a big distinguishing factor, so use your size and flexibility to your advantage. Remember that little things - such as a friendly approach - can make a big, positive impression. Ensure that all staff who deal directly with customers are trained appropriately. Determine which are your most valuable customers: these are the ones who buy most from you over the longest period, taking into account any costs involved in servicing them. The most valuable customers should receive the highest degree of customer care.
Dealing with customer complaints

Welcome complaints and encourage feedback Train staff to deal with angry customers Make a record of problems and try to track the source

Take customer complaints seriously. Always apologise first, even before establishing the details. Once you have found that there is a problem, agree a solution and make sure it is handled quickly. Handling complaints well can turn a dissatisfied customer into a loyal one. You should even encourage complaints as they can indicate where your service could be improved with the most impact.

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BUSINESS GLOSSARY
English-French
A account, current un compte courant accountant un comptable accounting system plan comptable accounts department service comptable accounts payable book livre des effets payer accounts receivable book livre des effets recevoir acknowledgement of order accus de rception de commande act of God un cas de force majeure, une catastrophe naturelle addressing machine une machine adresser advertisement une publicit, une annonce advertising la publicit advertising agency une agence de publicit advertising department le service publicit advertising media les supports publicitaires, les mdias advertising, deceptive la publicit mensongre after-sales service le service aprs-vente agenda l'ordre du jour agent un reprsentant agent, clearing un agent en douane agent, commission un commissionnaire agent, forwarding un transitaire agent, sole un agent exclusif air waybill une lettre de transport arien (LTA) appointment une nomination approval, on sous condition articles of partnership (A/P), of association (A/A) les statuts de la socit assembly line une chane de montage
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assets l'actif assets, current actif circulant, de roulement assets, fixed les immobilisations at carrier's risk (CR) aux risques du transporteur at owner's risk (OR) aux risques du propritaire auction sale une vente aux enchres auctioneer un commissaire priseur audit the accounts, to vrifier, apurer les comptes auditor un commissaire aux comptes automatic debiting (transfer) prlvement automatique automatic teller machine (ATM) guichet (bancaire) automatique B bailiff un huissier balance un solde balance sheet le bilan ban, to interdire bank, merchant une banque d'affaires bank, overseas une banque d'outremer bankrupt un failli bankrupt, to go faire faillite bankruptcy la faillite bankruptcy, to file a petition in dposer le bilan bargain une affaire bargain prices prix de soldes bargain sale une vente en soldes bid une offre, une soumission bidder, a bidding company une entreprise adjudicataire ou soumissionnaire bill of exchange (B/E) une lettre de change bill of lading (B/L) un connaissement bill, accommodation une traite de complaisance black, to be in the avoir un solde crditeur board of directors conseil d'administration
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bond un bon d'tat bond, in sous douane bonus un prime book an order, to enregistrer une commande book of specifications le cahier des charges book, to enter in the passer les critures bookkeeper un aide-comptable bookkeeping la comptabilit (les critures) bookkeeping entries les critures comptables bookkeeping, double-entry comptabilit en partie double bookkeeping, single-entry la comptabilit en partie simple bookkeeping/accounts department le service de comptabilit books, to keep the tenir les livres borrower un emprunteur bound by law, to be tre lgalement tenu branch une agence, une succursale breakdown une ventilation (des cots) broke, to be tre fauch broker un courtier brokerage fee un droit de courtage brown paper papier 'kraft' browse, to feuilleter bulk, in en grand volume, en vrac bulky volumineux business connections les relations d'affaires buyer, potential un acheteur ventuel C cancel an order, to annuler une commande carrier le transporteur case une caisse cash a cheque, to encaisser un chque cash book le livre de caisse
114

