Stayros Papyrus52

LTaup6i; wu Iriaou Xpwwu
0 l}raupo~ '1'01) I11aou Xpta't'OU Kat T0 ax11µa '1'01)

Tov Papyrus 52
(To KEl+LEVO ;rou CfKoAmiOEI EiXE nvHpTTJOEf cnri l:3tK'.t.Jruföau. f!E Tov i:LTl.o "2::Tu11pcl,; ,:ou Irioo{J Xpun:m'i", Km ELvaL
Kfrtm a:;-r6 rcveu~mnK& OlK:mcü~m,:a GNU)
[H api0µl]GT] ,wv s8acpiwv TTJS apxaias BAAl]VtlCTJS Km AanvtlCTJS ypaµµamias

sytvs cruµcpwva µs TTJV \Jfll<ptaKr] ß1ßAto0i]Kl] TLG]
0 I:Taupoi; TO\J I11aou XpWTOll, avacpEpETm (JTO 6pyavo

8avmLK~i; EKTEAECTY]s, navw (JTO OJtOLO JtE8avE O w:Iriaoui;
XpLCTToi;, yEyov6i; JtOU aJtETEAECTE TY]V KaTClAY]/;Y] TY]s TPLETOui;
öpaarii; TOU LÖpm~ TOU XpLCTTLaVLCTµou. LUµcpwva µE TLs
EuayyEALKEs ÖLY]y~aELi;, 0 Iriaoui;, µE EVTOA~ TOU IlLAaTOU,
OÖY]y~8Y]KE EKTOs TWV TELXWV TY]s w:lEpouCTaA~µ, CTTO µLKpü
AOCJ)O fo11,yo8a, yLa va CTTaupw8EL an6 ELÖLKO EKTEAECTTLKO
Tµ~µa CTTpmou, JtOU TO ÖLOLKOUCTE KClJtOLoi; w:EKaTOVTapxoi;.
0 Iriaoui;, UJtOXPEW8Y]KE va µETacpEpEL CTTOui; wµoui; TOU TOV

CTTaupo, Ka8wi; ~TaV CTUV~8ELa yLa TOUs KaTUÖLKOUs, Km µovo
apyoTEpa, OTav ~Tav E/;aVTAY]µEvoi; an6 TLs µaaTLywaELi; Km
TY]V KOJtWCTY], EJtEßaHav TY]V «ayyapEUCTY]» TY]s µETacpopai; (JE
KaJtoLo nEpaCTTLKO ayp6TY] µE TO 6voµa w:LLµwv o KuprivaLoi;
(Mct(!K. 15:21).
'Exouv ÖLmunw8EL ÖLacpopETLKEs aJtO'ljJELi; an6 EJtLCTT~µovEi;,

yLa TY] µE8oöo JtOU aKOAOU8~8Y]KE CTTY]V JtEPLJtTWCTY] TY]s
CTTaupwarii; TOU IY]CTOU, 6nwi; Km yLa TO ax~µa JtOU ELXE 0
w:CTTaup6i; Enavw awv onoLo JtE8avE. ÜL ano'ljJELi; amEi;,
EXOUV EKTLµY]8EL Km YLVEL aJtOÖEKTEs µE ÖLacpopETLKO Tpono, avaµrna CTTLs XPLCTTLaVLKEs EKKAY]CTLEs, OL OJtOLEs
EJtLCTY]s, avEmuI;av Km aJtOÖEXTY]Kav ÖLacpopETLK~ 8EOAOyLa yLa TY] CTY]µaCTLa TOU LTaupou CTTY] ÖLÖaCTKaALa wui;.
IlEptypmp11 -rov npofU,11µa-ro;

IloHEi; XPLCTTLaVLKEs EKKAY]CTLEs, OTav µLAOUV yLa TO LTaup6 EJtClVW CTTOV OJtOLO JtE8avE O w:Iriaoui; XpLCTToi;,
avacpEpovTm CTE Eva /;VALVO 6pyavo ax~µmoi; t ~ Km T (Tau), Ka8wi; 8Ewpouv OTL ETCTL ~Tav KmaaKEuaaµEvo
Km CTTY]V npayµmLKOTY]Ta.
An6 TY]V ClAAY], ÖLacpopETLKEs aJtO'ljJELi; ÖLaTUJtWVOUV aHEi; XPLCTTLaVLKEs oµaöEi; Km EKKAY]CTLEs, JtOU 8Ewpouv OTL:
• 0 CTTaup6i; EJtClVW CTTOV OJtOLO JtE8avE O Iriaoui;, ~Tav Evai; aJtAoi;, 6p8LOi; JtClCTCTaAoi; acpou am~ ~Tav Y]
ßaCTLK~ CTY]µaCTLa TY]s AE/;Y]i; w:CTTaup6i; CTTY]V w:apxaLa EAAY]VLK~ ypaµµmELa, Km ÖEV unapxouv CTTOLXELa JtOU
va EyyuwvTm anay~ ~ EJtEKTaCTY] TY]s CTY]µaCTLai; am~i; CTTY]V EJtOX~ TY]s Kmv~i; ~La8~KY]i;.
• Ka8wi; ÖEV un~pl;E ßEßmOTY]Ta yLa w aKpLßEi; ax~µa TOU LTaupou, w CTY]µEpLVO, yvwCTT6 ax~µa, EJtLAEX8Y]KE
Km Ka8LEpW8Y]KE an6 TOV amoKpawpa M. KwvCTTaVTLVO CTTLs apxEi; TOU 4ou mwva, µE TY] µopcp~ aUTOUCTLOU
ÖaVELCTµou nap6µmou LEpou auµßoAOU an6 µ~ XPLCTTLaVLKEs 8pY]CTKELEi;.
H KUpLa EJtLXELpY]µaTOAOyLa TY]s ClJtO'ljJY]i; am~i; ßaCTL~ETm (JE Mo ßaCTLKoui; aI;ovEi;:

Ltaup6<; tou Irioou Xpwtou 2
1. Ka8w<; l)Jt~pl;av avtLKELµEva <JtY)V mox~ npo Xpwtou, Jt01J

iµmatav noM µE tov omup6 ox~µmo<; t ~ Km T,
fümunwvEtm YJ ano'lj)YJ 6u, to ox~µa nou tEALKa mo8Et~8YJKE
yLa tov omup6 tou Irioou, ßaoLOtYJKE <JE 8EwpYJtLKa ox~µma
Km OXL <JE wtopLKa <JtOLXELa. 'Etm, m xpwuavot, µY)
yvwpttovta<; to npayµatLKO ox~µa t01J <Jtaupou,
11
öavEL<JtY)Kav Kartmo ELÖWAOAatpLK6" LEp6 avtLKELµEvo, to
onoto EmAEX8YJKE yLa va ouµßoAL<JEL tov omup6 tou Irioou.
2. An6 l<JtüplK~ Km YAW<J<JOAOYLK~ JtAEllpa, YJ

EJtLXELPYJµatoAoyta nou avamuooEtm 8EwpEL 6u, YJ XP~OYJ
tWV AE/;EWV Jt01J EJtml;av püAO <JtY) ÖlatlJJtWOYJ t01J <Jtaupou
t01J IYJ001J, ÖEV ÖLVEL aocpaA~ ouµrtEpaoµma <JXEtlK<l µE to
<JX~µa t01J <Jtallpüll, OJtW<; UlJtO 1Jl08Et~8YJKE aJtO K<XJtOlE<;
EKKAYJOLE<;, ÖYJA. EVO<; opyavou Jt01J aJtOtEAEltO an6 ivav
Ka8Et0 Km ivav opLt6vuo Jt(X(J<JUAO. Taut6xpova,
lJJtO<JtY)pLtEtm JtW<; ÖEV lJJtapxouv <JtOlXELa Jt01J va µa<;
JtEL8ouv 6u YJ XP~OYJ twv AE/;Ewv autwv µnopEL va ELXE
aJtoKt~<JEL µLa rnputEpYJ ivvma an6 aut~ tYJ<; ßamK~<;
oriµaota<; tou<;. ÜL AE/;EL<; auti<;, om ßLßALKa Km E/;wßLßALKa
KELµEva, ELVm m:
• Iravq6~
• EvAav
• Crux
EKtü<; autwv tWV avupp~OEWV, lJJt<lPXEL Km YJ 8EOAOYLK~, 0Jt01J µE ßaori avacpopE<; <JE xwpla tY)<; Ayta<; r pacp~<;,
0 <Jtaup6<; t01J IYJ001J, 8a ErtpEJtE va µriv uµatm Km va µriv 8EwpEltm lEp6 ouµßoAO, ana avtlBEta, va
npoKaAEl anootpocp~ <JtOV Jtl<JtO, EJtELÖ~ aJtEtEAE<JE 6pyavo ßaoavwµou Km 8avatWOYJ<;, autou t01J t6oo
oriµavuKou npoownou yLa tov Xpwuavwµ6.
fla tY) <Jt~pl/;YJ tWV aJtO'lj)EWV Km ÖLÖa<JKUAlWV tou<;, Ol ÖlacpopE<; XPWtlUVlKE<; EKKAYJOLE<;, anoMxovtm
ÖlacpopEtLKE<; ypaµµi<; EJtLXELPYJµatoAoyta<; Km fümunwvouv ÖlacpopEtLK~ 8c0Aoyta mavw oto t~triµa aut6.
H EJtLXELPl)µcnoloyia JtOU JtEPL'YPCl(J)EL TOV ~Taupo TOU ll)CJOU eo; ax11µa-ro;

"TAY"
Ta KEV'tptK<l u11µ1::ta
LE JtOAA<l ouyxpova Km JtaAmOtEpa AE/;lK<l Km EYKUKAOJtaLÖELE<;, 0 <Jtaup6<; mavw <JtOV OJtOlO JtE8avE 0
Xpwt6<; JtEplypacpEtm w<; ox~µato<; TAY ~ <JE µopcp~ [ t fJ,
ELVm 6µw<; oriµavuK6 va ßpE8EL av m JtEpLypacpi<; autE<; <JtY)pLtovtm <JE wtopLKa <JtOLXELa Km EpµY)VELE<;,
ßaowµiva <JE JtYJYE<; tYJ<; mox~<;. Lta tYJt~µma nou npoKuJttouv an6 tYJV wtopLK~ iprnva yLa tov omup6 tou
IYJ001J, XPEL<XtEtm va ßpE8ouv Km va EJtWY)µav8ouv Ol oriµa<JLE<; Jt01J JtpOK1JJtt01JV yLa u<;:
• Iravq6~[ 3]
• EvAav[4 J
• Crux[S] (Aatv.)
fLa to ox~µa tou Ltaupou, ELvm oriµavuK6 va µEAEtYJ8EL:

• Av m AE/;EL<; Iravq6~, EvJi,ov Km Crux, ELXav EmrtAfov oriµa<JLE<; Km OXL µ6vo µta "ßamK1 ur;µau{a", aut~
t01J Jta<J<J<l/\.01) ÖYJA., apKEta JtplV tOV M. KwvotaVtlVO Km JtplV an6 ta µfoa t01J 3ou mwva, mox~ Jt01J
2}tallPOs Tüll IYJCTO'lJ Xpwwu 3
JtoAAOL 1JJtoCTTY)pL~OllV OLL EYLVE ELCTaywy~ Tüll ox~µai:os Tüll CTTallpou OXL µE ßaori LCTWpLKa mmxEla, aAAa Ws
ÖaVELO JtayavLCTLLKUJV CTllµßoAWV.
• rLa wv lfüo Aoyo, av m EVVOLEs IraVQO~, SvJcov Km Crux, JtOA'lJ JtpLV aJto i:a µfoa Tüll 3oll mwva Km
µaALCTTa Kma TY)V EJtOX~ Tüll IYJCTO'lJ, JtEpLEAaµßavav TY)V EVVOLa Tüll CT'lJV8EWll ox~µai:os, aJtOTEAOUµEVOll aJto
µla Ka8ETY) Km µla opL~OVLLa ÖOKO Km av TllXOV llJtapxollV µapi:llpLEs JtOll va JtEpLypacpüllV wv
CTllYKEKpLµEVO CTTallpO Tüll LCTWpLKO'lJ IYJCTO'lJ Ws Eva opyavo ox~µai:os T ~ Jtapoµmo, YEYOVOs JtOll 8a
EmßEßmUJCTEL mmoxpova OLL O LTallPOs µE w ox~µa JtOll yvwpl~ollµE CT~µEpa ÖEV ~i:av npo"(ov ÖaVELCTµou ~
Ka8LEpWCTYJs aJto wv (apxLKa ELÖWAOAaTpY)) M. Kwvmavi:lvo.
rLa TY)V aVEllpECTY) i:wv CTXELLKUJV CTWLXELWV, 8a JtpEJtEL va XPYJCTLµoJtOLY)80lJV EKTOs aJto LLs ECTWTEpLKEs, Km OCTEs
6
d;wi:EpLKEs µapi:llpLEs llJtapxollV, OJtWs opl~EL Y) EJtLCTT~µY) TY)s wwplas yLa TY)V KprnK~ Ka8E KELµEVOll[ ] .
ÜAOKAY)pY) Y) w:Ayla rpacp~ aAAWCTTE, Elvm yEµai:ri JtOLKLAYJs cpllCTEWs YAWCTCTLKa, yEwypacpLKa ~ JtOALTLCTLLKa
mmxEla, yLa i:riv aI;LoAoyriori Km i:riv EpµrivEla i:wv onolwv Elvm anapali:riw va xprimµonmri8El Ka8E
füa8Emµri µapi:llpla.
~'tavpo;, Crux & Patibulum

'Onws yvwpl~ollµE CT~µEpa, OL IlEpCTEs ~i:av EKELVOL JtOll npwi:m XPYJCTLµonolrioav TY) CTTaupWCTY) Ws µE8oöo
EKTEAECTY)s (HQOO. I.128, III.132 & 159, eov,c I.110.3). Apyoi:Epa, YJ µE8oöos am~ 1JL08Ei:~8Y)KE aJto Tülls
'EAAY)VEs (xwpls oµws va ylvEL YJ KllpLa JtOLV~) EVUJ apyoi:Epa XPYJCTLµonm~8Y)KE CTllXVU aJto wv M. AAEI;avöpo
(Curtius Rufus, löwQia AJcs.;avÖ(JOV, iv.4.17) Km Tülls ÖLaöoxolls (LilOO. xvi.61.2). 0 IloAußLOs (i.24) avacpEpEL OLL
Y) CTTaupWCTY) JtEpaCTE CTTOlls KapxYJÖOVLOlls Km aJto EKEL TY)V 1JL08ETY)CTav OL Pwµalm OL OJtOLOL µas EÖWCTav Km
wv opo crux[7 l .
'Omv Y) Pwµri µE CTELpa EKCTTpaTELUJV µETEßaAE CTE rnapxlEs TY)s, TY)V w:Ionavla, TY) NapßovLK~ ra1cai:la, µEpos
TY)s MLKpas Aolas, EVUJ llJtETal;E TY)V w:EAAaÖa (om µfoa Tüll 2oll mwva Jt.X.) Km TY)V KapxriöovLaK~
w:AcppLK~, YJ w:pax romana EmßA~8Y)KE CTE OAY) TY) MrnoyELO Km YJ Pwµri ELCTXWPYJCTE CTTY)V JtVEllµaTLK~ ocpalpa
Tüll EAAY)VLCTLLKO'lJ Kooµoll, Tüll OJtOLOll EYLVE KAY)povoµos µE TY)V EVOJtOLY)CTY) Tüll µrnoyELaKO'lJ xwpoll.
, , , [8] , , , , , [9] 'r-
LE allTY) TY)V JtEpLOÖO JtEpLJtOll Km OJtWCTÖY)JtOTE Kal:a TY)V EJtOXYJ TY)s KmVYJs fua8Y)KY)s EVTOJtL-=,ETm Y)
CTY)µamoAoyLK~ EJtEKTaCTY) Tüll opoll öWV(JO~ Ka8ws llJtUPXEL CTllµcpwvla CTTOlls µEAETY)TEs OLL Y) AEl;Y) öWV(JO~
, , , , , , , 'C [10] ,
aJtEKTY)CTE TY)V CTY)µEpLVY) Tüll EVVOLa Kal:W aJtO TY)V EmppüY) TY)s AaLLVLKYJs AEsYJS CTUX JtOll ELCTY)yayav OL
Pwµalm yLa w EKTEAECTLLKO opyavo JtOll CTllXVU m.:pu.:iaµßavE µia opt~6vna ÖOKO[l l] Y) onola ovoµa~oi:av
patibulum[lZ] .
0 I8V8Ka~ 0 N8Wi8(JO~, ouyxpovos Tüll IYJCTO'lJ (JtE8avE CTTY) Pwµri w w:65 µ.X.), ypacpEL:
AanvtK6 KELµEvo:
3
Video istic cruceP l ne unius quidem generis sed aliter ab aliis fabricatas: capite quidam conuersos in
terram suspendere, alii per obscena stipitem egerunt, alii brachia patibulo explicuerunt
(Dia!. 6 [Cons. Marc.] 20.3)
AyyAtK11 µETacppa<rtJ (The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Doubleday, 1996, 1-~µµa: crucifixion, (Vol.1, p. 1207)
I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head
down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet
(Dia!. 6 [Cons. Marc.] 20.3).
'Onws cpalvETm, 0 LEVEKas (Y) µapi:llpla Tüll OJtOLOll 8EwpEli:m OLL ßori8a om CTllµJtEpaoµam µas yLa TY)
4
CTTallpWCTY) TY)V EJtOX~ TY)s K.ll. Km Tüll XpLCTW'lJ ELÖLKOTEpa[l J ovoµa~EL crux (CTE µEi:acppaCTY) "cross"[lS] ~
6
"IWV(JO~,,[l ] ), ELTE wv aJtAO JtaCTCTaAo, ELTE w CT'lJV8EW ox~µa Ka8EWll-üpL~OVLLOll JtaCTCTaAOll. Km' am~
TY)V EVVOLa, Km Ecp' OCTOV "omllpos" CTTY)V rnox~ TY)s Kmv~s L1La8~KY)s CT~µmvE Eva opyavo EKTEAECTY)s µE ~
' JtpüCT8 Y)KY)
XWPLS ' r-'
üpL-=,OVLLas " '[17] O EllayyE/\.LKOs
uOKOll ' ' opos
' ' " 8 a µnopüllCTE
" CTTallpüS ' '
Va avacpEpETm '
ELTE
CTWV Ka8EW JtaCTCTaAO (lw. 19:19) ELTE CTW CT'lJV8EW CTTallpLKO ox~µa (n.x. 8loi1KEwav 08 :rra(Ja iW öWV(JW,
Iw. 19:25).
0 Eßpalos LfftüpLKOs w:küCTY)Jtos, avacpEpoµEVOs om YEYOVOTa Tüll w:70 µ.X. rnl Tlwll, cpalvETm va CTllµcpwvEl
µE w JtVEuµa Tüll KELµEVOll Tüll LEVEKa, Km ypacpEL yLa JtOLKLA.La µE86öwv m:aupworis:
";r9oßaoavl(oµsv0l wv ßavawv ;raoav audav ave<Y'T'aV(JOVVW wv r:sixov,;; aVUK(JV [. .. ] Jr()Oo1Aovv 08 Ol
or:9ar:Lwr:m Öl 09y1v Km µioo,;; wv,;; aJ6vra,;; aJJov aAAW c;x,jµarc ;r90,;; XA8VrJV".
(lwo1nov, Iovöa"iKo,;; Ilolsµo,;;, 5.449-451)
Luµcpwva µE ßLßALOypacpLKEs avacpopEs, fftY)V JtEplmWCTY) Tüll öWV(JOV ox~µmos T, ~ TLs JtEpLJtTUJCTELs OJtOll 0
LTaup6s ELXE ox~µa OJtOll Y) KaTaKüpllcpY) KEpala ~mv µaKpllTEpY) an6 TY)V opL~ovna, w ox~µa w npoCTÖLüpL~E
Y) 8ECTY) Tüll ovoµa~oµEVOll an6 Tülls Pwµalolls, Patibulum, TY)s opL~ovnas ÖOKO'lJ ÖY)A. EJtC(VO) fftY)V onola
WJt08EW'lJCTav CTllV~8ms w owµa Tüll µEAA.o8avmoll. Av w patibulum mjJwv6Tav fftY)V Küpllcp~ Tüll Ka8EWll
JtaCTCTaA.Oll, EÖLVE w ox~µa crux commissa (T) EVUJ av Kapcpwv6Tav 11.lyo xaµY)AOTEpa, EÖLVE w ox~µa Tüll crux
immissa ( t psi.
rEvLKa, OL JtEpLypacpEs m:allpUlCTEWV Elvm (JJtC(VLEs, yEyov6s JtOll ÖEV Jtpüi;EVEL EKJtAY)l;Y) 11.6yw TY)s EllpELas
anom:pocp~s yLa TY) CTllYKEKpLµEVY) µt8oöo[l 9] . Luµcpwva µE wv KLKEpwva, aKoµri Km Y) AEl;Y) öWV(JO,;; (crux)
~mv anayopEllµEVY) om µEAY) µLas JtOALTLCTµEVYJs Kmvwvlas (Pro Rabirio, 16).
An6 TLs JtAY)pücpoplEs JtOll (JUJ~OVTm, yvwpl~ollµE 6n JtpLV an6 TY) m:aupWCTY) OL Pwµalm EYÖllvav Km
µam:lywvav Ta 8uµma Tülls CTE öriµ6mo xwpo. Km6mv, µE Ta XEpLa npooapTY)µEva EJtC(VO) CTW patibulum,
llJtOXPEUJVOVTav va JtEpaCTOllV µfoa an6 Tülls öp6µolls TWV Ka'tOLKY)µEVWV JtEPLOXUJV Km KUTW an6 TY) XAE'lJY) TWV
KaWLKWV va OÖY)yY)80lJV CTW CTY)µELo OJtOll 8a m:allpwvovTav.
Mla an6 TLs apxmoTEPEs pwµa·LKEs JtEpLypacpEs TY)s m:aupWCTYJs am~s, µas ÖLVEL O 11.mlvos KWµLKOs JtOLY)T~s
Illavw,;; (254-184 n.X. ):
"Patibulum ferat per urbem, deinde adfigatur cruci."