cash on delivery (COD) paiement comptant la livraison cash with order (CWO) paiement comptant la commande cash, to toucher, encaisser cash, to be in tre en fonds cash, to be out of tre court d'argent chain of stores, a une chane de magasins chair a meeting, to prsider une runion charge interest, to percevoir des intrts charge to an account, to imputer un compte (crdit) charges, freight frais de transport charter party (C/P) une charte partie check up un bilan de sant check, to contrler cheque book carnet de chques cheque stub talon (de chque) cheque to bearer chque au porteur cheque without cover chque sans provisions cheque, certified chque certifi cheque, crossed un chque barr cheque, dud un chque en bois cheque, to cross a barrer un chque cheque, to stop a faire opposition un cheque civil servant un fonctionnaire clearing bank une banque de dpts clearing house la chambre de compensation cold-storage unit une chambre froide collateral une caution pour un prt collection letter une lettre de recouvrement company une socit company, private (Ltd.) une socit responsabilit limite (SARL) company, public (Plc.) une socit anonyme (SA) complaint une plainte
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comply with, to se conformer compulsory obligatoire computer un ordinateur computerize, to mettre sur ordinateur, informatiser concern une entreprise consign expdier consign goods, to expdier des marchandises consignee le consignataire, destinataire consignment note un bordereau d'expdition consignor l'expditeur consultant un conseiller consumer un consommateur consumerism la dfense du consommateur consumption la consommation container, air-tight un conteneur hermtique containerization mise en conteneurs containers, waterproof conteneurs tanches contractor un entrepreneur convey, to acheminer, transporter conveyance le transport copywriter un rdacteur publicitaire cost price prix de revient costs, operating les cots d'exploitation costs, production cots de production counterfoil un talon crate une caisse claire-voie credit, to grant accorder du crdit creditor un crancier Custom House le bureau de douane customer, prospective un client ventuel customs duties droits de douane customs entry dclaration en douane
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customs officer un douanier customs tariffs tarifs douaniers customs unions unions douanires cut price/rate des prix rduits D damage les dgts damage, in case of en cas d'avarie data processing l'informatique date of maturity date d'chance debenture une obligation debit note note de dbit debt une dette debt, to settle a rgler une dette debtor un dbiteur decision, to make a prendre une dcision deeds des titres delivered at frontier (DAF) rendu la frontire delivered duty paid (DDP) livr droits acquitts delivered duty unpaid (DDU) livr droits non acquitts delivery dates dlais de livraison delivery note bon de livraison delivery, overdue une livraison retarde department un service department store un grand magasin department, legal le service contentieux department, records le service des archives department, staff le service du personnel deposit account un compte de dpts deposit slip un bordereau de versement designer un concepteur publicitaire director un administrateur disclose, to rvler
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discount un escompte, une remise discount a bill, to escompter une traite discount rate le taux d'escompte discount, rate of taux d'escompte discount, to escompter discount, trade escompte d'usage dismiss, to licencier dismissal un licenciement (pour faute) dispatch, to expdier display, to prsenter, exposer dispute (legal) un litige draft une bauche, une traite draft, documentary une traite documentaire draft, to back a avaliser une traite draughtsman un dessinateur industriel draw a bill, to tirer une traite drawback le 'drawback' (remboursement des droits d'importation) drawee le tir drawer le tireur duplicate, in en double exemplaire dutiable, to be tre soumis aux droits de douane duties, specific droits spcifiques duty paid ddouan duty, excise droit de rgie, accises duty-free goods marchandises exemptes de droits, libres l'entre E-F endorser un endosseur ex-warehouse (EXW) prix ex magasin ex-works (EXW) prix dpart usine factory outlet un magasin de vente directe d'usine fall due, to arriver chance file, to classer
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filing le classement filing cabinet un meuble de classement filing tray une corbeille classement fill in a document, to remplir un document financial year l'exercice financier flight un vol flow chart un organigramme foodstuffs produits alimentaires foreman un contrematre free carrier (FRC) franco transporteur free of charge franco freight, airborne le fret arien freight, sea transport maritime freight, seaborne le fret maritime G general meeting l'assemble gnrale general office le secrtariat gnral general partner associ grant general partnership une socit en nom collectif Giro cheque chque postal britannique goods, consumer biens de consommation goods, flawed marchandises prsentant un dfaut goods, to clear ddouaner les marchandises grade, to calibrer grant a discount, to accorder une remise H handle with care manier avec soin handling operations oprations de manutention hardware l'quipent informatique haul un trajet haul, to transporter par la route haulage, road le transport routier