(Plautus, Carbonaria [ZOJ, fragment 2)
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
ea rps9w/ßaor:a'!;,wlKQar:1ow w Patibulum Jr8(JVWVW,;; µfoa a;ro iTJV JrOATJ, Km µsr:a 8a Jr(JOöa(Jr:TjßdJ
ow or:av96 (cruci/crux)
(Plautus, Carbonaria, fragment 2)

ME Jtap6µmo Tpono O w:tuovumos AALKapvaCTCTE'lls (TEAY) Tüll loll m. Jt.X. - apxEs Tüll loll m. µ.X.), 0 LCTWpLKOs
JtOll E~Y)CTE fftY) Pwµri Km KaTEypmjJE TY)V A.EyoµEVY) "Pwµa"iK1 a9xmoloyia" CTE 20 ßLßA.la, JtEpLypacpEL Km
EmßEßmUJVEL TY)V JtopEla El;ElJ'tEALCTµou OJtWs Km wv Tpono µE wv onolo m:aupwvav OL Pwµalm:
"Pwµaio,;; OVK arpav1,;; 8s9a;rovr:a iöwv s;ri uµw9ia ßavawv ;ra9aöov,;; Wl',; oµoöovAOl',; ay8lv, iva OTJ
Jr8Qlrpav1,;; rJ uµw9ia wv av89w;rov ysvrJr:m, &' ayo9a,;; avr:6v sKSAsvos µaouyovµsvov SAKSlV Km Sl u,;;
aUo,;; TJV T:Tj,;; JrOA8W',; r:o;ro,;; smrpav1,;; 1yovµsvov T:Tj,;; ;roµn1,;;, TJV 8öi8AA8 r:w ßsdJ Kar:' 8K8lVOV wv Km(JOV TJ
JrOAl',;. Ol ö' ayovr:s,;; wv 8s9a;rovw s;ri iTJV uµw9iav r:a,;; xsi9a,;; a;ror:sivavr:s,;; aµrpor:s9a,;; Km '!;,vAW
;r9ooö1oavr:s,;; ;ra9a r:a or:s9va r:s Km wv,;; dJµov,;; Km µEiXQl r:wv Ka9;rwv &1Kovu naQrJKOAovßovv
'f;,aiVOVT:8',; µaoU'f;,l yvµVOV OVW. "
(Pwµa"iK1 a9xawloyia, 69.1-2)
LW Jtapanavw KELµEvo, 0 L1wvvölo,;;, ouyxpovos Tüll IYJCTO'lJ, ovoµa~EL '!;,VAOV ('f;,VAW Jr(JOoÖ1oavr:s,;;), TY)V
opL~ovna ÖOKO JtOll XPYJCTLµoJtOLO'lJCTav OL Pwµalm CTLLs m:allpUlCTELs Tülls, OJtOll EÖEvav Ta XEpLa Tüll 8uµmos
(xsi9a,;; a;ror:sivavr:s,;; aµrpor:s9a,;; [. .. ] Jr(JOoÖ1oavr:s,;;), yLa va w OÖY)y~CTOllV µaonyouµEvo, EV µfow XAEllaCTµwv,
CTWV TOJtO TY)s EKTEAECTYJs- IlapmripouµE 6µms 6n YJ AEl;Y) '!;,VAOV XPYJCTLµoJtOLELTaL µfoa fftY)V w:Kmv~ tua8~KY)
EKTOs C(A/\.O)V, Km yLa va npoCTÖLoplCTEL wv öWV(JO Tüll IYJCTO'lJ (n.x. K(JSµaoavr:s,;; s;ri '!;,VAOV (II(). 5:30 & 10:39),
EVUJ Y) OAY) ÖLaÖLKaola JtOll JtEpLypacpETm om EllayyEALa 8llµL~EL TY)V avTLCTWLXYJ pwµa·LK~:
"eµ:rraigat Kat µa<ntyW<Yat" (Mar:8. 20:19) Km Km:6mv "<X(.)Tj TOV <YTaV{.JOV avwv" (Ma(JK. 15:21) "Kat
<YTaV{.JW<Yat" (Mar:8. 20: 19)
Am:6 8a µnopoUCTE va CTY)µalvEL 6n CTTY)V JtEplmWCTY) Tüll IYJCTO'lJ aKOA.Oll8~8Y)KE Y) lfüa aKpLßms ÖLaÖLKaola
2
npooapTY)CTYJs CTW patibulum, Km:a TY) yvwCTT~ µt8oöo i:wv Pwµalwv[ l] .
MLa CTY)µavnK~ µapi:llpla JtOll CTllVÖEEL OA.Olls allW'lls Tülls 6polls, CTllvavi:aµE CTTY)V E:rrunoA1 apL8. 101 Tüll
IsvsKa:
Contempissimum putarem, si vivere vellet usque ad crucem [... ] Est tanti vulnus suum premere et patibulo
pendere districtum [... ] Invenitur, qui velit adactus ad illud infelix lignum, iam debilis, iam pravus et in foedum
scapularum ac pectoris tuber elisus, cui multae moriendi causae etiam citra crucem fuerant, trahere animam tot
tormenta tracturam?
(Isvsm, Emor:oA1101, 12-14)
(µEi:cpp. CTTa AyyALKa: The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1-~µµa: Crucifixion Km Epistle 101, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press,
1943):
"1 should deem him most despicable had he wished to live up to the very time of crucifixion [. .. ] ls it worth
while to weigh down upon one's own wound, and hang impaled upon a patibulum? [. .. ] Can any man befound
willing to be fastened to the accursed tree, lang sickly, already deformed, swelling with ugly weals on
shoulders and ehest, and drawing the breath of life amid long-drawn-out agony? He would have many excuses
f or dying even before mounting the cross. "
(Isvsm, Emor:oA1101, 12-14)
LTY)V EJtLCTWA~ am:~, 0 LEVEKas avacpEpEL JtWs, <rTCnJpOO<rlJ Tüll 8uµai:os (ad crucem), CT~µmvE w va KpEµEi:m
npooapi:riµtvos rnavw CTTYJV opt~6vwx ÖoK6 (patibulo) µE i:riv onola ÖL~VllE 611.ri TYJ füaöpoµ~ µEXPL wv i:6no
EKTEAECTYJs- LTY) CTllVEXELa, ovoµa~EL w 6pyavo npooapTY)CT~s Tüll Ws "KaTapaµivo öivöpo/;uio" (infelix
lignum) Km TEALKa, avacpEpETm Km JtaA.L CTW 6pyavo am:6 Km TY) ÖLaÖLKaola npooapTY)CTYJs Km JtEpLcpopas Tüll
µE TY) cppaori: "va cpopToo9d TO <rTmJpo" (crucem ... trahere).
Luµcpwva C(A/\.O)CTTE µE w Oxford Latin Dictionary, w lignum -i CTY)µalvEL ELTE w l;llAO OJtWs w CTllvavi:aµE
CTTY) cpllCTY) (Wood as occurring in nature), ELTE W ÖEvöpo (applied to trees), ELTE Km Kan JtOll cpnaxvETm
an6 1;u11.o (Wood as a material... various objects made of wood). ME am:~ TYJV Evvma, ow EAAY)Vopwµa·LKO
JtEpLßaAA.OV w: K(Jeµaoavw;; s:rri <;VAOV (II(). 5:30) 8a µnopoUCTE va CTY)µalvEL Km w KpEµoµm/Elµm
22
npooapi:Y)µEvos ow patibulum (hang upon a patibulum)[ ].
23
Luµcpwva µE w Dictionary of Latin Synonymei l m AEl;ELs Crux, Furca, Patibulum, 8Ewpouvi:m CTllVUlVllµEs CTTa
Aal:LVLKa Km apa or:av96,;; Km patibulum µnopouoav va XPYJCTLµonmouvi:m µE TY)V lfüa EVVOLa.
YnapxEL Km ri µapi:llpla Tüll IIA.auwll: EVUl yvwpl~ollµE JtWs CTLLs JtEpLJtl:UlCTELs CTTallpou CTE ox~µa "TAT', am:6
JtOll EcpEpav OL Km:aÖLKOL µEXPL va cpi:aCTOllV CTW CTY)µELo TY)s CTTaupWCTYJs ~mv Y) opL~ovna ÖOKOs ~ patibulum Km
EWL w ovoµa~EL aAA.OlJ Km O IlAavr:o,;;, 0 lfüos, CTW Mostellaria, 359-360 w ovoµa~EL crucem (CTTallpü )[ 24 J :
"ego dabo ei talentum, primus qui in crucem excucurrerit"
(Plautus, Mostellaria [25 l, 359-360)
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
ea :rfATJ(JWöW :rroUa XQ1µar:a öWV :rf(JWW :rrov 8a rpo9r:w8si Km 8a :rra(J8l r:ov or:av96 µov.
(Plautus, Mostellaria, 359-360)
rLa TY) CT'lJVÖECT~ µas µE TLs EVVOLEs am:Es, ÖEV 8a JtpEJtEL va JtapaßA.EJtETm w yEyov6s 6n Ot 'EAAlJVEi; ÖEV
yvoopi'.~ouµE va dxav K«Jtota EtÖtK11 Ai;l] yta TlJ µi9oöo <rTaupoo<rtJi; Toov Pooµai'.oov Km EWL Elvm ßamK6 w
EpUlTY)µa:
0a 11Tav öuvaTov, lJ Ai;l] <rTaupoi; va µtJv JtEptypacpn Ta (Jl)V9ETa <rTauptKa 6pyava 6nooi; auTa µE TO
patibulum, TlJ onyµ11 nou ÖEV un11p;E EtÖtK11 EAAlJVtK11 ii;l] nou va XPtJ<rtµonotdTm yt auTo TO <rKon6; Av
Σταυρός του Ιησού Χριστού 6
το εκτελεστικό όργανο είχε σύνθετο σχήμα οριζόντιου και κάθετου άξονα, όπως αυτό που αναφέρουν οι
μαρτυρίες, με ποια ελληνική λέξη θα περιγραφόταν;:
'Έvω γvωρίζομεv τι ηvvόουv οι αρχαίοι Έλληνες δια της λέξεως σταυρός, εν τούτοις δεν γvωρίζομεv πως
ωvόμαζοv τα γεωμετρικά εκείνα σχήματα τα οποία οι μεταγενέστεροι οvομάζομεv σταυρούς. Επιθυμούντες
vα...δείξωμεv την μεταξύ της, κατά τους αρχαίους Έλληνας, εvvοίας του σταυρού και του κατά τους
μεταγενεστέρους σχήματος του σταυρού...εκ των έργων του Λουκιανού... Ο Λουκιαvός...επιτρέπει δια τής
περιγραφής του βασανισμού του σώματος του Προμηθέως να υποvοήσωμεv το σχήμα του σταυρού, δια τό
οποίον όμως δίδει στοιχεία ακριβή εις την «Δίκην των φωνηέντων», πληροφορώv ότι είχε σχήμα Τ [26]
...Κατά την εποχήv της Κ. Διαθήκης...ο σταυρός συνίστατο εκ δύο καθέτων ξύλων. Ταύτα ηδύvαvτο να
έχουν σχήμα Ταυ, ήτοι Τ, ως επιτρέπει να συμπεράvωμεv η «Δίκη των φωνηέντων» του Λουκιανού, αλλά
και η ερμηνεία ηv δίδει ο Βαρνάβας... Θα δυνάμεθα να παρατηρήσωμεv ενταύθα ότι...οι προαναφερθέντες
και ελληνιστί γράφοvτες συγγραφείς δέv είχαν έτερον ελληvικόv γράμμα, όπερ να απέδιδε πιστότεροv το
σχήμα του σταυρού. ,,[27J
Οι ερευνητές έχουν καταλήξει πως η σημερινή έννοια του Σταυρού, έχει προέλθει από την Ρωμαϊκή λέξη Crux
' ' δ ' 28J Α ' '
'
που περιεγραφε και σταυρους με ορι ζοντια οκο [ . υτο εκανε α' λλωστε και ο w:Ιωσηπος
' '
περιγραφοντας
' ' ' '
ο'λ α τα εκτελεστικα' οργανα
' των Ρωμαιων ως σταυρους ανεξ αρτητου σχηματοςί29 J .
Η ΚΔ για το εκτελεστικό όργανο των Ρωμαίων, χρησιμοποιεί δύο όρους: Σταυρός και Ξύλον. Η λέξη σταυρός
ήταν η ίδια ακριβώς που χρησιμοποιούσαν και για ολόκληρο το εκτελεστικό όργανο των Ρωμαίων, που
περιελάμβανε και ένα οριζόντιο δοκάρι. Το οποίο οριζόντιο δοκάρι ο Διονύσιος Αλικαρνασσεύς αναφέρει ως
Ξύλον.
Αυτό επιβεβαιώνουν και οι αναφορές που συναντάμε στην αρχαία γραμματεία, που αναφέρουν ως Σταυρούς,
σύνθετα σταυρικά σχήματα οριζόντιου και κάθετου άξονα, από τον lo αιώνα:
Ο φιλόσοφος w:Επίκτητος, αναφέρει:
3
"εκδυσάμεvος και εκτείvας σεαυτόv ως οι εσταυρωμένοι τρίβη ένθεν και ένθεν ,,[ 0J
(Επικτήτου, Διατριβαί, 3.26.22)
ενώ σταυρό σε σχήμα Τ αναφέρει και η Επιστολή Βαρνάβα (τέλη lου έως αρχές 2ου αι. μ.Χ.):
"Ότι δε ο σταυρός εν τω Τ ήμελλεv έχειν την χάριν, λέγει και τους τριακόσιους" (δηλ. έχει το σχήμα που
στην ελληνική αρίθμηση αντιστοιχεί στον αριθμό 300 που είναι το γράμμα τ'.
(Επ. Βαρνάβα 9.8b)
' ί3l '
Την ι'δια περιγραφη για το σταυρο' J κανει και ο εθνικος
' w:Αρτεμι'δωρος Δ αλδιανος,
' ενας
' οιωνοσκοπος
' που
συνέγραψε στα τέλη 2ου αιώνα μ.Χ. το έργο "Ονειροκριτικά". Στο πεντάτομο αυτό έργο, αναφέρει συνολικά 23
φορές τη λέξη σταυρός και κάνει λόγο για το σταυρικό σχήμα:
"κακούργος δε ώv σταυρωθήσεται δια το ύψος και την των χειρών έκτασιv".
(Αρτεμίδωρος Δαλδιαvός, Ονειροκριτικά, 1.76)
και πιο κάτω αναφέρει:
"Σταυρούσθαι πάσι μεν τοις vαυτιλλομέvοις αγαθόν: και γαρ εκ ξύλων και ήλων γέγοvεv ο σταυρός ως και
το πλοίον, και η κατάρτια,;; αυτού όμοια έστι σταυρώ."
(Αρτεμίδωρος Δαλδιαvός, Ονειροκριτικά, 2.53)
Μάλιστα είναι εντυπωσιακός ο συνδυασμός με την μαρτυρία του lουστίvου που πριν τον Αρτεμίδωρο, στις
αρχές προς μέσα του 2ου αιώνα μ.Χ., αναφέρεται στο σχήμα του σταυρού του Ιησού. Στο έργο του Απολογία, ο
Ιουστίνος ξεκινά από το χωρίο 55 να περιγράφει ότι παντού στον κόσμο είναι πρόδηλο το σχήμα του σταυρού
το οποίο περιγράφει με πολλούς τρόπους:
"[. .. ] w m:av9w81vm sµLµ1oavw [. .. ] ,wravo1oaw ya9 .navra ra sv rw Kooµw, Sl avsv wv ax1µaw,;;

rovrov OlOlK8lim 17 KOlVWviav 8X8lV övvarm. 8aAaooa µsv ya9 ov rsµvsrm, 17v µ1 rovro w r96.nawv, 0
KaAsfrm lodov, sv r17 v17i owov µsiv17 [ ... ] w Ö8 av89dJ.nswv ox1µa [. .. ] rw 0986v w sivm Km SKWölV
XSlQWV sxslv Km sv rw .n9oodJ.nw a.n6 wv µsrw.niov wraµsvov wv Asyoµsvov µv'f;,wr19a rp8Q8lV [. .. ] Km
ovösv aUo 08lKVVölV 1 w ox1µa wv öWVQOV ".
(lovodvo,;;, A.no).oyia, 55.1-4)
Luµcpwva µE i:a Jtapanavw,