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head office le sige social head storekeeper chef magasinier hoisting device un appareil de levage hold a meeting, to tenir une runion holder le titulaire, le porteur (d'un document) home trade le commerce intrieur I-J import quotas les contingents d'importation incur a loss, to subir une perte indent une commande de l'tranger induce people to buy, to pousser les gens acheter inquire/enquire about, to se renseigner inquiry/enquiry une demande de renseignements insolvency insolvabilit inspection, on sur vrification instrument of trade un effet de commerce insurance les assurances insurance company une compagnie d'assurance insurance policy une police d'assurance insurance, old age assurance vieillesse insured person l'assur insurer l'assureur invoice une facture invoice, consular une facture consulaire invoice, pro-forma une facture pro-forma invoice, to make out an tablir une facture IOU une reconnaissance de dette issue a document, to tablir un document issuing bank une banque d'mission item un article item, defective un article dfectueux joint-stock company une socit de capitaux
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just-in-time stock control gestion de stock zro K-L keyboard un clavier (key une touche) lawyer un juriste, un avocat leaflet un dpliant ledger, a un livre de comptes Ledger, the le grand livre lend money, to prter de l'argent letter of credit (L/C) une lettre de crdit levy taxes, to prlever des taxes liabilities le passif liabilities, current dettes liable to duty, to be tre passible de droits line un produit, un article link un lien list, packing une liste de colisage litigation un litige load, to charger loan un prt loan, secured un prt sur titres loan, unsecured un prt sans garantie M mail-order business la vente par correspondance manage, to administrer, diriger, grer management la direction market a product, to distribuer un produit mass production la production en srie maturity, to come to venir chance means of conveyance moyens de transport measures, non-tariff des mesures non tarifaires memorandum of association (M/A) acte constitutif merge, to fusionner
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merger une fusion middleman un intermdiaire mishandle, to malmener N-O network un rseau notice of tender un appel d'offres notice of transfer avis de virement office automation la bureautique office equipment des machines de bureau office, registered le sige social one-man concern une entreprise individuelle order form un bon de commande order, money un mandat order, standing ordre de prlvement automatique order, to commander order, to meet an excuter une commande order, to place an passer une commande output production, rendement overcharged, to be tre surfactur overdraft un dcouvert overdraw, to tirer dcouvert overheads les frais gnraux owner un propritaire P pack, to emballer (protection) package, to emballer, conditionner packer un manutentionnaire partner un associ partner, active un commandit, associ grant partnership une socit de personnes partnership, limited une socit en commandite partnership, to enter into former une socit en nom collectif
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passbook un livret d'pargne payee le bnficiaire payment at sight un paiement vue payment received pour acquit payroll le livre des salaires, les salaires place of issue lieu d'mission planning la planification port of discharge un port de destination, port d'arrive port of loading port d'embarquement premises les locaux premium prime (d'assurance) pricelist une liste de tarifs prices, rock-bottom prix dfient toute concurrence prices, slashed prix sacrifis prices, unbeatable prix imbattables principal un commettant printer imprimante producer un producteur profit un bnfice profit margins marges bnficiaires promissory note (P/N) billet ordre prompt cash comptant d'usage prompt cash sale achat comptant prosecuted, to be tre poursuivi protest un prott provisions (of a contract) dispositions put in touch with someone, to be tre mis en rapport avec quelqu'un Q-R quotation un devis, une cotation quote a price, to fournir un prix range une gamme rate, tapering un tarif dgressif
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real estate biens immobiliers rebate un rabais receipt un reu (de paiement) receipt, railway un rcpiss receipts les recettes receiver, official l'administrateur judiciaire red, to be in the tre dans le rouge, avoir un dcouvert refund, to rembourser registered, to be tre inscrit Registrar of Companies le registre des socits regulated, to be tre rgi rent le loyer rental une location representative un reprsentant request, to solliciter, prier require, to exiger retail outlet un point de vente retail trade le commerce de dtail retire, to prendre sa retraite retirement la retraite roll on/roll off system le roulage S safe, a un coffre fort sale, clearance une vente liquidation sale, hire-purchase vente 'en leasing', location-vente sales policy une politique de vente sales terms les conditions de vente salesman, travelling un voyageur de commerce sample un chantillon sample, by sur l'chantillon sample, up to conforme l'chantillon save money, to conomiser de l'argent
124

secretary, executive une secrtaire de direction security, a un titre, une valeur send, to expdier settle a dispute, to rgler un diffrend settle in cash, to rgler en numraire, en espces shelf un rayonnage, une tagre ship, to expdier (des marchandises) shipment un envoi, une expdition shipper l'expditeur, agent d'expdition shipping agent un agent maritime shipping company une compagnie maritime shipping department le service des expditions shipping documents documents d'expdition shipping order une commande de l'tranger shipping, container le transport par cadres (conteneurs) shopkeeper un commerant shop-soiled dfrachi sick leave cong de maladie sickness benefits assurance maladie silent partner (sleeping partner) un commanditaire, bailleur de fonds slash prices, to casser les prix software logiciels sort, to trier statement of affairs un bilan de faillite statement of invoices relev de factures station, receiving la gare d'arrive stationery la papeterie status le statut ou condition lgal stock une valeur, une action stock control card une fiche de stock Stock Exchange la bourse des valeurs stock shortage rupture de stock
125

stock, to take faire l'inventaire stock, unsaleable stock invendable stockbroker un agent de change store magasin storekeeper magasinier strike une grve style la raison sociale subsidiary une filiale supplier un fournisseur supply someone with something, to fournir quelque chose quelqu'un supply, money la masse montaire survey une tude, une enqute T take over, to acheter, prendre la direction tax authorities les services fiscaux thrifty conome timber le bois de construction Trade Courts tribunaux de commerce trade, foreign le commerce extrieur trade, wholesale le commerce de gros trader un commerant trader, sole un commerant indpendant train, by goods en petite vitesse train, by passenger en grande vitesse trustee un administrateur turnover chiffre d'affaires type, by sur spcimen U-V undercharged, to be tre sous-factur underwriter un assureur (maritime) unless otherwise agreed sauf indications contraires utility bill une facture des services publics (gaz, lectricit)
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valuables les objets de valeur Value Added Tax (VAT) Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoute (TVA) vehicle, articulated un vhicule semi-remorque venture une entreprise W wagons, sealed des wagons scells warehouse le magasin warehouse, bonded un magasin gnral de douane warehouseman un magasinier warehousing l'entreposage warrant un warrant waybill une feuille de route, lettre de voiture wind up a company, to dissoudre une socit withdraw money, to retirer de l'argent withdrawal un retrait withdrawal slip un bordereau de remboursement word processor un traitement de textes (TTX) worker, skilled un ouvrier qualifi wrap, to envelopper wrapping la couverture (de protection) writing, in par crit

127

French-English
A accorder du crdit to grant credit accorder une remise to grant a discount accus de rception de commande acknowledgement of order achat comptant prompt cash sale acheminer, transporter to convey acheter, prendre la direction to take over acheteur ventuel potential buyer acquit, pour payment received acte constitutif memorandum of association (M/A) actif assets actif circulant, de roulement current assets administrateur director administrateur judiciaire official receiver administrer, diriger, grer to manage affaire a bargain agence de publicit advertising agency agence, succursale branch agent de change stockbroker agent en douane clearing agent agent exclusif sole agent agent maritime shipping agent aide-comptable bookkeeper annuler une commande to cancel an order appareil de levage hoisting device appel d'offres notice of tender arriver chance to fall due article item article dfectueux defective item assemble gnrale general meeting