Y) JtEpLypacp~ Tüll öWVQOV Elvm Jtavm ßamoµEVY) CTW µoi:lßo OQl(ovrw,;; & Kaßsw,;; a'f;,ova,;;. To A.EyoµEVO löilO ~
Kara9uo CTTa JtAola TY)s EJtOX~s aJtOTEAELTm an6 Eva ouµJtAEyµa Ka8ETY)s Km opL~ovnas ÖOKO'll, CTTY)V onola
ÖEvovi:av m JtavLa. EmnpoCT8ETWs, 0 A9wµiöw90,;; µas ÖY)A.UlVEL w ox~µa JtOll ELXE w Kara9rw CTllVÖEOVTas w
µE wv i:p6no CTTaupWCTYJs Tüll 0v8lQOKQLUKa, 1.76 ana Km O Iovodvo,;; acpou µas AEEL JtWs w Kara9rwvllodov
ELXE w ox~µa:
a) JtOll ÖY)µLOllpyEl O av8pwnos 6mv ßpLCTKETm µE m XEpLa CTE EKTaCTY) ("rw 0986v"=Ka8EWs aI;ovas,
"snaölV X8lQWV "=opL~OVLLOs aI;ovas)
ß) JtOll oxriµai:l~ETm an6 w µETWJtO (opL~OVLLOs aI;ovas) CTE CTllVÖllaCTµ6 µE TY) µui:ri (Ka8EWs aI;ovas)
Mia moµEVlJ µap-rupi'.a 6µooi;, dvat m.:6µa mo ÖtacpoononK11 OE oxfotJ µE TlJ ÖtaÖtKaoi'.a TlJi; o-raupoootJi;.
0 A(}reµilfoJ(}or;; L1aJt5cav6r;;, nou JtEpu:ypmjJE TO TEAtK6 ox11µa -rou o-raupou ooi; ox11µa T, µai; AEEt 6n o
KaTaÖtKaoµivoi; OE o-raupoootJ, nptv Kapcpoo9d o-ro maup6, -rov KoußaiouoE µa~i'. -rou, 6nooi; aKptßooi; µai;
AivE Kat ot pooµa·.:Kii; µap-rupi'.Ei;:
"KaKOVQYW µsv lOOVil orav96v ßaoraom [. .. ] 80lK8 ya9 Km O öWVQO',; ßavarw, Km O µsUwv avrw
.n90017Aovo8m .n96w9ov avrov ßaora(;8l ".
(A9wµiöw90,;; L1a).öwv6,;;, OvslQOKQmKa, 2.56)
Am~ Y) JtEpLypacp~ CTllµcpwvEl µE TLs EJtoµEVEs JtOll ÖEV JtEpLypacpüllV W ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou ana TY) pwµa·LK~
ÖLaÖLKaola µEmcpopas Tüll. Mla an6 amEs JtapaÖLÖEL O Xapi'.Toov, 0 apxalos µll8LCTWpLOypacpos:
3
"oµooK1vov,;; avaorav9wom. [. .. ] sKaow,;; avrwv wv orav96v[ ZJ srps9s"
(Xa9frwv, .ns9i Xm9sav Km KaAAlQ017V, 4.2.7, los m. Jt.X.;)
Evw, o w:IIA.oumpxos (50 - 120 µ.X.) avacpEpEL Kan Jtap6µmo:

"sKaoro,;; KaKov9ywv sKrp8Q8l rov avrov orav96v"
(IlAovr., IIs9i rwv v.n6 wv ßsiov ß9aösw,;; uµw9ovµsvwv, 554.A.10-11)
Km OL JtEpLypacpEs amEs 8llµL~OllV EVWVa TY) pwµa·LK~ µt8oöo CTTaupWCTYJs Tüll IYJCTO'lJ:
"ßa<rnx;wv wv O'TaV(}OV avwv eg,jMJev etr;; wv Aey6µevov K(}aviov TOJTov" (Iwav. 19:17)
'Ei:m, "17 8KrpQaöl,;; 'ai9w wv öWVQOV' sivm 8lA17µµsv17 a.n6 iWV ovµßmvovrwv Kara ra,;; öiaVQWö8l',;. IIAsiöWl
6am .nA179orpo9im µaQWQOVV Oil Ol oö17yovµsv0l 8l',; ro.nov uva µa9w9iov, .nQOKSlµsvov va orav9w8ovv, 1oav
v.nox9swµsvol va ai9ovv wv owv96v, s.ni wv o.noiov a9y6w9ov 8a .n90017Aovvw. Ivyy9arpsv,;; wv B' .n.X.
mwvo,;; .nA179orpo9si, oµlAWV .ns9i KaraöiKWV, Oil 'sKaow,;; avrwv wv orav96v 8(p8Q8V' (Xa9frwvo,;;, Ta Kara
Xm9sav Kai KaAAlQQ017v ... Kara IIAovra9xov, 8Kaow,;; '... 8K(p8Q8l wv savwv orav96v'... H 8KrpQaöl,;; wv l17oov
'aiQ8lV rov orav96v'... .n9oü.no8sr8l r17v YVWölV iWV Kara ra,;; öiaVQWö8l',; YlVOµsvwv ... Kara wv,;; XQOVov,;; r17,;;
33
9wµa"iK1,;; KVQWQXia,;;... ,,[ l .
0 w:AollKLav6s an6 TY) Laµ6oai:a (121-180 µ.X.), CTücpLCTT~s Km CTllyypacpfos om µfoa npos TEAY) Tüll 2oll µ.X.
mwva µas JtapaÖLÖEL µLa µapi:llpla JtOll i:mpLa~EL CTTY)V JtEpLJtTWCTY) TY)s CTTaupWCTYJs Tüll IYJCTO'lJ OJtWs
JtEpLypacpEmL om CTXELLKa xwpla TY)s Kmv~s tua8~KY)s:
".n90017Awoa,;; avro iW orav9dJ" (KoA. 2:14) Kat "sv rm,;; X8QölV avwv wv rv.nov iWV 1Awv" (lwav.
20:24)
H JtEpLypacp~ Tüll AollKLaVO'lJ EXEL Ws El;~s:

"8l OOK8l Kaui µsoov svravßa :rrov V:rf8(J r17,;; rpa9ayyo,;; aVe<Y'raV{.JW<Y0W eK.7TeTa<Y0d,;; TW XeC{.Je a.JT6
rovrovt rov K(.)Tjµvov .JT{.Jor;; rov evavriov [. .. ] Km 6Jcw,;; smKm96raw,;; av o c;rav{.)6,;; yivocw, [. .. ] aU'
OQ8Y8 TTJV &gcwv: öV 08, w 'Hrpmors, KaTaKAele Kat .JT{.JO<Y,jJ..ov Kat TTJV <Y<pV(.JaV 8(J(JWµsvw,;; Kararp8()8,
lio,;; Kat TTJV ETE{.JaV: Kai8lA1rp8w 8V µaJca Kal avr17. 8V 8X8l."
(AovKWVOV, II90µ178sa,;;,l-2)
H CTY)µavLLK~ am:~ µapTllpla Tüll AollKLaVO'lJ µas JtEpLypacpEL wv Tpono CTTaupWCTYJs EVOs JtapaßaTY), TY)V onola
, , , [34] , , , , , ,
CTllVÖEEL µE TY) CTTallpWCTY) Tüll IYJCTOll, KaTa TY)V OJtOLa, 0 KaTaÖLKaCTµEVOs, µE Ta XEpLa aVOLXTa Km CTE EKTaCTY)
("sK:rrswoßsi,;; rw xsi9s"), llJtEµEvE TYJV wno8ETYJCTYJ KapcpLwv µE TYJ ßo~8ELa CTcpllpLou (orpv9av - :rr9001Jcov)
npwm CTW ÖEl;LO Km Kmomv CTW apLCTTEpo XEPL ("69sys iTJV 08~lWV-i1]V örpV(JaV Kararp8Q8-Kal iTJV 8i8QaV (w
aUo X8Ql)-sv µaJca Kal avr17").
'ETm, OL apxalEs µapTllpLEs ÖELXVOllV OLL Kmapxas, Y) AEl;Y) öWV(JO,;; aJtOKTY)CTE TY)V CTY)µEpLV~ TY)s EVVOLa KUTW
aJto TY)V Emppo~ TY)s A.aLLVLK~s AEl;Y)s crux, Kma ÖE'lJTEpov, OLL YJ µt8oöos CTTaupWCTYJs CTE CT'lJV8EW ox~µa
35
aJtOTEAOUµEVO aJto opL~OVLLa Km Ka8ETY) ÖOKO ~mv CTE Ecpapµoy~ aJto TY)s EJtOX~s TY)s Pwµa·LK~s KllpLapxlas[ l
Km Tplwv OLL YJ CTY)µamo11.oyla TY)s EAAY)VLK~s AEl;Y)s TY)V rnox~ TY)s Kmv~s tua8~KY)s JtEpLEAaµßavE Km w
, ,
CTTallpLKo opyavo CTE oxriµa
, T [36J •
H µap'tl,pta 'tl); EJTt<TTOÄrjr;; Ba(.>Vaßa

'Evav CTTallpO CTE ox~µa T C(A/\.WCTTE, µapTllpa Km ri aJtoKpllcpY) w:EmCTWA~ Bapvaßa yLa wv IYJCTO'lJ 11.lya XPOVLa
37
µETC( TY) w:maupWCTY) Tüll, acpou w EllPOs XPOVOAOYYJCTY)s TY)s l;EKLVC( aJto w 70 µ.X. [ l (Ka8ws O CTllyypacpfos
yvwpl~EL m TY)s KaTaCTTpocp~s Tüll vaou aJto wv Tfro ), Km 8EwpELTm OLL O Jtllp~vas TY)s (KEcp. 1-17) EXEL
ypacpTEL, µECTa
, CTTOV 1O mwva
' [38J . K aT , allTO, TOV Tpono,
, " , µE TY) µapTllpLa
CTE CTllVullaCTµo , Tüll I8V8Ka
, yLa TY) /\.E-=,Y)
' 'c
crux, nalpvollµE CTY)µavLLKEs JtAY)pücpoplEs yLa w YEYOVOs OLL, TY)V rnox~ Tüll IYJCTO'lJ ri AEl;Y) öWV(JO,;; JtapollCTLaCTE
µEmßoA.~ aJto TY)V JtaA.La CTY)µaola Ws JtaCTCTaA.os:
'Ort 08 o owv96,;; ev rw T 1µsUsv sxstv r17v xa9tv, J..iyet Kat wv,;; 'r(.JtaKo<Ywv,;; ~
(E:rr. Ba9vaßa 9.8b)
'ETm, w ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou Tüll IYJCTO'lJ npoCTÖLopl~ETm Ws T, w ox~µa JtOll CTTY)V EAAY)VLK~ apl8µY)CTY)
avLLCTTOLXEL owv apL8µo 300.
H füöax~ TY)s s:rrwwJc1,;; Ba9vaßa JtapoA.o JtOll ÖEV av~KEL CTWV Kavova TY)s Kmv~s tua8~KY)s 11.oyw
CTllYKEKpLµEVWV aJtO'ljJEWV, EVW'lJTOLs aJto TY)V apx~ µEXPL w TEIi.Os ÖLYJYELTm Km CTTY)pL~ETm CTTa yEyovom TY)s
~W~s Tüll IYJCTO'lJ, OJtWs am:a µas JtapaölöovTm aJto TY)V w:Kmv~ tua8~KY), l;EKLVUJVTas aJto TY) ÖLÖaCTKaAla Tüll,
µEXPL TY) LTallpWCTY) Km TY)V AvaAY)'ljJ~ Tüll:
• "AUa Kal <YTaV(.JW0d,;; e.JToriseW 6gel Kai xoJ..,j."
(E:rr. Ba9v. 7.3)
• "Ei ovv O VlO',; wv ßsov, wv KV(JlO',; Kal µsJcJcwv K(JlV8lV (;cbvw,;; Kal V8K(JOV,;;, e.JTa0ev iva 1/ .7TATJY1/ avwv
6(!)O.JTOll/<YTJ Tjµa,;;, :rrwrsvowµsv Oil 6 VlO',; wv ßsov OVK ,jlivvaw .JTa0dv 8l µ17 & ' 17µa,;;. "
(E:rr. Ba9v. 7.2)
• "l17oov,;; aV8öi1] 8K V8K(JWV Kal rpavs9w8si,;; avsß17 si,;; ov9avov,;;. "
(E:rr. Ba9v. 15.9)
LllVÖEEL EWL YJ EJtLCTWA~, µE Evav l;EKa8apo Tpono, wv IYJCTO'lJ µE wv LTallpO Tüll ro11.yo8a Km TWV EllayyEALWV,
acpou OAOKAY)pü w KELµEVO ßaol~ETm CTE CTllYKEKpLµEVEs Jtapa8ECTELs TY)s IlaAmas tua8~KY)s JtOll XPYJCTLµoJtOLO'lJV
m EllayyEALCTTEs Km CTTY)V Kmv~, OJtWs EJtLCTYJs Km CTE am:olJCTLEs Jtapa8ECTELs TWV TpLUlV CTllVOJtLLKUJV EllayyEALWV,
MapKüll, Mai:8aloll Km AollKa.
0 oprn; Crux O''tl)V Aa'ttVtKl) ypaµµa'tda

rvwpl~ollµE 6-n i:a npwi:a AaLLVLKa AOYOTEXVLKa KELµEva Eµcpavl~ovi:m Kma wv 3o n.X. mwva. 'Evas an6 Tülls
JtpUlWlls CTllyypacpEls JtOll µas JtEpEÖWCTav JtEpLypacpEs TY)s µE80ÖOll CTTaupWCTYJs EJtC(VO) CTW 6pyavo Crux, Elvm 0
ID.avr:o,;; Tir:o,;; Ma,oao,;;, o AaTLVOs KWµLKOs JtOLY)T~s (254-184 Jt.X.):
• "Credo ego istoc extemplo tibi esse eundum actutum extra portam, dispessis manibus, patibulum quom
habebis."
(Plautus, Miles Gloriosus [39l, 359-360)
Ayy'A. Mncpp.[4 0J
"I suspect you're doomed to die outside the gate, in that position: Hands spread out and nailed to the
crossbar"
(Plautus, Miles Gloriosus}, 359-360)
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
IIunsvw Oil 8l<5al Kawöuwoµsvo,;; va ;rs8av8l,;; s!;w a;ro r:17v JrVATJ, (58 r:ovr:17 r:17 or:ao17: Ms r:a XSQW
(58 8KWö1] Kal Jr()Ooa9r:17µsva/Ka9rpwµsva öi1]V O(Jl(ovua OOKO (patibulum)."
(Plautus, Miles Gloriosus}, 359-360)
Eöw O IlAaui:os JtEpLypacpEL µLa 8avaTLK~ JtOLV~ JtOll 8EAEL wv KaTaÖLKaCTµEVO npooapi:Y)µEVO EJtC(VO) CTE µLa
opL~OVLLa ÖOKO, w AEyoµEVO patibulum.
LE µm UAAY) avacpopa 6µms Tüll LÖLOll CTllyypacpfo, µas ölvovi:m JtEpLCTCTOTEPEs AEmoµEpELEs yLa TY)V JtOLV~ am~:
w patibulum Elvm Eva 6pyavo w onolo cpEpEL O Kai:aÖLKOs µa~l Tüll CTW CTY)µELo OJtOll 8a EKTEAECTTEL Y) JtOLV~ Km
8a CT1:allpw8El µE am6:
"Patibulum ferat per urbem, deinde adfigatur cruci."
20
(Plautus, Carbonaria [ l, fragment 2)
Jtoll oriµal VEL:

ea rps9w/ßaor:a!;wlKQar:1ow r:o Patibulum Jr8(JVWVW,;; µsoa a;ro r:17v JrOATJ, Kal µsr:a 8a Jr()Ooa9r:178cb öW
owv96 (cruci/crux)
(Plautus, Carbonaria, fragment 2)
H JtEpLypacp~ am~ Elvm Tüll 3oll Jt.X. mwva Km Elvm aKpLßms lfüa µE am~ Tüll IsvsKa r:ov Nscbr:s9ov JtOll
~mv ouyxpovos Tüll IYJCTO'lJ:
Acx:nvu.:6 KdµEvo:
Video istic cruces ne unius quidem generis sed aliter ab aliis fabricatas: [. .. ] alii brachia patibulo
explicuerunt
(Dia!. 6 [Cons. Marc.] 20.3)
Ayy'AtK11 µnacppcmtJ (The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Doubleday, 1996, 1-~µµa: crucifixion, (Vol.1, p. 1207)
I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: [. .. ] others stretch out their arms on
the patibulum
(Dia!. 6 [Cons. Marc.] 20.3).
Jtoll oriµal VEL:

"B).s;rw öWV(JOV,;; 8K8l, OXl sv6,;; siöov,;; aUa ÖlarpO(J8ilKOV,;;: [. .. ] (58 Ka;rowv,;; ß9ioKOVWl µs w XSQW (58
sKr:ao17 s;ravw or:o patibulum"
(Dia!. 6 [Cons. Marc.] 20.3).
Elvm cpavEpü 6-n, an6 TLs JtpUlTEs AaTLVLKEs µapi:llpLEs µEXPL m XPOVLa Tüll IYJCTO'lJ ana Km apyoi:Epa, ri EVVOLa
Wll crux ÖEV CT~µmvE CTE Kaµµla JtEpLJtTWCTY) µ6vo wv aJtAO 6p8Lo JtaCTCTaAO ana avacpEpoi:av Km CTE CT'lJV8Ei:a
ox~µm:a OJtOll ovoµa~6mv crux=m:allpüs EKELVO w 6pyavo w onolo oxriµm:L~omv an6 µla Ka8ETY) ÖOKO JtOll
ELXE npooapµooµEVY) EJtavm TY)s Km µla opL~ovna (w patibulum) µE wv m:allpmµEvo EJtavm TYJs-
MEpLKEs cpopEs avacpEpETm 6n O Pmµalos LCTWpLKOs w:Tli:os AlßLOs, ouyxpovos Tüll IYJCTO'lJ (59 Jt.X. - 17
µ.X.), JtOll CTllVEypmjJE w µEyaA.o LCTWpLKO Epyo Ano Kdosw,;; r:17,;; JrOA8W',; (Ab urbe condita),
XPYJCTLµoJtOLO'lJCTE wv 6po crux EVVOUJVTas µ6vo wv JtaCTCTaA.o. An6 i:a CTXELLKa xmpla 6µms JtOll ßA.EJtOllµE
JtapaKai:m, ÖEV d;ayEi:m w CTllµJtEpaoµa am6, acpou Jtüll8Eva ÖEV JtEpLypacpETm w ox~µa Tüll
opyavoll[4ll :
• "virgisque caeso duce et ad reliquorum terrorem in crucem sublato"

(Ab Urbe Condita, 22.13.9)
crucem sublato=I:.mllpwvm (crucem=m:allpüs, sublatO=llJtOµEvm/CTY)KUJVm/mjJwvoµm)
Km aJtOÖLÖETm CTW aJtOCTJtaoµa ms: [. .. ] stxs xr:vn178si µs (Hißöov,;; Km stxs o/)1jy1j0d <YTO
<YTaV(}6/c;rav(}W01JKe [. .. }
• "et servi quinque et viginti in crucem acti, quod in campo Martio coniurassent"
crucem acti=I:.Tallpwvm (crucem=m:allpüs, acti=oöriyouµm)
Km aJtOÖLÖETm CTW aJtOCTJtaoµa ms: [. .. ] 8lKOölJr8Vi8 OOVAOl O()Tjy,j01jKav <YTO
<YTaV(}Ol<YTaV(}W01JKav [. .. }
• "nominis Latini qui erant securi percussi, Romani in crucem sublati."