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associ partner associ grant general partner assurance maladie sickness benefits assurance vieillesse old age insurance assurances insurance assur, un an insured person assureur (maritime) underwriter avaliser une traite to back a draft avarie, en cas de in case of damage avis de virement notice of transfer avoir un solde crditeur to be in the black B banque d'affaires merchant bank banque d'mission issuing bank banque d'outremer overseas bank banque de dpts clearing bank barrer un chque to cross a cheque bnfice profit bnficiaire the payee biens de consommation consumer goods biens immobiliers real estate bilan balance sheet bilan de faillite statement of affairs bilan de sant check up billet ordre promissory note (P/N) bois de construction timber bon d'tat bond bon de commande order form bon de livraison delivery note bordereau de remboursement withdrawal slip bordereau de versement deposit slip bordereau d'expdition consignment note
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bourse des valeurs Stock Exchange bureau de douane Custom House bureautique, la office automation C cahier des charges book of specifications caisse a case caisse claire-voie a crate calibrer to grade carnet de chques cheque book cas de force majeure, catastrophe naturelle act of God casser les prix to slash prices caution pour un prt collateral chane de magasins a chain of stores chane de montage assembly line chambre de compensation clearing house chambre froide cold-storage unit charger to load charte partie charter party (C/P) chef magasinier head storekeeper chque au porteur cheque to bearer chque barr crossed cheque chque certifi certified cheque chque en bois dud cheque chque postal britannique Giro cheque chque sans provisions cheque without cover chiffre d'affaires turnover classement filing classer to file clavier keyboard (une touche a key) client ventuel prospective customer coffre fort a safe commande de l'tranger an indent
130