crucem sublati=I:.Tallpwvm (crucem=m:allpüs, sublati=llJtOµEvm/CTY)KUJVm/mjJwvoµm)
Km aJtOÖLÖETm CTW aJtOCTJtaoµa ms:[. .. }, Ol Pwµaiol wv,;; o/)Tjyov<Yav <YTO <YTaV(}Ol<YTaV(}WVav [. .. ]
• "ubi in crucem tolli imperatores dicuntur, si prospero eventu, prauo consilio rem gesserunt"
crucem tolli=I:.Tallpwvm (crucem=m:allpüs, tolli=llJtOµEvm/CTY)KUJVm/mjJwvoµm)
Km anoölöEi:m ow an6onaoµa ms: [. .. }, Ol ÖWlKTJr:s,;; wv,;; o/)Tjyovvrac <YTO c;rav(}6/c;rav(}wvovrac
[. .. ]
• "Poenis est magistratus, cum quaestore elicuit, laceratosque verberibus cruci adfigi iussit."
cruci adfigi=I:.mllpwvm (cruci=m:allpos, adfigi=npooapi:wµm)
Km anoölöEi:m ow an6onaoµa ms: [. .. }, ö6817Ks &ar:ay1 va µaouywßovv Km va o/)1JY1J0ovv c;ro
<YTaV(}Ol<YTaV(}W0ovv [. .. ]
Av-riOnooi; µaiumx, OE EKEtVEi; ni; JtEptJtTOO<rEti; JtOl-' 0 Tfror;; Aißwr;; 118EAE va UVU(JIEp9d <rTOV UJtAO
4
Jta<roaio, XPtJ<rtµonowu<rE TOV 6po palus/palum[ ZJ
• "stabant deligati ad palum nobilissimi iuvenes"

Km aJtOÖLÖETm CTW aJtOCTJtaoµa ms:[. .. }, öiSKOVr:av Ol ()eµivotl:rr(}O<Ya(}T1jµivot <YTOV :rra<Y<YaAO [. .. ]
• "deligati ad palum uirgisque caesi et securi percussi"
Km aJtOÖLÖETm CTW aJtOCTJtaoµa ms:[. .. }, avwi ;rov stxav &0dl:rr(}O<Ya(}T1j0d <Ye :rra<Y<YaAO [. .. ]
'Ei:m, EKTOs i:mv Jtapanavm CTXELLKUJV xmplmv Km ama JtOll aKOA.Oll8ouv µas ßEßmUJVOllV 6n O 6pos crux CTE
Kaµµla JtEplni:mCTY) ÖEV ELXE µ6vo TY)V EVVOLa Tüll aJtA.OlJ 6p8Loll JtaCTCTaA.Oll:
• Mapi:llpLEs nicu'rtou
1. "O carnuficium cribum, quod credo fore, ita te forabunt patibulatum per vias stimulis
carnufices, si huc reveniat senex"
(Mostellaria, 55-57)
(AyyALK~ µEi:cpp.: Mastellaria ar the Haunted Hause, by Plautus, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, CTEA. 4)
"Oh, I bet the hangmen will have you looking like a human sieve, the way they 'll prod you full of holes as they
run you down the streets with your arms on a patibulum, once the old man gets back"
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
"Ir:olxTJµad(,w :rrw,;; Ol ö1µwl 8a (58 Kavovv va µola(,8l,;; µ8 sva av89cbmvo KOöKlVO, Siöl 6:rrw,;; 8a (58
y8µioovv r9v:rr8,;; Kaßcb,;; 8a 08 oö17yovv owv,;; ö96µov,;; µ8 ra xs9w :rr9ooa9r17µsva 8:rravw ow patibulum,
µoll,;; 8mor9 s'l/J8l o ys9 o,;;"
2. "Ego dabo ei talentum, primus qui in crucem excucurrerit; sed ea lege, ut offigantur bis pedes,
bis brachia".
(Mostellaria, 359-360)
(AyyALK~ µEi:cpp.: Mastellaria ar the Haunted Hause, by Plautus, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, CTEA. 55 Km Laeb Classical Library,
Mostellaria, 359-360, Nixan P., Harvard University Press, 1966).)
"I'll give a talent to that man who shall be the first to run to the cross for me; but on condition that twice his
feet, twice his arms are fastened".
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
"ßa öcbow :rroUa XQ1µaw 08 8KSivov :rrov 8a Kovßal1o8l wv owv96 µov (crucem ), aUa µ8 r17v
:rr9oü:rr68w17 Oil övo rpo9s,;; w :rroÖla wv Kal övo rpo9s,;; w XSQW wv 8a öi8(J8W8ovv/Ka(JrpW8ovv".
1:-ro 01-'"(KEKptµivo cm:6crmxcrµa, o IDm'rtoi; µai; öi'.vn µta EtKova nou µota~Et µE TlJV µap-rupi'.a -rou
AouKtavou yta TlJ cr-raupoocrtJ (avwwv9cbo8w 8K:rr8Wo8si,;; rw xsiQ8 [. .. ] OQ8Y8 r17v ÖS~lcbv [. .. ] :rr9001lov Km
iTJV orpv9av 8(J(JWµsvw,;; Kararp8()8 [. .. ] (AovKWVOV, II90µ178sa,;;,l-2) EVW EmJtpoCT8ETWs avacpEpEL TY)V
npooapTY)CTY) i:wv JtOÖLWV.
• Mapi:llpLEs 1:EVEKU 4 n.X.-65 µ.X.)
1. "hi, qui in se ipsi animum advertunt, quot cupiditatibus tot crucibus distrahuntur. At maledici
et in alienam contumeliam venusti sunt. Crederem illis hoc vacare, nisi quidam ex patibulo suo
spectatores conspuerent!"
(De Vita Beata, 19.3)
(AyyALK~ µEi:cpp.: Loeb Classical Library, De Vita Beata, 19,3, tr. John W. Basore, 1932)
"these others who bring upon themselves their own punishment are stretched upon as many crosses as they
had desires. Yet they are slanderous and witty in heaping insult on others. I might believe that they were free
to do so, did not some of them spit upon spectators from their own patibulum!"
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
"EK8lVOl :rrov KovßaAaV8 iTJV nµw9ia rov,;;, 8Ki8lVOVial :rravw (58 rooov,;; orav9ov,;;, 6oov,;; stxav
(,17r1o8l/8m8vµ1o8l. Kl 6µw,;;, 0VV8Xi(,ovv va övorp17µovv Km µ8 8vrpvoloy1µaw va a9w&a(,ovv :rr9ooßols,;;
yw wv,;; aUov,;;. ea µ:rro9ovoa va :rrlöiS'ljJW Oil 1wv 8A8V88()0l va Kavovv Kllil i8i0l0 Kal OXl Oil µ8(JlKOl
a:rr6 avwv,;; rprvvovv 8:rravw owv,;; ßsars,;; a:rr6 w patibulum wv,;;. "
LW Koµµau am6 0 LEVEKas, OJtWs Km CTE nporiyouµEva aJtOCTJtaoµai:a, CTllVÖlla~EL w CTTallpü µE w yEyov6s TY)s
WJt08ETY)CTYJs Tüll KaTaÖLKaCTµEVOll anavw CTW patibulum. EKTELVETm CTW CTTallpü KaJtmos O onolos Elvm
npooapi:riµivos CTW patibulum.
2. "sive extendendae per patibulum manus"
(I8V8Ka~, Fragmenta, 124, 08 Lactantius:Divinis Institutionibus, 6,17)

(AyyALK~ µEi:cpp.: The Ante-Nicene Fathers Val. VII, Translations ofthe writings ofthe Fathers down to A.D. 325, 1997)
"or his hands are tobe stretched out on the patibulum"

Jtoll oriµal VEL:
"1 ra xs9w wv~ sivm w:rro88r17µsva 08 sKrao17 8:rravw ow patibulum""
EJtLCTYJs O w:TaKLWs µas ÖLVEL TY) µapi:llpla OLL TY) µt8oöo am~ TY)V XPYJCTLµoJtOLO'lJCTav OL Pwµalm ÖLapKWs aJto
wv 3o n.X. µEXPL Km wv 2o µ.X. mwva:
• Mapi:llpLEs TaKtTOU 56 µ.X.-120 µ.X.)
1. "Rapti qui tributo aderant milites et patibulo adfixi."
(Ta,aw~, Annals, 4.72)
(AyyALK~ µEi:cpp.: The Annals by Tacitus, tr. A. J. Woodman, Hackett Publishing Company, 2004, CTEA. 158)
"The soldiers attending to the tax were seized and affixed to the patibulum."
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
"Ol or9audn8~ :rrov 1rav v:rr8v8vvol yw wv~ rp69ov~, ovvd1rp817oav Km :rr9ooa9r1817Kav ow patibulum"
H ivv0ta ·nv; Ais11; "Bv).ov"

Ll:a EJtLXELp~µai:a JtOll CTllVO'ljJL~ovi:m CTTY)V WJt08ETY)CTY) OLL O CTTallpOs Tüll IYJCTO'lJ ~mv Evas aJtAOs :rraooaAO~ wv
µa9w9iov, ßploKEi:m Km o wxllpwµos OLL YJ AEl;YJ .;vlov Jtoll xprimµonmEli:m CTTYJV w:Kmv~ tua8~KYJ avi:l yLa
wv öWV(JO (n.x. II(). 5:30), ÖEV µnopEl va EXEL UAAY) EVVOLa, Jtapa µovo am~ Tüll JtaCTCTaAOll ~ JtaAOllKLO'lJ.
Kampxas, CTTY)V apxala ypaµµai:Ela Y) AEl;Y) Svlov ELXE JtOAAEs CTY)µaCTLEs Km TY) XPYJCTLµoJtOLO'lJCTaV yLa va
JtEpLypa'ljJEL:
• w cpop-ri'.o ;uidai;:
"ofrov r' 8K µ8ya9wv, 8:rrl 08 .;vAa :rroUa lsyw88"
(föaöa, 8.507)
(6JOVK. 7.25.2)
"oKW~ µ8V 1µ8()1] ysVOlW, .;vAa i8i(Jaywva, 8:rr' cbv iTJV ÖlaßaölV 8:rf0l8VVW Ol BaßvAWVlOl"
(H9oö. 1.186)
• w öivöpo:
"öaov :rroUoi~ Kal :rravwöa:rroi~ Kal µ8yaAOl~ <;VAOl~."
(S8vorp. Avaß. 6.4-5)
• w iöpavo TOU ÖtKUOTt]pi'.ou:
"s9a i8 wvwv wv OlKa(8lV, Kal öi8V8l TJV µ17 JTl wv :rr9cbwv Ka8i(;1]Wl <;VAOV"
(AQlöWrp. Irp1K8~, 90)
• w EµJtopw ;uidai;
"aU' lµavw µol ö6~ Kal (;µlVVTjV: sycb ya9 8lµ' 8:rrl .;vla"
(AQlöWrp. Fragments, 402)
• µOVUÖU µi.:TplJOl]i; µ11KOUi;:
'"Eou iWV µsr(JWV 8l01] raös: ÖaKWAO~, ... , &xa~, ö:rrL8aµ1, ... , gvJov, OQYVla, KaAaµo~, ... Kal :rravw
ra üanova µ69w"
('HQWV, I'8Wµ8i(JlKlX, 23.4)
2}raup6s "t01J IYJCTO'lJ Xpw-rou 13
• 6pyuvo Ötmt6µm.:uo11i;:
"AUa wvrwv X1?1V a:rraowv 8l~ WiQTjµsvov <;VAOV sy,wßaQµOoal Jcaßovw~ wvwvi wv avxsva ".
(AQlöWrp. AVölöiQCliTJ, 680)
• -ro 6pyuvo (JIUAUKt<rl]i; µE TptntEi; ytu TU xiptu Kat TU noÖtu

"Q~ yaQ ÖTJ sösösw sv .;vJcw"
(HQ6öor. 9.37)
• -ro ponuio:
"wv HQal(A8a µvßoJcoyovöl OSQµa /Wl <;VAOV sxovw"
(IHovraQXOV, AVKOVQYO~, 30.2)
Elvm AOLJtOV cpavEpü 6-n YJ EAAY)VLK~ am:~ AEl;Y) an6 -rov So mwva Jt.X. µixpL Km -rov 2o mwva µ.X.,
XPYJCTLµonm~8Y)KE µE "tOCT01Js -rp6nous Jt01J 8a ~-rav aöuva-ro va EmµElvouµE 6-n Y) AEl;Y) am:~ CT~µmvE aJtA.a ivav
JtaCTCTaA.o/ÖoKapL.
'EXEL 6µws EVÖLacpipov va öouµE CT1JVOALKa Km -ns EVVOLEs Jt01J ouvav-raµE yLa "tY) AEl;Y) am:~ CT"tY)V w:Ayla
rpacp~:
L"tY)V w:IlaA.ma tua8~KY), YJ AEl;Y) <;VAOV EXEL ouxva "tY)V EVVOLa "t01J öivöpou. rLa JtapaÖELyµa, 40 cpopEs
JtEpLJt01J µfoa CT"tY)V IlEV"tU"tEllXO, CTY)µalvEL 08VOQO EL"tE npayµa-rLKO, EL"tE Ws ouµßoA.o "t01J 08VOQOV iTJ~ (;w1~
(n.x. Tsv. 2:17 & 3:22). 'EXEL 6µws Km aAA.Es CTY)µaCTLEs Jt01J 8a öouµE mo Ka-rw.
L"tY)V w:Kmv~ tua8~KY), OL EVVOLEs "tY)s AEl;Y)s <;VAO Jt01J ouvav-raµE JtEpLAaµßavouv:
• MLa "(EVtK11 ivvotu TOU UAtKOU ;uiou, CTE µopcp~ Jtapmµlas:
"au 8l 8V iW VYQW <;VAW wvw :rroWVölV, 8V iW <;TJQW il YSVTJWl," ", (AovK.23: 31)
• To 6pyuvo ßuouvt<rµou Kat (JIUAUKt<rtJi; nou ELXE onii; ytu öfoµEU<rlJ Tou Tpux11iou, Toov XEptoov Kat Toov
noÖtoov
"sßaJcsv avwv~ 8l~ iTJV 8öWi8QaV rpvJcaK1v Kai wv~ :rroöa~ avrwv TjörpaJcioaw 8l~ w <;VAOV" (IlQa.;.
16:24)
• To öivöpo µE (Jl)µßoAtK11 ivvotu

"rpaysiv 8K wv <;VAOV iTJ~ (;w1~" (A:rroK. 2:7, 22:2 K.a.)
• To ponuio ~ iva ;uitvo uvnKEiµEvo TO onoi'.o µnopd vu EXEt Öta(Jlopu ox11µuTu

''µsr' avwv oxJco~ :rroJcv~ µsra µaxalQWV Kai .;vJcwv" (Mare. 26:47)
'0-rav JtaA.L YJ AEl;Y) <;VAOV XPYJCTLµonmEl-rm CT"tY)V Kmv~ tua8~KY) Ws CT1JVUlV1Jµo "t01J öWVQOV xwpls va
npoCTÖLopl~E-rm -ro ox~µa, 6nws:
• KQsµaoavw~ s:rri .;vJcov (IIQ. 5:30 & 10:39)
• iW odJµau avwv 8:rrl w <;VAOV (A' IlfrQ. 2:24)
• Ka8sJc6vw~ a:rr6 wv .;vJcov (IIQ. 13:29)
ea JtpEJtEL va ixouµE 1JJtO'ljJY)V µas 6-n ri AEl;Y) am:~ XPYJCTLµonmEl-rm µE oacpEls avacpopEs CT"tY)V w:IlaA.ma
tua8~KY), yEyov6s Jt01J cpalvE-rm CTW JtapaKa-rw xwplo 0Jt01J O An. TiauA.os AEEL:
8:rrlKaraQaW~ :rra~ 0 KQSµaµsvo~ s:rri <;VAOV (TaJc. 3: 13)
Km napa8i-rEL EWL an6 xwplo -rou i1svwQov6µwv Km ouyKEKpLµiva -ro:

K8KairJQaµsvo~ v:rr6 esov :rra~ KQSµaµsvo~ 8:rrl <;VAOV (i18Vi. 21:22-23)
H AEl;Y) <;VAOV 6µws, CT"tY) w:ME-racppaCTY) -rwv Eßöoµ~Kov-ra, ÖEV µnopouµE va 1JJtOCT"tY)plI;ouµE 6-n 1JJtOVVOEL
KaJtOLO CTllYKEKpLµEVO ox~µa, acpou XPYJCTLµonmEl-rm µE JtOAAEs CTY)µaCTLEs Km µnopEl va EVVOEL:
• To AUTpEUTtKO ;uAtVO EtÖOOAO:
"1wl w sü5wla avrxbv, .;vlov Km l(Bov" (L1svr. 29:16, ß11.. Km Ho. 45:20 ~ Iol. 14:1)
• To ß6m.:11µa 11 TlJ XAOlJ 11 Ta xaµ11ia (JIUTa nou m:pu.:xEt ivai; aypoi;:
"ovv iW :rrkr19wµan Km <;VAOV ay9ov" (A' Xi;>. 16:32)
• Tri ooöna, YEVLKCC
"svwilwµm rr1 aKQiÖl mwrpaysiv w .;vlov" (B' Xi;>. 7:13)
43
• To ;uAtVO '1:AEOUµEVO OKU(JIOi; [Tüll Nwd ]
"KaWKAv(oµsvrJV y1v :rrcUlv &sowas oorpia, & 'svwlovr;; .;vlov wv öiKmov" (Iol. 10:4)
• To 6pyavo ßaoavtoµou Kat (Jll-'AUKtOl]i; nou ELXE onii; yta öfoµEl-'OlJ TOU Tpax11iou Kat TOOV noöuov:
"sßsw Ö8 8V <;VAW wv :rroöa µov" (lwß 33: 11)
'011.a m Jtapanavw ÖELXVOllV 6u, an6 Us JtOLKLAEs EVVOLEs TY)s AEl;Y)s <;VAO µfoa CTUs rpacpEs ana Km CTTY)V
EAAY)VLK~ ypaµµai:Ela, JtpüK'lJJtl:EL 6u ÖEV ~i:av EVVOLa µovOCTY)µY), EVUl µE ßaori Us EpµY)VELEs JtOll TY)s ölvovi:m, Y)
AEl;Y) am~ 8a µnopoUCTE va XPYJCTLµoJtOLY)8EL YEVLKa yLa Ka8EU JtOll ~i:av KaTaCTKEllaCTµEVO an6 l;llAO ELTE Ws
aJtA.~ ELTE Ws CT'lJV8ETY) KaTaCTKEll~. Kau TEWLO ÖEV aJtOKAELEL Km wv l;llALVO CTTallpü Tüll IYJCTO'lJ CTE µopcp~ T, µLa
44
JtOll w ox~µa am6 EmßEßmWVOllV aAA.WCTTE TOCTEs El;Wl:EpLKEs µapi:llpLEs xpwuavwv ~ E8VLKUlV[ l ' mWVEs
npLv an6 wv M. Kwvmavi:lvo Jtoll llJtoi:l8Ei:m 6u ELCT~yayE w ox~µa am6.
EJtLCTYJs ÖEV 8a JtpEJtEL va l;ExvaµE Km Us µapi:llpLEs Tüll IsvsKa (E:rrwwl1 101, 12-14) ~ Tüll L1wödJ9ov
AAlKa9vaooswr;; (Pwµa"iK1 a9xawloyia, 69.1-2) 6noll µE TYJ AEl;Y) .;vlov npoofüopl~ollv w pwµa·LKO patibublum,
w onolo xapaKTY)pL~ETm an6 Us apxalEs JtY)YEs Km m AEl;LKa Ws CTllVUlVllµo Tüll öWVQOV.
Kau Jtap6µmo ßA.EJtOllµE Km CTUs "Qösr;; Ioloµovwr;;", µLa CTllAAOY~ an6 42 WÖEs JtOll ßpE8Y)KE an6 wv Rendel
Harris w 1905 CTE CTllpLaK6 XELpoypacpo, Km xpovo11.oyEli:m an6 i:a TEAY) Tüll loll mwva EWs Us apxis Tüll 2oll
mwva µ.X.
LTY)V wo1 a9. 27, CTllVavi:aµE TY)V TalJTLCTY) Tüll Ll:allpüll Km Tüll ÖEVÖpüll ouµcpwva µE TY) µEi:acppaCTY) Tüll
Charlesworth J. H. yLa TYJV yvwm~ EKÖOCTYJ "The Odes of Solomon",Clarendon Press-Oxford, Wll EWlls 1973.
"1 extended my hands and hallowed my Lord. For the expansion of my hands is His sign. And my extension is
the upright cross."
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
"E.;8i8lVa ra XSQW µov Km ayiaoa wv Kv9w. I'lad TJ s:rrsnaoTjlavOlyµa iWV X8QlWV µov, sivm w öTjµsio
Tov. Km TJ SKWöTJ µov sivm o Iwv96r;;".
To EvÖLacpipov oriµElo Elvm 6u om CTllpLaKa, Y) AEl;Y) Jtoll xprimµonmEli:m yLa wv µEi:acppaoµivo 6po Iwv96r;;,
Elvm lfüa µE TYJ AEl;YJ L1svö90, YJ onola 6µws AEl;YJ CTTYJ CTllpLaK~ ypaµµai:Ela xprimµonmEli:m ym wv omllpo Wll
IYJCTO'lJ. 'Ei:m, EKTOs an6 TY)V iµµECTY) avacpopa CTW ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou (acpou w CTY)µELo w CTTallpou
ÖY)µLOllpyEli:m 6mv ßpLCTKoµaCTTE µE i:a xipLa CTE EKTaCTY)) µas ÖLVETm aKoµri µla µapi:llpla CT'lJVÖECTYJs i:wv
ßLßA.LKUlV 6pwv (Y'C'aV(}Or;;=lh±vli(}o-gv).,o µfoa CTW EAAY)Vüpwµa·LKO JtEpLßaAA.OV.
Ta axifüa 'tov Justus Lipsius Kat 'to ox11µa 'tov ~'tavpot',