commande de l'tranger shipping order commande, passer une to place an order commander to order commanditaire, bailleur de fonds silent partner (sleeping partner) commandit, associ grant active partner commerant shopkeeper/trader commerant indpendant sole trader commerce de dtail retail trade commerce de gros wholesale trade commerce extrieur foreign trade commerce intrieur home trade commettant the principal commissaire aux comptes auditor commissaire priseur auctioneer commissionnaire, un commission agent compagnie d'assurance insurance company compagnie maritime shipping company comptabilit (les critures) bookkeeping comptabilit en partie double double-entry bookkeeping comptabilit en partie simple single-entry bookkeeping comptable an accountant comptant d'usage prompt cash compte courant current account compte de dpts deposit account concepteur publicitaire designer conditions de vente sales terms conforme l'chantillon up to sample cong de maladie sick leave connaissement bill of lading (B/L) conseil d'administration board of directors conseiller, un a consultant consignataire, destinataire the consignee
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consommateur the consumer consommation consumption conteneur hermtique air-tight container conteneurs tanches waterproof containers conteneurs, mise en containerization contingents d'importation import quotas contrematre foreman contrler to check corbeille classement filing tray court d'argent, tre to be out of cash courtier broker cots de production production costs cots d'exploitation operating costs couverture (de protection) wrapping crancier creditor D date d'chance date of maturity dbiteur debtor dclaration en douane customs entry dcouvert, un an overdraft ddouaner les marchandises to clear goods dfense du consommateur consumerism dfrachi shop-soiled dgts damage dlais de livraison delivery dates demande de renseignements inquiry/enquiry dpliant, un a leaflet dposer le bilan to file a petition in bankruptcy dessinateur industriel draughtsman dette debt (dettes current liabilities) devis, cotation quotation direction, la the management
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dispositions provisions (of a contract) dissoudre une socit to wind up a company distribuer un produit to market a product documents d'expdition shipping documents douanier, le customs officer double exemplaire, en in duplicate drawback (remboursement des droits d'importation) drawback droit de courtage brokerage fee droit de rgie, accises excise duty droits de douane customs duties droits de douane, tre soumis aux to be dutiable droits spcifiques specific duties E bauche, traite draft chantillon a sample chantillon, sur le by sample chance, venir to come to maturity conome thrifty conomiser de l'argent to save money crit, par in writing critures comptables bookkeeping entries critures, passer les to enter in the book effet de commerce instrument of trade emballer (protection) to pack emballer, conditionner to package emprunteur a borrower encaisser un chque to cash a cheque enchres, vente aux auction sale endosseur the endorser enregistrer une commande to book an order entreposage warehousing entrepreneur contractor
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entreprise concern, venture entreprise adjudicataire ou soumissionnaire a bidder, bidding company entreprise individuelle one-man concern envelopper to wrap envoi, expdition a shipment quipent informatique hardware escompte d'usage trade discount escompte/remise a discount escompter to discount escompter une traite to discount a bill tablir un document to issue a document tablir une facture to make out an invoice tude, enqute survey excuter une commande to meet an order exercice financier financial year exiger to require expdier (des marchandises) to ship/consign/dispatch/send (goods) expditeur, agent d'expdition shipper/consignor F facture invoice facture consulaire consular invoice facture des services publics (gaz, lectricit) utility bill facture pro-forma pro-forma invoice failli, un a bankrupt faillite, une a bankruptcy (faire faillite to go bankrupt) fauch, tre to be broke feuille de route, lettre de voiture waybill feuilleter to browse fiche de stock stock control card filiale a subsidiary fonctionnaire, un a civil servant fonds, tre en to be in cash
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former une socit en nom collectif to enter into partnership fournir quelque chose quelqu'un to supply someone with something fournir un prix to quote a price fournisseur a supplier frais de transport charges, freight frais gnraux overheads franco free of charge franco transporteur free carrier (FRC) fret arien airborne freight fret maritime seaborne freight fusion a merger fusionner to merge G gamme range gare d'arrive receiving station gestion de stock zro just-in-time stock control grand livre, le the Ledger grand magasin department store grve strike guichet (bancaire) automatique automatic teller machine (ATM) H-I huissier bailiff immobilisations fixed assets imprimante a printer imputer un compte (crdit) to charge to an account informatique data processing informatiser, mettre sur ordinateur to computerize inscrit, tre to be registered insolvabilit insolvency interdire to ban intermdiaire, un a middleman inventaire, faire le to take stock
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J-L juriste, avocat lawyer lgalement tenu, tre to be bound by law lettre de change bill of exchange (B/E) lettre de crdit letter of credit (L/C) lettre de recouvrement collection letter lettre de transport arien (LTA) air waybill licenciement (pour faute) dismissal licencier to dismiss lien link lieu d'mission place of issue liste de colisage packing list liste de tarifs pricelist litige legal dispute, litigation, lawsuit livraison retarde overdue delivery livre de caisse cash book livre de comptes a ledger livre des effets payer accounts payable book livre des effets recevoir accounts receivable book livre des salaires, les salaires the payroll livr droits acquitts delivered duty paid (DDP) livr droits non acquitts delivered duty unpaid (DDU) livret d'pargne passbook location rental locaux premises logiciel(s) software loyer rent

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M machine adresser addressing machine machines de bureau office equipment magasin store, warehouse magasin de vente directe d'usine factory outlet magasin gnral de douane bonded warehouse magasinier storekeeper, warehouseman malmener to mishandle mandat money order manier avec soin handle with care manutention, oprations de handling operations manutentionnaire packer marchandises exemptes de droits, libres l'entre duty-free goods marchandises prsentant un dfaut flawed goods marges bnficiaires profit margins masse montaire money supply mesures non tarifaires non-tariff measures meuble de classement filing cabinet moyens de transport means of conveyance N-O nomination appointment note de dbit debit note objets de valeur valuables obligation debenture obligatoire compulsory offre, soumission a bid opposition un cheque, faire to stop a cheque ordinateur a computer ordre du jour agenda organigramme flow chart ouvrier qualifi skilled worker

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P paiement vue payment at sight paiement comptant la commande cash with order (CWO) paiement comptant la livraison cash on delivery (COD) papeterie stationery papier 'kraft' brown paper passible de droits, tre to be liable to duty passif, le liabilities percevoir des intrts to charge interest plainte complaint plan comptable accounting system planification planning point de vente retail outlet police d'assurance insurance policy politique de vente sales policy port de destination, port d'arrive port of discharge port d'embarquement port of loading poursuivi, tre to be prosecuted pousser les gens acheter to induce people to buy prlvement automatique automatic debiting (transfer) prlvement automatique, ordre de standing order prlever des taxes to levy taxes prendre sa retraite to retire prendre une dcision to make a decision prsenter, exposer (un produit) to display prsider une runion to chair a meeting prt a loan prt sans garantie an unsecured loan prt sur titres a secured loan prter de l'argent to lend money prime (d'assurance) a premium prime bonus
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prix de revient cost price prix de soldes bargain prices prix dfient toute concurrence rock-bottom prices prix dpart usine ex-works (EXW) prix ex magasin ex-warehouse (EXW) prix imbattables unbeatable prices prix rduits, des cut price/rate prix sacrifis slashed prices producteur, un a producer production en srie mass production production, rendement output produit, article line/product produits alimentaires foodstuffs propritaire, le the owner prott protest publicit mensongre deceptive advertising publicit, la advertising (une publicit, un annonce an advertisement) R rabais rebate raison sociale style rapport avec quelqu'un, tre mis en to be put in touch with someone rayonnage, tagre shelf rcpiss receipt, acknowledgement recettes receipts reconnaissance de dette an IOU reu (de paiement) receipt rdacteur publicitaire copywriter rgi, tre to be regulated registre des socits Registrar of Companies rgler en numraire/en espces to settle in cash rgler un diffrend to settle a dispute rgler une dette to settle a debt
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relations d'affaires business connections relev de factures statement of invoices rembourser to refund remplir un document to fill in a document rendu la frontire delivered at frontier (DAF) reprsentant, un an agent/representative rseau network retirer de l'argent to withdraw money retrait, un a withdrawal retraite, la retirement rvler to disclose risques du propritaire, aux at owner's risk (OR) risques du transporteur, aux at carrier's risk (CR) rouge, tre dans le/avoir un dcouvert to be in the red roulage roll on/roll off system rupture de stock stock shortage S sauf indications contraires unless otherwise agreed se conformer to comply with se renseigner to inquire/enquire about secrtaire de direction executive secretary secrtariat gnral general office service department service aprs-vente after-sales service service comptable accounts department service contentieux legal department service de comptabilit bookkeeping/accounts department service des archives records department service des expditions shipping department service du personnel staff department service publicit advertising department services fiscaux tax authorities
140

sige social head office, registered office socit company socit responsabilit limite (SARL) private company (Ltd.) socit anonyme (SA) public company (Plc.) socit de capitaux joint-stock company socit de personnes partnership socit en commandite limited partnership socit en nom collectif general partnership solde balance soldes, vente en bargain sale solliciter, prier to request sous condition on approval sous douane in bond sous-factur, tre to be undercharged spcimen, sur by type statut ou condition lgal status statuts de la socit articles of partnership (A/P), of association (A/A) stock invendable unsaleable stock subir une perte to incur a loss supports publicitaires, mdias advertising media surfactur, tre to be overcharged T talon counterfoil (talon de chque cheque stub) tarif dgressif tapering rate tarifs douaniers customs tariffs taux d'escompte rate of discount Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoute (TVA) Value Added Tax (VAT) tenir les livres to keep the books tenir une runion to hold a meeting tir, le the drawee tirer dcouvert to overdraw tirer une traite to draw a bill
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tireur, le the drawer titre, valeur a security (titres deeds) titulaire, porteur (d'un document) holder toucher, encaisser to cash traite de complaisance accommodation bill traite documentaire documentary draft traitement de textes (TTX) word processing, a word processor trajet haul transitaire, le the forwarding agent transport conveyance/transport transport maritime sea freight transport par cadres (conteneurs) container shipping transport routier road haulage transporter par la route to haul transporteur carrier tribunaux de commerce Trade Courts trier to sort U-W unions douanires customs unions valeur, action stock vhicule semi-remorque articulated vehicle vente 'en leasing', location-vente hire-purchase sale vente liquidation clearance sale vente par correspondance mail-order business ventilation (des cots) breakdown vrification, sur on inspection vrifier/apurer les comptes to audit the accounts vitesse, en grande by passenger train vitesse, en petite by goods train vol flight volumineux bulky voyageur de commerce travelling salesman
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vrac, en in bulk wagons scells sealed wagons warrant warrant