Avaµrna CTTa ipya Tüll <1>11.aµavöou AOYLOll, A.aUVLCTT~ Km Ollµavwi:~ Twvowvr;; Abpwvr;; (Justus Lipsius
1547-1606), llJt~pI;av Km ÖlJO µEAETEs JtOll acpopouoav CTTaupWCTY) CTE
JtaCTCTaA.oKaJtOLEs µanov aJtoKpüllCTUKEs CTllV~8ELEs TY)s apxm6i:rims: YJ µla ELXE Ws 8iµa Us µovoµaxlEs CTTa
aµcpL8foi:pa TY)s Pwµris Km YJ all.AT), TY) CTTaupWCTY), TY)V mo aJtoKpüllCTUK~ µi8oöo 8avaTWCTYJs Tüll apxaloll
Kooµoll. H wwpLK~ µovoypacpla Wll µE 8iµa wv CTTallpo, ipyo Wll 1593, ELXE wv i:lüo De cruce (Lw omllpo),
Km JtEpLEAaµßavE i:pla ßLß11.la, Liber Primus, Secundus Km Tres 6noll napollola~E KELµEva Km oxifüa Jtoll
acpopouoav CTW CTTallpLKO 8avaw Km w CTTallpü µE Oll.Es Us ÖLacpopEUKEs µopcpEs JtOll ELXE CTTY)V apxm6i:rim.
LW npoCTK~VLO w ipyo am6 ~p8E Ka8ws CTXETLCTTY)KE µE TY)V EJtLXELpY)µaw11.oyla Tüll ox~µai:os Tüll
omllpou. LE iva oxifüo Jtoll ßploKEi:m CTTYJ CTEAlöa 647 Wll Liber Primus, EXEL EvÖLacpipov Y) aJtELKOVLCTYJ
EVOs EKTEAEfftLKO'lJ opyavoll JtOll aJtOTEAELTm aJto Evav aJtAO 6p8Lo JtaCTCTaAO (crux Simplex). H ELKOVa am~
KllKAOCpüpY)CTE acp~vovms TY) Aav8aoµEVY) EVT'lJJtO)CTY) 6n am6s ~i:av O CTTallPOs JtOll O Lipsius 8EwpoUCTE
45
JtWs CT1:allpUl8Y)KE O IYJCTO'lls[ l .
Ilavi:ms, fftY)V aJtELKOVLCTY) TY)s EKTEAECTLLK~s am~s µE80ÖOll, m EVWµEva JtC(VO) an6 w KEcpaAL XEpLa Tüll
8uµai:os Kapcpwvovi:m µE Eva µ6vo Kapcpl. Ka8ws JtOA'lJ CTllXVU EmKaAO'lJVTm am6 w CTXEÖLO llJtOCT'tY)pLKTEs TY)s
C(JtO'ljJY)s 6n: öWVQO',; l17oov=:rraooaAo,;;, 0 i:p6nos m:aupWCTYJs JtOll ELKOVL~ETm EKEL, EPXETm CTE avi:l8ECTY) µE TY)V
EllayyEALK~ µapi:llpla:
"o 08 si:rrsv avr:oi,;;. sav µ17 ü5w 8V Wl',; X8QölV avr:ov r:ov rv:rrov iWV 1AWV ... "(lw. 20:24)
OJtOll oacpws fftY) cppaCTY) am~ avacpEpovi:m CTY)µafüa aJtO lW(}<pta (JtAY)8.) om XEpLa, EVUJ ouµcpwva µE w CTXEÖLO
Wll Lipsius, 8a XPELa~6mv Eva µ6vo Kapcpl.
EJtLCTYJs Y) µapi:llpla Tüll Mare. 27:36-37: "s:rrs8171wv eJTavw T1j,;; Ke<paJ..17,;; avrov iTJV aidav avr:ov
ysy9aµµsv17v. ovr:o,;; 8öilV l17oov,;; 0 ßaolA8V',; iWV Iovöaiwv",
ÖEV i:mpLa~EL fftY)V JtEpLypacp~ am~ Ka8ws ÖEV llJtUPXEL XWPOs
EJtC(VO) an6 w KEcpaAL Tüll CTTallpmµEVOll yLa TY)V WJt08ETY)CTY) µlas Emypacp~s JtOll 8a EKaVE opai:6 CTWlls
8EaTEs wv Aoyo TY)s m:aupwCT~s Tüll. 'Ei:m, YJ JtEpLypacp~ KaVOVLKa 8a EJtpEJtE va avacpEpEL eJTavw aJT6 ra
XE(}ta rov wm:E w KELµEvo va aJtELKovl~EL TYJV aKpLß~ ELKova.
EI;aAAOll, CTW Epyo Tüll am6 0 CTllyypacpfos Jtapollma~EL JtOLKLALa an6 m:allpLKa CTXEÖLa CTE ox~µa X (crux
decussata), CTE ox~µa T (crux commissa), JtaCTCTaAOlls Km ÖLacpopa ana, EVUJ fftY) CTEALÖa 47 Tüll Liber Secundus
am~s TY)s EKÖOCTY)s, 0 Lipsius Jtapollma~EL wv m:allpü JtOll Kal:a TY)V avTLAY)'ljJY) Tüll CT1:allpUl8Y)KE O IYJCTO'lls Km
aJtELKovl~EL EKEL Eva CTXEÖLo rni:allpmµEvoll CTE crux immissa ([ t ]), w
onolo CTllVOÖEUEL an6 avacpopEs owv
46
ELprivalo Km wv TEp1:llAALav6 Km TLs µapi:llpLEs Tülls yLa wv m:allpü Tüll IYJCTO'lJ[ l.
Ilavi:ms O Justus Lipsius cpp6vi:LCTE va aJtELKOVLCTEL OAa CTXEÖOV i:a ox~µai:a m:allpUlV JtOll Jtapollma~OllV OL
apxalEs µapi:llpLEs i:wv EKKAY)CTLaCTLLKUJV CTllyypacpEWV Km JtpEJtEL va EJtLCTY)µav8EL 6n OAEs Jtapollma~OllV
Evoi:rii:a rnavw CTE Eva Km µovaÖLKo m:allpLKo µoi:lßo:
YnapxEL Jtavm Evas opL~OVLLOs Km Evas Ka8EWs aI;ovas, Km OXL µ6vo O Ka8EWs, OJtWs 8a ~mv µLa
m8av~ m:aupWCTY) CTE crux Simplex.
Ta CTXEÖLa ama, avaöriµomEuovi:m ow ßLßAlo Closet Devotions Wll Richard Rambuss, µE wv llJtonüo "rpvölKa
, , ,,[47] 11
, , , , , , , , , s.,
öiaVQlKa öX1}µara Km Jt0/\.1\.a aJtO alll:a ELVm JtapµEva aJtO TLs µapl:llpLEs yLa TOV öiaVQO JtOll EXOllV uWCTEL
OL apxalm EKKAY)CTLaCTLLKOL CTllyypacpELs Km ~ÖY) EXOllV aJtOTllJtW8EL CTE nporiyouµEVEs Jtapaypacpolls-
'Ei:m, ELVm CTY)µavnK6 va ßpE8ouv Km va CTllYKEVTpw8ouv OAEs EKELVEs m µapi:llpLEs an6 Tülls JtpUlWlls mUJVEs
Km WllAUXLCTWV JtpLV wv M. Kwvm:avi:lvo, OJtOll va npoCTÖLopl~ETm CTE TL ox~µai:os EKTEAECTLLKO 6pyavo
CT1:allpUl8Y)KE O IYJCTO'lls-
ÜL JtY)YEs amEs ELVm npayµan apKETEs Km npoCTÖLopl~ollV OXL µ6vo w ox~µa Tüll Ll:allpou Tüll IYJCTO'lJ, ana Km
TY)V CTJtOllöala 8EOAOYLK~ aI;la Km nµ~ JtOll an6 JtOA'lJ vwpls Y) apxala EKKAY)CTLa EÖLVE CTW ox~µa am6. ME
XPOVOAOYLK~ CTELpa m µapi:llpLEs i:wv apxalwv KELµEVWV yLa w ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou Tüll IYJCTO'lJ npoEpxovi:m an6
TLs JtapaKai:w XPLCTLLaVLKEs Km El;WXPLCTLLaVLKEs JtY)YEs JtOll 8a avacpEp8ouv avaAmLKa:
• EvayyiAta (los mwvas)

• EJTUYTOATJ Ba(}vaßa (TEAY) loll EWs apxEs 2oll mwva, an6 w 70-130 µ.X.)
• Qlii,;; EoJ..oµwvro,;; (TEAY) loll EWs TEAY) 2oll mwva µ.X.)
• Jov<YTCVO,;; (µfoa Tüll 2oll mwva µ.X.)
• EtßvJ..J..tKoi X(}Tj<Yµoi (2os EWs 3os mwvas µ.X.)
• KiJ..c;o,;; (µfoa npos TEAY) Tüll 2oll mwva µ.X.)
• Il(}<X6et,;; lIET(}OV (TEAY) Tüll 2oll mwva µ.X.)
• Et{.J1JVaior;; (tEAYJ -rou 2ou mwva µ.X.)

• Aov,aav6r;; (-rEAYJ -rou 2ou mwva µ.X.)
• I.mr6J..vwr;; (-rEAYJ 2ou, apxts 3ou mwva µ.X.)
• Mtvov,aor;; <PfJJ..cg Ma(.JKOr;; (apxEs 3ou mwva µ.X.)
• Te{.JrvJ..J..cav6r;; (apxts 3ou mwva µ.X.)
• Q{.Jl)'EV1jr;; (apxEs 3ou mwva µ.X.)
As öouµE avaAll"tLKa OAEs -rLs apxalEs µap-ruplEs yLa -ro ox~µa "t01J o-raupou "t01J IYJCTO'lJ:
Ta Euayyüta yta TO oxqµa -rou o-raupou (loi; moovai;)

a) Mar:8. 27:36-37
"Km KaßfJµsvot 8iTJQOVV avrov 8K8l. Km e.JTE01jKav e.JT<XV(!) r1jr;; Ke<paXfJr;; avwv iTJV mdav avwv
ysy{_)aµµsv17v. ovw~ 8öilV l17oov~ 0 ßaolA8V~ iWV Iovöaiwv".
'Onws avacpEp8Y)KE mo JtpLV, av YJ o-raupWCTY) yLvo-rav CTE JtaCTCTaAo, "tO"tE -ra XEpLa "t01J IYJCTO'lJ 8a ~-rav ÖEµEva
EJtavw an6 -ro KEcpaAL "t01J Km YJ npocpav~s 8ECTY) "tY)s Emypacp~s 8a avacpEpo-rav Ws "s.navw a.n6 w XSQW wv ".
ß) Iwav. 20:24
"o 08 si.nsv avwi~. sav µ17 iöw 8V -rms XEPCTL V avwv wv rv.nov rwv ,jJ..wv ".
Elvm oacp~s YJ avacpopa "t01J E>wµa CTE KapcpLa (JtAY)81JV"tLKOs) CT-ra XEpLa "t01J Xpw-rou. llEV µLAU yLa Eva Kapcpl
CT-ra Mo XEpLa OJtWs 8a CT1JVEßmvE CT"tY)V JtEpLJt"tWCTY) o-raupWCTYJs CTE JtaCTCTaAO µE -ra Mo XEpLa EVWµEva EJtavw
an6 -ro KEcpaAL.
y) Iwav. 21:18-19
"brav 08 y17Qao17~, eKrevdr;; rar;; xei{.Jar;; <Yov, Km allo~ os (cbost, Km oiost 6.nov ov ßslst~. wvw lie d.JTe
<YTjµaiVWV .JTOCW fJavarW /ioga<Yel WV 0eOV ".
LW xwplo am6 0 IYJCTO'lls, avacpEpE-rm CTWV µEAAOV"tLKO 8ava-ro "t01J TIE-rpou. Luµcpwva µE "tY)V JtapaÖOCTY) "tY)s
Op86öoI;ris EKKAY)CTLas, o TIE-rpos µap-rupY)CTE µE o-raupLKO 8ava-ro -ro 67 µ.X. CT"tY) w:Pwµri rnl NEpwva. H
EKcppaori "017µaivwv .noiw ßavarw" µas oöriyEl o-ro ouµntpaoµa 6n -ro "sKrsvsi~ w~ xsiQa~ oov" avacpEpE-rm CTE
-rp6no/µE8oöo EK"tEAECTYJs- Ka8ms -ro EKTEtV(I} CTY)µalvEL "aJtAOOV(I} Jtpoi; TU i;w", "ixw [-ra XEpLa µou] OE
43
EKTUOlJ ", Y) avacpopa 8uµl~EL "tY) pwµa·LK~ o-raupWCTY) µE patibulum ouµcpwva µE apKEW'lls µEAE"tY)"tEs[ l .
H µap-rupi'.a TlJi; "E.JTwwJ..,jr;; Ba{.Jvaßa" (70-130 µ.X.)

a) '"Ort 08 o oWVQO~ ev rw T fJµsUsv sxstv r17v xaQtV, J..iyet Kat wvr;; 'r(.JtaKO<Ytovr;; '."
(E.n. BaQvaßa 9.8b)
Eöw, l;EKa8apa avacpEpE-rm -ro ox~µa T Ws -ro ox~µa "t01J L"taupou, Km EmßEßmmVEL am6 yLa ÖE'lJ"tEpY) cpopa
6-rav avacpEpEL JtWs -ro ox~µa "t01J L"taupou "J..,syst Km wv~ 300" 0Jt01J -ro CT1JVÖEEL µE -ro EAAY)VLKO apL8µY)-rLKO -r'
Jt01J av-rw-rmxEl CTWV apL8µ6 300 (JtEpLCTCTO"tEPEs AEJtWµEpELEs avaAU8Y)Kav vwpl-rEpa).
ß) "J..,sy8l 8l~ iTJV KaQöiav Mwüosw~ w .nvsvµa, iva .JTOC1j<Y1j rv.JTOV <YraV{.JOV [. .. ] Ti81]ölV ovv MwvofJ~ 8V
srp' 8V 6.nlov 8V µfow i1]~ .nvyµfJ~, Kat <Yra0dr;; Vt/JTJAOTE(.)Or;; .JTavrwv E6ETElVEV rar;; XeC{.Jar;;, Km ovrw~
.naAlV sviKa 6 löQafJA. Efra, o.norav Ka88lA8V, .naAlV sßavawvvw. "
(E.n. BaQvaßa 12.2-3)
H µap-rupla am~ µas ÖELXVEL 6n oxriµa-rl~ouµE -ro ox~µa "t01J L"tallpou 6-rav o-ra8ouµE µE -ra XEpLa µas CTE
EK"taCTY). EJtLCTYJs -ro aJtOCTJtaoµa cpavEpUlVEL 6n O L"taup6s ~-rav ouµßoAO Jt01J EÖELXVE "tY)V ElJVOLa "t01J 0EO'lJ. '0-rav
0 MwiiCT~s El;E"tELVE -ra XEpLa "t01J oxriµa-rl~ov-ras o-raup6, VLKO'lJCTE O Iopa~A EVUl 6-rav -ra Ka"tEßa~E Wlls
8ava-rwvav Km JtaAL.
Qöii; 1:oioµoov-roi; (TEAlJ lou iooi; TEAlJ 2ou cuoova µ.X.)

"E'!;,sr:slva ra xs9w µov IWl ayiaoa wv Kv9w. I'lad 17 s:rrsnao17/avDLyµa rwv XSQlWV µov, sivm w 017µsio
Tov. Km 17 sKwo17 µov sivm o Iwv96~"-
(.Qös~ Ioloµcbvw~, 27)
LTY)V wö~ ap. 27, CTllvavTaµE TY)V avacpopa CTW ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou JtOll ÖY)µLOllPYELTm OTav ßpLCTKoµaCTTE µE Ta
xipLa µas CTE EKTaCTY). 0 CTllyypacpfos OXL µovo ÖEV aw8avETm OLL npooßaA.EL wv E>Eo, ana avTl8ETa wv
ayLa~EL Km wv 8EwpEl 017µsio wv.
H µap-rupi'.a -rou Iouo-ri'.vou (µfoa -rou 2ou cuoova µ.X.)

0 EKKAY)CTLaCTLLKOs CTllyypacpfos Km aJtOAOYYJT~s w:lollCTTLVOs ypacpEL:
a) "Mwvo1~ 17vxsw rcb ßscb T<Xf; v:i(}af; EIWTE(}Wf; EK.JTeTa<Yaf;, '!l(! lie Kat Aa(}WV V.JTeßac;ra;ov avra~
:rrav1µa9, iva µTj KO.JTW0EVWf; avwv xaJ..ac;Owmv. 8l ya9 8V8080WK8l il wv <YX77µaWf; wvwv wv wv
<YTaV(}OV µtµovµEVOV, cb~ ysy9a:rrrm 8V Wl~ Mwvosw~ y9arpat~: 6 Aao~ 1naw: 8l 08 8V r1 ra'f;,8l sµsvs
ravr17, Aµal1K 8VlKaw WöOVWV, Kal wxvwv lita TOV <YTaV(}OV i<YXVEV."
(lovodvo~, T9vrpwv, 90.4)
LTY)V avacpopa am~ Tüll lollCTTLVOll, 0 MwiiCT~s JtpüCTEllXOTav CTWV E>Eo µE Ta xipLa avmxTa, CTE EKTaCTY)
llJtoßama~oµEVOs aJto Tülls .Q9 Km O Aa9cbv UJCTTE aKoµri KL av EKELVOs Küllpa~oTav, va µriv maµaW'lJCTE va
µLµELTm w ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou µriv TllXOV Km acpavw8ouv CTTY) µaxri-
ß) : "[. .. ] w owv9w81vm sµLµ1oavw [. .. Jw~ :rr9osi:rrsv o :rr9orp1r17~, w µsylowv ovµßolov r17~ loxvo~ Km
a9x1~ avwv v:rraQX8l [. .. ] Karavo1oars ya9 :rravra ra 8V iW Kooµw, 8l avsv wv ox1µaw~ wvwv OlOlK8lWl
17 KOlVWviav 8X8lV övvarm. ealaooa µsv ya9 ov rsµvsrm, 17v µ1 wvw w i(JO:rrawv, 0 KaA8lial lödov, 8V
r17 v17i öWOV µsiv17" [... ] w ÖE av8pwJtELOV ox~µa [... ] TW op8ov TE Elvm Km EKTaCTLV XELpwv EXELV Km EV TW
npoCTUJJtO) aJto Tüll µETWJtLOll TEmµivov wv A.EyoµEVOV µlll;WT~pa cpEpELV [... ] Km OllÖEV C(A/\.0 ÖELKVllCTLV ~
w ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou".
(lovodvo~, A:rroloyia, 55.1-4)
EKTOs aJto LLs JtEpLypacpEs w ox~µai:os Tüll Ll:allpou JtOll avaA.U8Y)Kav vwplTEpa, w ouµßoA.o amo 8EwpELTm
µsyloWV ovµßolov r17~ löXVO~ Kal a9x1~ Km OXL KaLL JtOll YEVVC( aJtoCTTpocp~.
1:tßuiiu,oi'. wtJoµoi'. (2oi;-3oi; cuoovai; µ.X.)

ÜL IlßVAAlKOl XQ17oµoi Elvm w:aJtoKpllcpa aJtoKaA.llJtLLKa KELµEva JtOll JtEpLEXOVTm CTE 14 CTllVOALKa ßLßA.la. Ano
ama, CTTa ßLßA.la 6 & 7 JtEpLEXOVTm JtpWTOTllJta XPLCTLLaVLKa KELµEva JtOll ~Tav yvwma CTWV AaKTaVLLO CTTa
,, Tüll 3Oll mwva
TE/\.Y) ' µ. X .[49J , EVW' CTTO ßLß',
/\.LO 8, JtEpLEXOVTm
, , uLaCTKEllEs
XPLCTLLaVLKEs " , LOllumKWV
" .. ' XPYJCTµmv
' [5üJ Jtüll
xpovo11.oyouvTm CTWV 2o µ.X. mwva. Mfoa CTTa KELµEva ama avacpEpETm:
"cb '!;,VAOV cb µaKa(JlöiOV, srp' ov 8s6~ s'f;,swvvo817"
(IvßlA. XQ. 6.26)
LE OAY) TY)V EKTaCTY) TWV mßllAA.LKUJV XPYJCTµwv JtOll CT~µEpa yvwpl~ollµE OLL ypacpTY)Kav aJto XPLCTLLavous, Y)
8Eµai:011.oyla acpopa CTW XPLCTWAOYLKO JtEpLEXOµEVO TWV EllayyEALWV. H AEl;Y) '!;,VAOV acpopa w CTTallpLKO opyavo
CTW onolo 8avai:UJ8Y)KE O IYJCTO'lls, 0 onolos ovoµa~ETm EJtaVELAY)µµiva µfoa om KELµEva Ws E>Eos, LWT~pas,
YEVVY)µEVOs EK Jtap8EVOll. 'ETm, Y) avacpopa am~ Elvm µLa JtEpLypacp~ Tüll CTTallpLKO'lJ Tüll 8avawll CTW '!;,VAO
rnavw ow onolo sna817Ks oTav 8avai:w8Y)KE. To '!;,vlo, YJ AEl;YJ Jtoll CTXETL~ETm CTTYJV Kmv~ tua8~KYJ µE w
CTTallpO, ÖEV aJtal;LUJVETm ana xapaKTY)pL~ETm µaKa(JlöiOV.
Ot µap-rupi'.Ei; Kiioou-Aomnavou-QptyivtJ
0 KEACTOs iypmjJE JtEpLJt01J -ro 170-180 µ.X. Eva av-nxpLCT"tLaVLKO ipyo Jt01J ovoµa~E-WL "Ak,781,;; Jcoyo,;;" Km 0
w:DpLyEVYJs µE-ra an6 ALYEs ÖEKaE"tLEs, CT-rLs apxis "t01J 3ou mwva µ.X. aJtaV"tY)CTE np6-raori-np6-raori o-ra
EJtLXELp~µa-ra "t01J KEACT01J µE W aJtOAOYYJLLKO "t01J ipyo "Kaui Küoov ". EI;m-rlas au-rou, µas CTUl~ov-rm CT~µEpa
-ra 3/4 an6 -ro ipyo -rou Ki1coou nap6Ao nou -ro npw-r6-runo EXEL xa8El.
'Onws AOLJtOV CTUl~EL O DpLyEVYJs, 0 w:KEACTOs µfoa CTW ipyo "t01J avacpEpEL CTE ÖLacpopa CTY)µELa "tY)V EK"tEAECTY) "t01J
IYJCTO'lJ Ws AvaCTKOAomoµ6:
"Eir:a rpl]ölV O Küoo,;;: Tt qJTj<Yl Kat ava<YKOAO.JTtsoµivov wv <YWµawr;;;"
(DQlY8VI],;;, Kar:a KsJcoov 2.36)
0 lfüos O DpLyEVYJs CTW ÖLKO "t01J ipyo ßEßmmVEL an6 "tY)V JtAEUpa -rwv XpLCT-navwv "tY)V "talJ"tLCTY) -rwv Mo 6pwv
L"taupWCTY) = AvaCTKOAomoµ6s:
"Kat "K9a'f;,a,;; rpwv1 µsyaAI} arp1K8 w :rrvsvµa", :rr90Jcaßcbv wv,;; e:rri TWV ava<YKOAO:rttsoµivwv l)iJµwvr;;,
v:rrodµvovrar;; ra <YKEATJ rwv c;rav(}ovµivwv"
(DQlY8VI],;;, Kar:a KsJcoov, 3.32.20)
Triv lfüa am~ EVVOLOAOYLK~ "talJ"tLCTY) "t01J IWV(JOV µE -rov IKOAO:rra KUVEL Km CTE ano CTY)µELo O DpLyEVYJs
ypacpov-ras yLa -rov 8ava-ro "t01J IYJCTO'lJ:
"c;rav(}w0iJvac wv ll}oovv" (Kar:a Küoov 3.56.27) Kat "v:rroµsivat w e:rri <YK6J..o:rror;; K(}eµac;0iJvac" (Kar:a
Küoov 2.69.50)
MaALCT"ta, µE Wlls Mo amous 6pous, 0 DpLyEVYJs avacpEpE-rm CTE o-raup6 ox~µa-ros T:

"r:a a9xaia öiOlX8la sµrps9s,;; 8X8lV w 0av TW TOV <YTaV(}OV xa(}aKTTJ(}l"
(D9tyiv'7, EKJcoyai St,;; wv Is(,sKt1Jc, 9.4)
'OAa -ra Jtapanavw Elvm JtOA'lJ CTY)µav-nKa 6-rav CT1JVÖ1JaCTW'lJV µE -ns µap-ruplEs "t01J AollKLaVO'lJ Jt01J iypmjJE "tY)V
lfüa JtEpLJt01J EJtOX~ µE -rov KEACTO. 0 Ao1JKLav6s, Kavov-ras µm aµECTY) avacpopa o-ra yEyov6-ra "tY)s Kmv~s
tua8~KY)s Km CT"tY) m:aupWCTY), JtEpLypacpEL -rov IYJCTO'lJ Ws "sv il] IlaAatöilVI] avaoKOAO:rrtoßsvw" (Il8(Jl il]',;
Ils9sy9ivov r:dsvr:1,;;, 11.11).
XprimµonmEl EWL -ro avaoKoJco:rri(,w yLa -rov Irioou, 6pos nou xprimµonm~8YJKE Km an6 -rov KEACTo Km an6 -rov
DpLyEVY), EVUl CTW ipyo "t01J !J.iKI] <PWV1]8ViWV, 0 Ao1JKLav6s µas El;YJYEL -n aKpLßms EVVOO'lJCTE 6-rav avacpEpo-rav CTE
avaoKoJco:rrtoµ6:
"w Tav s,;; w r:wv or:0txsiwv ysvo,;; :rra91yays: rw ya(} rovrov c;wµarc rpaöl wv,;; r:v9avvov,;;
aKOAov81oavw,;; Kat µtµTj<Yaµivovr;; avwv w :rrJ..ac;µa 8:rf8lW c;xiJµart WlOVWV gvJ..a TEKT17vavrar;;
av0(}W:rtovr;; ava<YKOAo:rrisetV e:rr' avra: a:rr6 08 wvwv Kat r:w r:sxv1µau r:w :rrOVl](JW il]V :rrOVl]QaV
s:rrwvvµiav ovvdßsiv. Tovr:wv ovv a:rravr:wv 8V8Ka :rroowv ßavar:wv r:o Tav a'f;,wv sivat voµi(,sr:s;"
(!J.iKI] <lJWV1]8ViWV, ]2.4-13)
ÜL -rupavvm AOLJtOV, Jtapa-rripwv-ras "tY) µopcp~ "t01J ypaµµa-ros T, av-riypmjJav -ro ox~µa "t01J Km Ecp-naI;av µla
l;llALVY) Ka"taCTKE1J~ yLa va avaoKOAo:rri(,ovv av8pwnous EJtavw o' ama Km E"tCTL O avaCTKOAomoµ6s yLvo-rav CTE
6pyavo µE ox~ µa T.
EK-r6s amou 6µws, 0 Ao1JKLav6s µas El;YJYEL µE oacp~VELa "tY)V µi8oöo "t01J CT-WllpLKO'lJ µap-ruplou Km -ro ox~µa
"t01J CT-WllpOll, EJtLßEßmWVOV-Ws "tY) µopcp~ Jt01J aJtOÖEXOµaCT"tE yLa WV CT-Wllpü CT~µEpa:
"st OOK8l Kar:a µsoov svwvßa :rrov V:rf8(J il]',; rpa9ayyo,;; avsor:av9cbo8w 8K:rr8r:ao8si,;; r:w X8l(J8 a:rr6 WVWVl
wv KQl]µvov :rr90,;; wv svavdov [ ... ] Kat 6Jcw,;; smKat96r:aw,;; av o or:av96,;; ysvotr:o, [ ... ] aU' 69sys T:l]V
08'!;,tcbv: öV 08, w 'Hrpatör:8, Kar:aKA8l8 Kat :rr9001Jcov Kat il]V örpV(JaV 8(J(JWµsvw,;; Kar:arp8()8, öo,;; Kat il]V
8i8Qav: KaT:8lA1rp8w 8V µaJca Kat avr:I]. 8V 8X8l."
(AovKwvov, II90µ1]8ia,;;,l-2)
• 0 µEA08avai:os WJt08EW'lJVTav µE i:a XEpLa avmxi:a

• H npooapTY)CT~ Tüll YLVOTaV µE KapcpLa
• 0 ö~µLOs KapcpwvE µE CTcpllpl i:a CTE EKTaCTY) XEpLa Tüll KaTaÖLKaCTµEVOll EJtavw CTW CTTallpO
'Ei:m, 0 avaCTKOAomoµos Tüll IYJCTO'lJ JtOll avacpEpEL O w:KEACTOs, 0 w:AollKLavos Km O w:DpLyEVYJs, ELXE TY)V lfüa
, , , A , n , [51J '' , ,
EVVOLa µE TY)V or:aVQWö17 Jtüll µas avacpEpEL O OllKLaVOs Km O ~~PLYEVY)s Km µa,üCTTa EYLVE CTE CTTallpü µE
ox~µa T.
Apa, ELTE O IYJCTO'lls JtouµE OLL CTTallpUl8Y)KE, ELTE JtouµE OLL avaCTKOAOJtLCT8Y)KE, amo EYLVE Ws El;~s:
Acpou npwi:a WJt08Ei:~8Y)KE CTE Eva CTTallpO µE ox~µa T µE i:a XEpLa avmxi:a Km CTE EKTaCTY), Kapcpw8Y)KE
rnavw ow l;llALvo amo opyavo µE TYJ ßo~8ELa CTcpllpLou.
TEALKa, 0 CTllVÖllaCTµos OAWV i:wv µapi:llpLUlV µas ÖLVEL µLa CTY)µavLLK~ El;WXPLCTLLaVLK~ µapi:llpla JtOll µa~l µE LLs
XPLCTLLaVLKEs µas ÖLVOllV Ka8apa JtOLO ~i:av w ox~µa Tüll Ll:allpou JtOA'lJ JtpLV TY)V EAEllCTY) Tüll M. Kwvmavi:lvoll.
H µap-rupi'.a oni; "Il(.Jagecr;; Ilir{.Jov" (TEA'fJ -rou 2ou moova µ.X.)

II9a'f;,su;; Ilsr:9ov ovoµa~ETm w aJtoKpllcpü XPLCTLLaVLKO KELµEVO JtOll ypacpTY)KE CTTY) Pwµri ~ TY) MLKpaola, CTW
TEAOs Tüll 2oll m. µ.X. (m8avov µETal;lJ 180 Km 190). LE KaJtOLO CTY)µELo Tüll, ylvETm µLa oacp~s avacpopa CTW
CTX~µa Tüll CTTallpou:
"1va Jcoyo~ 1 wvw w O{.J06v gvJov, e<p' (!) e<YTaV{.JWµat: 1xo~ 08 w JTAaywv 8öilV, av89dJ:rrov rpvöl~: 0 lie
,jJor;; 0 <YVVEXWV E.7Tl TW O(.J0W gviw w JTAaywv Kara µe<YOV, 17 8:rrlöiQOrp1 Km 17 µsr:avow wv av89w:rrov."
(II9a'f;,8l~ Ilsr:9ov, 38)
LW KELµEVO amo, 0 CTllyypacpfos avacpEpETm ÖLapKWs CTTY) ÖLÖaCTKaAla, w Jta8os Km wv CTTallpO Tüll IYJCTO'lJ Ws
yEyovoi:a LCTWpLKa. 'Ei:m, EKTOs aJto TY)V JtEpLypacp~ Tüll CTTallpou Ws opyavoll JtOll aJtOTEAELTm aJto Evav Ka8EW
Km Evav opL~OVLLO l;llALVO aI;ova, 0 lfüos O CTTallPOs avi:l yLa apVY)LLKa aLCT8~µai:a, XPYJCTLµonmEli:m Ws Eva
ouµßoAO µEi:avolas Km EmCTTpocp~s Tüll av8pwJtOll CTWV E>Eo.
H µap-rupi'.a EtptJvai'.ou (TÜlJ -rou 2ou moova µ.X.)

0 ELprivalos, avLLppY)LLKOs Km avLLyvwCTLLKOs XPLCTLLavos CTllyypacpfos Tüll 2oll mwva µ.X. EKTOs anwv,
EypmjJE Km w CTY)µavLLKO Epyo '"EJcsyxo~ Km avar:90:rr1 r:17~ 'ljJ8VOWVVµov yvwosw~" (CTllVTETµY)µEvo: "Kar:a
AlQ8ö8WV''), µE w onolo JtOAEµa wv yvwCTLLKLCTµo. EKEL JtEpLypacpEL wv LTallpO OJtWs aKpLßUJs wv yvwpl~ollµE
KL EµELs CT~µEpa:
"The very form of the cross, has five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which
[last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails. ,,[ 5ZJ
(Kar:a m9foswv , II, 24.4)
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
"To iöw w ox1µa wv Ir:av9ov, Ölaßsr:el :rrsvr:s aK9a: övo Kar:a µ1Ko~, övo Kar:a :rrJcaw~, Km sva öW
K8ViQO r:ov, s:rravw or:o o:rroio 8VQlöK8T:m 8K8lVO~ :rrov sivm Ka817Jcwµsvo~ µs r:a KaQrpla."
(Kar:a m9foswv , II, 24.4)

H µap-rupi'.a -rou Imtoiu-rou (TEAlJ 2ou, apxii; 3ou moova µ.X.)

0 w:IJtJtOAllWs, Evas an6 Tülls CTY)µavTLKOTEpülls EKKAY)CTLaCTLLKO'lls CTllyypacpEls, µa8rii:~s Tüll ELprivaloll Km
cplAos Tüll DpLyEVY) ypacpEL om TEAY) Tüll 2oll mwva µ.X.:
"To µsv 8VOVöao8m avrbv r17v öWA1v, 017µaiV8l w~ sµSAA8V O ).,byo~ r17v oa91w 8VO'/Jö808m, w 08
:rf8Ql8sivm w ös9µaw rwv 8Qirpwv :rrs9i wv~ ß9axiova~ avwv, OTJAOl bu ra~ :rravrwv 17µwv aµa9da~ avrb~
avsAaßsv, ev rw <YTaV{.JW rar;; xei{.Jar;; Kat wvr;; ß{.Jaxiovar;; eKJTer<Ümr;;."
(I:rr:rrbAVW~, "Y:rrbµv17µa 8l~ w~ 8VAoyia~ wv löaaK Km wv laKwß", 20)
Mas ÖLVEL EWL µla aKoµri µapi:llpla yLa w ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou.
Ü MLVO'lJKLOs <P~ALI;
~mv AaTLVOs CTllyypacpfos acppLKaVLK~s Kamywy~s- LWV ÖLaAoy6 Tüll Octavius, Evas VEücpUlTLCTWs CTWV
xpwnavwµ6, 0 ÜKi:aßLOs, avaCTKEllC(~EL TLs avnpp~CTELs Tüll ELÖWAOAaTpY) KmKLALOll, Km KampplmEL µE Y)pEµla
TLs KaTY)yoplEs Evavi:lov i:wv xpwnavwv. Mfoa CTTa KELµEva Tüll, ßploKollµE Km avacpopEs CTW ox~µa Tüll
CTTallpou:
"We assuredly see the sign of a cross, naturally, in the ship when it is carried along with swelling sails,
when it glides forward with expanded oars; and when the military yoke is lifted up, it is the sign of a cross; and when
a man adores God with a pure mind, with hands outstretched. Thus the sign of the cross either is sustained by a
natural reason[ 53 l "
( Octavius, 29)
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
"Avayvw9i(,ovµs w 017µsio wv Iwv9ov sK rpvosw~, s:rri wv :rrAoiov bwv avrb Klvsfrm µs rpovoKwµsva ra
:rravla rov, KaßdJ~ YAlor9a :rr9oxw9wvra~ µs ra KOV:rrla rov 8Krsraµsva. E:rrio17~, brav ro or9auwuKb
sµßA17µa ö1]KW88l, sivm w 017µsio wv orav9ov, b:rrw~ Km brav sva~ av89w:rro~ AarQ8V8l wv esb µs
Ka8a9b vov, µs w XSQW wv ö8 snao17."
( Octavius, 29)
H µap-rupi'.a -rou TEpTUAAtavou (apxii; 3ou moova µ.X.)