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List of usual irregular verbs to awake to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bet to bid to bind to bite to bleed to blow to break to breed to bring to build to burn to burst to buy to cast to catch to choose to cling to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to dwell to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find awoke bore beat became began bent bet bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought built burnt burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found awoken borne beaten become begun bent bet bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought built burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found (se) rveiller supporter battre devenir commencer (se) courber parier offrir (un prix) lier, relier mordre saigner souffler casser lever (du btail) apporter construire brler clater acheter jeter attraper choisir s'accrocher venir coter ramper couper distribuer creuser faire dessiner rver boire conduire habiter manger tomber nourrir sentir, prouver combattre trouver
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to flee to fling to fly to forbid to forget to forgive to freeze to get to give to go to grind to grow to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep to kneel to know to lay to lead to lean to leap to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to light to lose to make to mean to meet to pay to put to quit to read to rid to ride

fled flung flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put quit read rid rode

fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put quit read rid ridden

s'enfuir jeter violemment voler interdire oublier pardonner geler obtenir donner aller moudre grandir pendre, accrocher avoir entendre (se) cacher frapper, atteindre tenir blesser garder s'agenouiller savoir, connatre poser plat mener s'appuyer sauter apprendre laisser, quitter prter permettre, louer tre tendu allumer perdre faire, fabriquer signifier (se) rencontrer payer mettre cesser (de) lire dbarrasser chevaucher
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to ring to rise to run to saw to say to see to seek to sell to send to set to sew to shake to shear to shed to shine to shoe to shoot to show to shrink to shut to sing to sink to sit to sleep to slide to sling to slink to slit to smell to sow to speak to speed to spell to spend to spill to spit to split to spoil to spread to spring to stand to steal

rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook sheared shed shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid slung slunk slit smelt sowed spoke sped spelt spent spilt spat split spoilt spread sprang stood stole

rung risen run sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewn shaken shorn shed shone shod shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid slung slunk slit smelt sown spoken sped spelt spent spilt spat split spoilt spread sprung stood stolen

sonner s'lever, se lever courir scier dire voir chercher vendre envoyer fixer coudre secouer tondre (des moutons) verser (des larmes) briller ferrer, chausser tirer montrer rtrcir fermer chanter couler tre assis dormir glisser lancer (avec force) aller furtivement fendre, inciser sentir (odorat) semer parler aller toute vitesse peler dpenser renverser (un liquide) cracher fendre gcher, gter rpandre jaillir, bondir tre debout voler, drober
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to stick to sting to stink to stride to strike to string to strive to swear to sweep to swell to swim to swing to take to teach to tear to tell to think to throw to thrust to tread to understand to wake to wear to weave to weep to win to wind to wring to write

stuck stung stank strode struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw thrust trod understood woke wore wove wept won wound wrung wrote

stuck stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown thrust trodden understood woken worn woven wept won wound wrung written

coller piquer puer marcher grands pas frapper enfiler, tendre (une corde) s'efforcer jurer balayer enfler nager se balancer prendre enseigner dchirer dire, raconter penser jeter enfoncer fouler aux pieds comprendre (se) rveiller porter (des vtements) tisser pleurer gagner enrouler tordre crire

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Bibliography

English web sites : www. English page . com www. Go4english.com amandia.com e-anglais.com anglaisfacile.com English documentation: Oxford University press HARRAPS Dictionary BBC World news paper

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