0 EKKAY)CTLaCTLLKOs CTllyypacpfos w:TEp1:llAALav6s (yEv. 155 µ.X.) CTJtO'lJÖaCTE voµLKa Km EAAY)VLK~ Km Aal:LVLK~
cpLAOAoyla CTTY)V nai:plöa Tüll Km an6 8allµaoµ6 npos w 8appos i:wv xpwnavwv CTTOlls füwyµous, EYLVE
xpwnav6s Km O lfüos. 'EypmjJE JtOAAa CTllyypaµµai:a, avaµrna Tülls Km µEAETEs Kma i:wv, Kma TY)V avTLAY)'ljJY)
Tüll, mpELLKUlV. LW Epyo Tüll Kara Ma9Kiwvo~ avacpEpEL yLa w ox~µa Tüll Ll:allpou:
"the Creek fetter Tau and our own fetter T is the very form of the cross, which He predicted would be the sign
on our foreheads in the true Catholic Jerusalem[ 54 l."
(Adversus Marcionem, III,22)
Jtoll oriµal VEL:
"w E},),TjVlKO y{.Jaµµa Tav Kat w litKO µar;; y{.Jaµµa 'T' dvat OAOtlito µe w <YX77µa wv EraV{.JOV, :rrov 0
iöw~ stxs :rr9oßAS'ljJ8l :rrw~ 8a YlVbwv w 017µsio öW µsrw:rra µa~, or17v aA17Blv1 Ka80AlK1 l8QOVöaA1µ. "
(Kara MaQKlWVO~, III,22)
AAAY) µLa oacp~s µapi:llpla yLa W ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou, JtOll Y) CTllyypacp~ TY)s xpovoAoyEli:m Evav OAOKAY)pü
mwva JtpLV w ÖLai:ayµa aVEl;L8pY)CTKELas Tüll MEyaAOll Kwvmavi:lvoll Km apa aJtOÖELKV'lJEL OJtWs Km OL
JtpüY)youµEVEs, OLL W CTX~µa Tüll Ll:allpüll ÖEV ~TaV OlJTE EJtLVOY)CTY), OlJTE EcpEllpECTY) Tüll amoKpai:opa.
~'tavpo; Kat apxmoAoyia: AAE8AMENOC CEBETE 0EON
H avaK«AtnjJtJ Kat TO m.:ptEXOµEvo
To cp8Lv6nwpo Tüll 1856, 0 apxmo1c6yos Raffaelle Garrucci, ßp~KE CTE 8aAaµo OLKOÖoµ~µm:os JtOll av~KE m:a
am:oKpm:opLKa avaKwpa Tüll IlaAanvou A6cpoll TY)s Pwµris, Eva YEAmoypacpLKO EVWLXLO aKLÖoypacpriµa JtOll
, , , , , , [55] , , [56] , ,
JtapLCTTaVEL avTpa Y) ayopL CTE CTTaCTY) JtpüCTEllXYJs va aJtoÖLÖEL AaTpELa CTE ECTl:allpwµEVO µE KEcpaAY)
57
ya·(ÖollpLou, Km µE TYJ CTllVOÖEllTLK~ EAAYJVLK~ Emypacp~ «AAE2AMENOC CEBETE E>EON»[ l , w onolo µnopEl
va avayvwo8El ELTE «AJcs.;aµsv6~, va osß8öw wv 8s6» ELTE «o AJcs.;aµsv6~ osßsrai wv 8s6 [wv]»[ 53 l. Ilavw an6
, , , ,_ ,_, X , , ,[59J , , , y
TO apLCTTEpo XEPL Tüll ECTTallpwµEVOll JtOll uLaKwµwuEL TOV pLCTTO EJtavw CTTO CTTallpü ELVm ypaµµEVO Eva« »
'
JtOll EXEL EpµY)VEll 8 EL' Km Ws EJtLcpWVY)µa
' ßoyKY)TOll' TO OJtOLO
' JtpüCTTE'8 Y)KE apyoTEpa
' [60] . .<.E
" " ' ' 8 a/\.aµo
uLJt/\.aVO ''
ßpE8Y)KE xapayµEVY) YJ Aal:LVLK~ Emypacp~ «ALEXAMENOS FIDELIS», ÖY)AaÖ~ «AAEI;aµEVOs mm:6s»- Luµcpwva
µE wv Richard Tyrwhitt, w aKLÖoypacpriµa aJtOTEAEL npo"(6v su5wJcoJcar9uc1~ IWKEViQ8X8W~ Km JtapLCTTUVEL
1 , , , , , , 1 [61]
avTpa Y) ayopL va anoÖLÖEL AaTpELa CTE CTllVYJ8Y) nayavLCTTLKYJ m:aori .
Tonoi;, XPOVOAO"(lJOlJ Kat EpµtJVELEi;

To EVWLXLO aKLÖoypacpriµa JtOll XPOVOAOYELTm 01:Y)V EJtOX~ Pwµaloll am:oKpawpa LEmlµLOll LEß~püll
[62] , , , , , , , ,
(w:193-w:211 µ.X.) ßpE8Y)KE CTE 8aAaµo WV OJtOLO µEpLÖa apxmoAoywv WV 8EWpEL Ws KLLpLO m:pm:wvwµoll
TY)s avaKWpLK~s cppollpas, EVUl aAAOL wv xapaKTY)pL~OllV Ws :rrau5aywysio, allWKpawpLKO ÖY)AaÖ~ CTXOAELO
OJtOll µa8~TEllaV EcpYJßOL EllYEVUlV OLKOYEVELUlV npoopL~oµEVOL yLa Ta avwTm:a aI;Lwµm:a TY)s am:oKpawplas. Av
Km XPOVOAOYELTm CTllV~8ws Alyo µETC( w 200 µ.X., 01:Y)V npayµanKOTY)Ta «ÖEV µnopEl va öo8El Kaµla
, , , , ,_, [63] , , ,
CTllYKEKpLµEVY) XPOVO/\.OyLa yLa am:o W CTXEuLaCTµa» Jtapa µovo EKTLµY)CTELs.
'ETm, EKnµaTm 6n O xp6vos Tüll xapayµai:os am:ou 8a JtpEJtEL va WJt08ETY)8EL CTE µLa rnox~ OJtOll OL EX8pol TWV
Xpwnavwv ÖEV µnopouoav OlJTE va Tülls 8avaTUlCTOllV, OlJTE va npoKaAECTOllV TY)V anoµaKpllVCTY) Tülls aJto Evav
wµfo EµmCTWCT'lJVY)s OJtWs Y) avaKWpLK~ cppollpa ~ Eva allWKpawpLKO CTXOAELO npoopLCTµEVO va avaÖELl;EL
µEAAOVLLKO'lls aI;Lwµm:ouxolls, KL EWL EµEvav m:a JtELpayµm:a. 'ETm Elvm m8av6 va JtpüKELTm yLa TY)V EJtOX~
Twv am:oKpm:6pwv AvTwvlvoll nloll (138-161) ~ Wll MaKplvoll (217-218) ~' w m8avoTEpo, Wll AAEI;avöpoll
LEß~püll (222-235), m OJtOLOL EÖELI;av avEKLLKOTY)Ta npos TY) XPLCTLLaVLK~ JtLCTl:Y).
'Eva EJtLJtAEOV CTWLXELO XPOVOAOYYJCTY)s µas ÖLVEL Y) ECTTallpwµEVY) µopcp~ Tüll aKLÖoypacp~µai:os JtOll EXEL KEcpaA~
OVOll. 0 w:MLVO'lJKLOs <P~ALI; MapKos (apxEs 3oll mwva µ.X.) CTW Epyo Tüll Octavius (9.4), KUVEL CTXELLKEs
avacpopEs llJtEpaCTJtLCTY)s TWV XpLCTTLavwv Evavna 01:Y)V ov0Jcar9sia, EVUl CTW lfüo JtVEuµa KLVELTm Km w Epyo
Tüll TEpTllAALavou, Ad nationes (Ilpos Ta 'E8vri), OJtOll CTW npww an6 m Mo ßLßAla, 0 TEpTllAALav6s aoxoAELTm
µETal;lJ anwv, µE TLs Km:Y)yoplEs 6n ö~8Ev m Xpwnavol Am:pEllOllV Ws 8E6 w KEcpaAL Tüll ya"(öapoll (Ad Nat.
1.14). 0 w:<l>AaßLOs IWCTY)JtOs EypacpE CTXELLKa: «Mfoa CTWV va6 am:6, 0 Anlwv EXEL w 8paoos va llJtOCTl:Y)pL~EL
6n OL lollöalm füm:ripouv w KEcpaAL EVOs ya"(öapoll (asini caput), 6n Am:pEllOllV am:6 w ~0)0 Km llJtOKALVOVTm
µnpooTa' Tüll µE µEya/\.o
'' CTE ßaoµo»' [64] . K m anavTa' /\.Lyo
'' '
mo KaTw: <=µELs
.D ' m IOllumm
" ' uEV
" '
nµollµE '
OllTE
65
Am:pEllOllµE ya"(öapolls»[ l . llEV llJtapxollV ßEßalws LCTWpLKEs avacpopEs 6n OL Eßpalm AaTpEllaV KaJtOLO
ECTTallpwµEVO ~ avaCTKOAOmCTµEVO ya"(öoupL Km EWL, OTav Y) Km:Y)yopla TY)s ov0Jcar9sia~ JtEpvaEL CTWlls
xpwnavous Tülls OJtOLOlls 8Ewpouoav LOllöa"(K~ w:alpECTY), am:~ TY) cpopa Y) µopcp~ Tüll av8pmJtOll µE KEcpaAL
ya"(öapoll, ßpLCTKETm EJtavw CTE CTTallpü, Km EWL aJtOTEAEL µLa CTY)µavnK~ µapTllpla JtOll CTXETL~ETm oacpms µE
wv xpwnavwµ6 Km wv IYJCTO'lJ XpLCTTO. Luµcpwva µE TY) µoµcp~ JtEpl OVOAm:pElas an6 Tülls E8vLKO'lls Evavna
CTWlls lollÖaLOlls, OL lollöalm AaTpEllaV µfoa CTTa AyLa TWV Aylwv Tüll Naou TY)s IEpüllCTaA~µ Eva ya"(öoupL, Eva
JtpüCTWJtO µE KEcpaAL ya"(öollpLO'lJ ~ µ6vo w KEcpaAL Tüll ya"(öollpLO'lJ. Km:' avTLCTTmxla, 0 XpLCTTOs - o YL6s Tüll
66
0Eou Twv lollöalwv- 8a µnopouCTE va avanapaom8El CTE yEAmoypacpla µE µopcp~ ya·(ÖollpLou[ l . LY)µavnK6
EJtLCTYJs yLa TY) XPOVOAOYYJCTY) Tüll aKLÖoypacp~µai:os Elvm w yEyov6s 6n µETC( wv 3o mwva YJ Km:Y)yüpLa TY)s
67
OVOAm:pElas Ei;acpavlm:Y)KE[ l.
68 69
Luµcpwva µE TY)V m8avoTEpY) EpµY)VELa[ ] ' 0 AA8.;°aµ8V0~[ ] ~mv Xpwnav6s, Pwµalos cpOLTY)T~sfµa8Y)T~s,
EKJtmÖEllOµEVOs ÖO'lJAOs ~ CTTpaLLUlTYJs Km CTKOJtOs Tüll µ~ xpwnavou CTllVaÖEAcpüll Tüll JtOll xapaI;E TY)
YEAmoypacpla Km TY)V Emypacp~ TY)s, ~Tav npocpavws va JtELpUl;EL wv AAEI;aµEvo, Km va wv JtEPLYEAUCTEL.
Anm apxmo1c6ym ÖLacpwvouv µE TY)V JtapaöomaK~ am~ EpµY)VELa fü6n ri aJtOÖOCTY) nµ~s CTE TETOLEs
Aal:pEllLLKEs aJtELKOVLCTELs 8a ~mv anl8avri Kma wv Tplw mwva Ka8ws TETOLOll ELÖOlls nµEs CTE oµmwµai:a
apxLoav va anoölöovTm an6 Xpwnavous an6 wv TETapw ~ JtEµJtw mwva Km µETC(· KaJtOLOL w 8Ewpouv
''
µa/\.LCTTa Ws JtpüCTJta' 8 ELa JtpüCTE/\.KllCTYJs
'' ' [70] . .<.llµcpwva
TüllpLCTTWV " ' µE a/\.1\.ES
' ' ' EpµY)VELEs,
' TO yKpacpLLL
' allTO' aJtOTE/\.EL
' '
aJtELKOVLCTY) ELTE npoEpxoµEVY) an6 rvwCTTLKO'lls, YJ onola aJtELKOVL~EL 8EOTY)Ta µE KEcpaAL TCTaKaALO'lJ Km
'r-
CTXELL-,,ETm ' ' Tüll myllJtl:LaKOll' 8 EOll' A VOll'ß L[71] ELTE
µE TY) /\.aTpELa ' tiLOVllCTLaKY)
A ' avaJtapaCTTaCTY)
' TY)s CTTallpWCTYJs
' TY)s
Kal:UlTEPYJs "~WUlÖOlls" cpllCTYJs, TY)V onola CTllµßoAL~av µfow Tüll ya"(öapoll[?2].
Am~ Y) JtEpLJtmKTLK~ aJtELKOVLCTYJ an6 Evav EvavnouµEvo ÖlJCTKoAa 8a µnopouCTE va 8Ewpri8El anoÖELl;Y) Wll 6n
0 CTTallpüs aJtOTEAO'lJCTE npwwxpwnavLKO ouµßoAo, Jtap' OAO JtOll EXEL ELJtw8El 6n Y) aJtELKOVLCTY) aJtOTEAEL
, ' 1 , 1 ,[73] , ,
µLµY)CTYJ AaTpEllTLKwv oxriµaTwv Jtoll ELxav CTE XPYJCTYJ m xpwnavm . Av Km ÖEv anoi:EAEL ÖELyµa
, , , , , , , , [74] ,
JtpWWXPLCTLLaVLKYJs TEXVYJs Km aJtO'ljJYJS yLa W CTXY)µa Tüll CTTallpüll, amY) Y) «aµcpL/\.EyoµEVY)» aJtELKOVLCTY)
8EwpELTm 6n aJtOTEAEL 8upa8Ev µapTllpla JtOll CTXETL~ETm µE TY) CTTaupWCTY) Km w ox~µa Tüll CTTallpou Tüll
IYJCTO'lJ, µLa µapTllpla JtOll JtpOEPXETm an6 Tülls Pwµalolls "CTTallpWTEs" Tüll Km avnJtaAOlls Tüll XPLCTLLaVLCTµou.
Luµcpwva µE wv Ka8. ToaKwva, 0 6pos ÖaV8lO, ÖEV ylvETm ElJKOAa aJtOÖEKTOs ELÖLKa an6 TY) onyµ~ JtOll Eva
cpmvoµEvo, ECTTW Km av ÖLa8ETEL El;WTEpLKEs oµOLOTY)TEs µE ana cpmvoµEva, EXEL aJtaAAayEl an6 Ta mmxEla
Tüll JtpüTEpüll CTllµßoALCTµou Tüll Km XPYJCTLµoJtOLELTm µE µla vfo ÖLaCTTaCTY), ouµcpwvri npos w VEO 8pY)CTKEllLLKO
n1calmo[ 75 l .
76
LE CTXECTYJ µE am6, o Tipoi:ECTTUVTYJs AOYLOs[ ] W(illiam) E(dwy) Vine (w: 1873-w: 1949) JtpOTELVEL TY)V El;~s
77
npootyywri: CTW AEl;LKO Tüll TY)s TiaAmas Km Kmv~s L1La8~KY)s Km CTW A~µµa CROSS, CRUCIFY'- ] , KUVEL
npwm µLa LCTWpLK~ avaöpoµ~ CTE Jtap6µma µE w CTTallpü ouµßoAa JtOll Aaol µE cpllCTLOKpanK~ Km Jt0All8E°LCTLLK~
8pY)CTKELa Elxav mo8ET~CTEL. Kai:6mv, aCTKUlVTas KprnK~ CTLLs EKKAY)CTLEs JtOll EVTUCTCTOVTav, OJtWs AEEL, CTW
a:noor:ar:UW' 8KKA17ölaöil/W
1 ' öVor:17µa
' [78] uY)/\.WVEL
" ' ' OLL
' EJtETpE'ljJaV
' CTE JtpOCTY)/\.llTOlls
'' JtayaVLCTTEs,
' Va uLaTY)pY)CTOllV
" ' Ta
EµßA~µai:a Km Ta ouµßoAa Tülls Km an6 EKEL ELCT~X8YJ O LTallpüs CTWV Xpwnavwµ6 EWL OJtWs wv yvwpl~ollµE
CT~µEpa.
To np6ß1criµa JtOll 8lyEL O Vine CTXETL~ETm µE TY) <l>mvoµEVOAoyla TY)s E>pY)CTKELas Km wv AEyoµEVO CTllyKpY)TLCTµ6
JtOll ouµcpwva µE wv Ka8. M. MnEy~o acpopa CTTY) "JcoylK1 r:17~ lXKQli17~ öVYXWV8Vo17~ 8i8(JOKA17r:wv 89170K8VUKWV
:na9aö608wv v:n6 8VWia or:sy17" onoTE "daxlor:o:nowvvr:m Ol Ölarpo9s~ µ8r:a.;v r:wv 89170K8lWV Km r:wv
79
oµoJcoylWV yw va 8:Jrli8VX88l Ka:now öVYKQ17ilöilKO aµaJcyaµa"[ l.
'Oµms, OJtWs ypacpEL O ApXLEJtLCTKOJtOs TLpavwv Km JtUCTYJs AAßavlas, Avamamos Km oµ6nµos Ka8Y)yY)T~s TY)s
Iowplas TWV E>pY)CTKEllµaTWV Tüll TiavEJtLCTTY)µLoll A8rivwv:
"Ol 89170K8l8~ sivm 09yavlKa ovvoJca Km DXl a89oioµar:a :na9aö608WV Km Jcar:Q8VUKWV 88iµwv. 0
Kivövvo~ r:17~ 8m:n6Jcm17~ avayvcbo8W~ r:17~ rpmvoµ8v0Jcoyia~ r:17~ 89170KSia~ syK8lr:m or:17v r:avuo17
or:Olxsiwv, :nov :na9ovöla(;ovr:m Km A8lWVQyovv 08 ÖlarpoQ8UKa :nJcaiöla Km ovva9r:1o8l~. Ol 89170Ksi8~
8lVm (;dJvr;s~ O(JyaVloµoi Km ö8 Kaß8 ß9170K8la r:a 8:nlµS(JOV~ ß(JlöKOVWl ö8 öX8ö17 :Jr(JO~ aJcJc17Jca. L18V
µ:no9ovµ8 va a:noµovcboovµ8 µ8(JlKa 017µsia a:n6 r:17 &öaoKaJcia Km r:17 Jcar:9sia wv~ Km va r:a r:avdoovµ8
3
µ8 :na96µol8~ 8KÖ17Jccbo8l~ aUwv 89170K8lWV, yw va Ölar:v:ncboovµ8 w9ai8~ Km 8VKOA8~ 88W(Jl8~. ,.[ 0J .
rLa wv Op86öoI;o Xpwnavwµ6, m JtY)YEs TWV CTllµßo1cwµwv ÖEV CTXETL~OVTm µE TLs "8upa8Ev" ÖLÖaCTKaALEs:
"L18öoµsvov au :n17yai Km 88µSAlWÖ8l~ :n9oü:no8so8l~ r:17~ XQlöiWVlK1~ Km Bv(;avuv1~ A9xawJcoyia~ sivm
17 Ayia T9arp1, w ovyy9aµµaw r:wv Ilar:s9wv Km L1LöaoKaJcwv r:17~ EKKA17oia~, w Ma9r:v90Jc6yw Km Ol
ßiol Ayiwv, r:a 8KKA170WöUKa ßlßAia Km 17 8V ysv8l 8KKA17owouK1 T9aµµar:sia, µaJcwr:a 08 avr:a r:avw r:a
XQlöiWVlKa µvTjµsia, yiv8r:m rpaV8QOV 6n ... av8v r:Tj,;; [880Jcoyia,;;J ... sivm 6Jcw,;; aövvaw,;; TJ 0981 8QµTjvsia
Kal TJ Kar:aVOTjöl',; r:wv XQlöiWVlKWV Kal ßv(avnvwv µvTjµsiwv. Lila wvw Ol µaKQaV T:Tj,;;
880Aoyia,;; ... 8VQlöKOVV .navwv Kal .navwr:s 8JrlOQClö8l',; Kal ÖaV8W 8K r:ov a9xaiov 8lOWAOAaT:QlKOV Kooµov,
JrQOKar:8lATjµµsvol Ö8 8K r:Tj,;; ovyKQmK1,;; µ886öov Km r:wv 8QTJöK8WAOYlKWV oxoJcdJv .na9a88WQOVV T:TJV
8
ßsiav A.noKaAV'ljJlV, 88µ8AlWOTJ .n9oü.n688ölV 8QµTjvsia,;; T:Tj,;; lOlOr:v.nia,;; r:1,;; XQlöiWVlK1,;; r:sxvrJ,;;"[ l].
Luµcpwva µE TY)V EKTLµY)CTY) am~, 0 Ll:allpüs ÖEV Elvm ÖllVaTOV va d;oµmwvETm µE KaJtOLO nayavLCTLLKO
ouµßoAo, acpou CTllVÖEETm µE wv Xpwi:6 Km w CTTallpLKO Tüll 8avaw CTWV ro1cyo8a, apa EXOllµE ÖLacpopELLKO
, , , , ß , [82] •
JtEpLEXOµEVO aJto 1:0 nayavLCTLLKO CTllµ Ü/\.Ü
EKElvm JtOll ÖLacpwvouv µE TLs ÖLaTllJtUlCTELs JtEpl ÖaVELOll 8Ewpouv OLL w µovaÖLKO yEyov6s JtOll CTllVTEAEL CTTY)V
avayvwpLCTY) Tüll Ll:allpou Ws "8V r:wv ovµ.na88öi8QWV 88µar:wv T:Tj,;; 098oö6l;ov XQlöiWVlK1,;; 880Aoyia,;; Kal
83
8Vo8ß8la,;;" Elvm "o or:aVQlKO,;; ßavaw,;; wv lTjöOV. Eivm oarps,;; Oil "EKEL8Ev ÖE Km O CT1:allp6s"[ l.
Luµcpwva µE wv Ka8riyrii:~ KAaCTLK~s <PLAOAoylas, Walter Burkert, ÖEV Elvm ÖllVaTOV Eva µEµovoµEVO µoi:lßo va
µas ÖWCTEL CT'lJVÖECTY) avaµrna CTE ÖLacpopELLKa 8pY)CTKEllLLKa CTllCTT~µam:
"Ta µodßa ... µ.no9ovv va .n9oßJcrJ8ovv Km va XQTJölµo.nolrJßovv yw va JrQOKaJcsoovv SK.nATJ{;TJ, aUa DXl yw
va a.noösil;ovv onö1.nor:s: ß9i0Kovµ8 .navwv r:a i&a ox806v µodßa Km ßsµar:a. Avd, Jcomov, va
8{;8r:aoovµ8 µ8µovwµsva µodßa, 8a JrQ8Jr8l va 8ör:Laoovµ8 iTJV JrQOoox1 µa,;; (58 J[lO Jr8QlJrAOK8',; öoµs,;;, oil,;;
o.noi8,;; TJ a.nJc1 ovµ.nr:WoTJ sivm Alyor:s90 m8av1: 08 sva ovor:Tjµa 88or:1r:wv Km 08 µw ßaölK1 KooµoJcoyLK1
l08a ... ,,[84]
ME wv lfüo i:p6no avuµEi:wnl~EL w Stµa i:wv öavElwv Km o Ka8riyrii:~s Charles Penglase:

'Tw va ß8ßmw8ovµ8 yw µw 8.nlQQo11 wvJcaxlor:ov T:TJV m8av6r:TJW r:Tj,;; 8.nlQQo1,;; [ ... ] sivm a.na9air:TJW
va Kaßl89w8si TJ löWQlK1 övvar:6r:rJr:a r:Tj,;; 8.nlQQo1,;;, Km s.n8lr:a, r:a .na9aUTjJca µ8r:al;v r:wv löWQlWV va
8K.nATJQWVOVV sva a9KSr:a aVöiTJQO öVVOAO öX8ilKWV KQliTJQlWV ... Eivm .na9a JrOAV 8VKOAO Ka.now,;; va
ßwor:si va ßyaA8l öVµJr8Qaöµaw µ8r:a a.n6 8.nlrpaV8WKa .na9aUTjAa µ8W{;V OlTJY1o8WV .nov 08V µ.no9ovv
.n9ayµanKa va öiTJQlXWVV µ8r:a a.n6 µw J[lO or:sv1 Ol8Q8VVTJ<5TJ. IVV8JrW,;;, r:a .na9aUTjAa JrQ8Jr8l va
Jr8Qlsxovv ow v.n6ßa890 .na96µol8,;; lÖs8,;; Km 8.nioTj,;;, yw va 8Vor:a8si o.nowö1.nor:s 8lKaoia 8.nlQQo1,;;,
a.nmr:si r:a .na9aUrJJca avr:a va sivm .n0Jcva9L8µa, ovv88r:a Km A8.nr:oµ8Q1, µ8 µw .na96µow 8vvowJcoyLK1
XQ1öTJ ... TsJco,;;, r:a .na9aAATjAa Kal Ol .na96µol8,;; 8AAOX8VOVo8,;; l088',; wv,;; JrQ8Jr8l va Jr8QlAaµßavovv Kal r:a
K8ViQlKCl xa9aKr:TjQlöilKCl yvw9ioµar:a öW VAlKO .nov öVYKQlV8ial. Movo r:6r:s, 8a rpmvor:av, löXVQ1
--''
o.noiaurJ.nor:s ~'
a;.,lWöTJ '
Jr8Qa a.no' µw aJrATj
1 ' '
ovµ.nr:WoTJ ,,[85] .
LE Kaµµla JtEpLJtTWCTY) OL EmcpavELaKEs oµmoTY)TEs, i:a EJtOllCTLUlÖY) Km OL d;wi:EpLKEs µopcpEs ÖEV aJtOTEAO'lJV
ÖaVELO EcpüCTOV Elvm aJtOCTllVÖEÖEµEVEs an6 i:a apxLKa Tülls KllpLa xapaKTY)pLCTLLKa:
"O WVloµ6,;; T:Tj,;; avayKTj,;; .n90,;; a.norpvy1 o.nowvö1.nor:s öVYKQTJT:Wµov sivm .n9orpav1,;;... VJca w 8Jrl µs9ov,;; KOlVCl
or:Olxsia or:TJ ö9aor:TJQlOT:rJr:a r:wv A.noor:6Jcwv Km r:wv 8siwv Avö9wv sxovv or:rJV Jr8Qi.nr:worJ r:wv .n9wr:wv
8µßa.nno8si ow K8VT:QlKO XQlor:wvlKO y8yov6,;;, Kl TJ v.naQ{;TJ wv,;; yiv8r:m Ö8Kr:11 av8n1, ywd w or:Olxsia avr:a
08V v.na9xovv av8v.n6or:ar:a, Ka88avr:6, aJcJca sivm .navwr:s ösµsva µ8 w K8ViQlKO y8yov6,;;, µ8 w K8ViQlKO
.n96ow.no wv XQlöiWVlKOV KTJQVyµaw,;;, .nov sivm o lrJoov,;; X{Jlor:6,;;. EvdJ, AOl.nov, sivm övvar:6,;; o ovµßlßaoµ6,;;
, --' ~ , , , , , --' , --' ,,[86]
or:a 8JrOVölWuTj Kal oil,;; 8;.,Wi8QlK8',; µoQrp8,;;, 0 öVYKQTjiloµo,;; öiTJV OVöla a.nOQQlJri8ial uWQQTjuTJV.
H npofowpla AOLJtOV Tüll XPLCTLLaVLKO'lJ CTTallpou Elvm ÖLacpopELLK~ an6 i:a nayavLCTTLKa ouµßoAa: yLa Tülls "ava
wv,;; mwva,;; Ilar:8Q8',; Kal ovyy9arpsi,;; ... o or:av96,;; öVV8öX8ilö8Tj µ8r:a Y8YOVOiWV T:Tj,;; II. L1w81KTJ',;, JrOAAa r:wv
, , , , , , ,,[87J
OJrOlWV 88WQOVVT:al w,;; 0 r:v.no,;;, TJ JrQ08lKOVlöl',; r:ov or:av9ov. .
ÜL Ilai:EpEs TY)s EKKAY)CTLas CTllVEÖECTav wv Ll:allpü µE TY)V w:IlaAma tua8~KY) Km TLs EKEL JtpüELKOVLCTELs Tüll:
" ... TJ avay9arp1 r:ov X, 6.n8Q 8a rJÖvvar:o va r:avnoßsi .n90,;; r:o "r:av", w o.noiov 8d88r:o 8.ni r:ov µ8r:dJ.nov r:wv
löQaTJAlr:wv Km 6.n8Q ... 8a srp8QOV 8.ni wv µ8r:dJ.nov r:wv Ol 8KA8KWi wv AQviov. IlQOK8lr:m, 8.noµsvw,;; Jr8Qi r:Tj,;;
a9xawr:s9a,;; µa9r:v9ia,;; r:rJ,;; XQ1o8w,;; wv orJµsiov wv or:av9ov v.n6 r:wv 8KA8Kr:wv r:wv arpwölwµsvwv 8l',; w
"a9viov, 0Jr8Q w,;; JrOlµ1v Jr0lµaiv8l avwv,;; Kal OOTJY1o8l avwv,;; 8Jrl (w1,;; JrTjya,;; vöar:wv, Kal 8{;aA8l'ljJ8l O 886,;;
.nav ÖaKQVOV 8K iWV orpßaJcµdJv avrwv" (A.noK. C 17). ,,[ 33 ]

An6 EKEL, "ava(;17wvvrs~ <nOlxsia µa9w9ovvra .ns9i r17~ s.niK9ar1ösw~ wv övµß6Jcov wv örav9ov, a.n6 wv A' 1
wv B' µ.X. mwvo~, 8sw9ovµsv öKo.niµov 6.nw~ avarps98dJµsv 8l~ r17v Öla KlV1ösw~ r17~ XSlQO~ öwy9arp1v wv
öX1µaw~ avwv. To ovrw öx17µau(;6µsvov ö17µsiov wv öWVQOV 1w .naJcmorawv, µa9w9ovµsvov .n90 wv
iSAOV~ wv B' mwvo~... w ö17µsiov wv öWVQOV s.ni wv µsrdJ.nov 1w a.navraxov r17~ a9xaia~ EKKA17öia~
Öla&öoµsvov. ,,[ 39 l
H ouvörnri am:~ µas oöriyEl m:o CTllµntpaoµa 6n "ov&i~ Jcoyo~ öVViQSX8l 6.nw~ ava(;17r1öwµsv r17v övv188lav
' ' 1 ' ,,[90]
avr17v ... 8l~ µ17 XQlöiWVlKO~ Aar9sw~---
Anwm:E, Y) apxala EKKAY)CTLa, ELXE CTllVELÖY)CTY) i:wv ÖLacpopwv Km TY)s aJtOCTl:C((JEWs avaµrna CTE ELÖWA.OAUTPEs
Km xpwnavous. 0 LTallPOs Tüll IYJCTO'lJ yLa JtapaÖELyµa, ÖEV ylvETm ÖEKTOs Ws i:µ~µa Tüll ßovJc1µaw~ iWV
sßvwv, ana aJtOTEA.OlJCTE CTY)µELo ÖLacpopoJtOLY)CTYJs Km ouvopo avaµrna CTLLs ÖlJO LÖEOA.oylEs:
"w ßovJc17µa iWV sßvdJv Kai8lQyaößm, .ns.no9svµsvov~ 8V aödysim~, s.nißvµim~, OlVOrpJcvyim~,

KWµOl~, .nOWl~ Km aßsµfrOl~ 8lOWAOAar9sim~. V9ov sxwµsv wv öWVQOV wv KVQlOV, w
9
.ns9wwv9ovµs8a [. .. ]"[ ll .
rLa EKELVOlls JtOll nµouv w Ll:allpü "... 17 8917öK8VUK1 avr1 Km övµßoAlK1 8VVOW wv öWVQOV, 17 .na9a Wl~
88VlKOl~ a.navrwöa, ovös s.n' sJcaxlöWV s.nsö9aö8V s.ni r17~ 8917öK8VUK1~ svvoia~ wv öiaVQOV .na9a Wl~
XQlöuavoi~, .na9' Ol~ 17 8917öKSVUK1 ö17µaöia wv örav9ov .n901Jc8sv s!; WQlöµsvov löWQlKov ysyovow~, wv
ßavawv rov öiaVQlKov rov XQlörov. ,,[9ZJ
Ilpayµan "ör17v Kmv1 i1w81K17 ... w K8ViQlKO öVµßoJco sivm 17 öKA17Q1 .n9ayµauK6r17w wv öWVQOV, 0 o.noio~
&v µ.no9si va öwxw9wrsi a.n6 wv .n9oöw.no.nay1 xa9aKr19a wv Km w löWQlKO .nSQlßaUov, µs ra o.noia
93
KaVSVa~ µvßo~ 08V µ_nOQ8l va öVV08ß8l Km öia o.noia KaVSVa~ µvßo~ 08V µ.nOQ8l va 8.nLßJc17ßsi_ ,,[ ] .
rLa wv 11.6yo am:6 anopplni:Ei:m YJ OJtOLaÖ~JtOTE JtEpLJtTWCTY) CTllyKpY)TLCTµou 01:Y)V JtEpLJtTWCTY) Tüll Ll:allpou. 0
Ll:allpüs ÖEV EXEL aI;la Ws avEI;apTY)W avnKElµEVO OJtWs CTLLs apxalEs Aal:pELEs ana Tüll "a.noöi&wl uµ17uK1
.n9oöKvv17ö17, .nov aUwörs sivm yvwör1 öi17 T9arp1 (Tsv. µ(;' 31 ), oxl 6µw~ Jcar9sia, ywd .navwrs öi17 öKS'l/J17 µa~
sxovµs wv öiaVQO wv X(Jwwv, Km OXl Ka.now avuKSiµsvo .nov w wvd(;ovµs µs wv 8s6 1 w sKJcaµßavovµs
94
.nw~ 8lKovi(;8l 8s6 ( =siöwJco ). ,,[ l .
Anopplni:Ei:m KaTY)yüpY)µanKa Y) OJtOLaÖ~JtOTE m8av6i:rii:a ELÖWA.OA.ai:pElas Km 01:Y)V JtEpLJtTWCTY) JtOll EJtavw

CTW Ll:allpü ELKOVL~ETm O IYJCTO'lls:
"... 17 08Vi8Qa 8VWA1 a.nayOQ8V8l r17v 8lOWAOAar9siav iWV 'ljJ8VOWV eswv ... 17 8lKWV wv Iwr-190~ Xf}löWV
08V sivm 8lOWAO 'ljJ8VOOV~ esov µ17 v.na9xovw~, ovös 8so.nol178sv ayaJcµa, ovös Jcar9sia avr17 .n9oörp8Q8Wl,
aUa uµ17uK1 .nQOöKVV17öl~ .n90~ w .n9wr6w.nov avarps9oµsv17. To 8lOWAOV arplöia wv Jcar917v savwv
95
a.n6 wv aJc17ßlvov esov au, 17 8lKWV wv Iwr-190~ ... avayovölV 17µa~ 8l~ wv µ6vov aJc17ßlv6v esov... ,,[ l
'Onws avacpEpETm CTWV V90 Iliöi8W~ TY)s EV NlKma Z' ÜLKOllµEVLK~s LllVOÖOll:
"... wv uµiov Km (;wo.nowv örav9ov ... uµ1v .nol8iö8m, KaßdJ~ Km Wl~ a9xaiol~ svösßdJ~ sißlörm. H ya9
r17~ 8lKovo~ uµ1 s.ni ro .n9wr6w.nov &aßaiv8l, Km o .n9oöKvvdJv r17v 8lKova, .n9oöKvvsi sv avr1 rov
96
syy9arpoµSVOV i17V V.nOöWölV. ,,[ ] .
Ilpocpavms, YJ avayvWCTY) TY)s cpmvoµEVOA.oylas TY)s 8pY)CTKELas, ÖEV JtpEJtEL va EYKELTm 01:Y)V TalJTLCTY) m:mxElwv
JtOll Jtapollma~ovi:m Km AELWllpyouv CTE ÖLacpopELLKa JtAalma Km CTllvapi:~CTELs, OlJTE OÖYJYEL CTE owm:a
CTllµJtEpaoµai:a w va anoµovwvovi:m CTY)µELa an6 µLa ÖLÖaCTKaA.la Km TY) 11.ai:pEla TY)s, JtOll i:am:l~ovi:m µE
Jtap6µmEs EKÖY)A.UlCTELs C(A/\.WV 8pY)CTKELUlV, acpou llJtUPXEL O KLVÖllVOs va ÖLaTllJtw8ouv 8EwplEs, µE
aJtOCTJtaoµanK~ C(JtO'ljJY) EJtavw m:a LCTWpLKa ÖEÖoµEva i:wv 8pY)CTKELUlV Km µE KEVC( Ws npos TLs EpµY)VELEs i:wv
8pYJCTKEllTLKmv cpmvoµEvwv.
H Op6oöos11 Epµ11vda yta 'tl)V mtoöox11 't0V ~'tavpot', O''tl)V Kmv11 ~ta6l)Kl) Kat O''t0V
IIpco'tOXPtO''ttavwµo
, , , ,, , [97] , , , ,
M La mt"'Y) avayvwori o"'wv Twv napanavw npwToxpwuavLKWV µapTllpLwv yLa To oxriµa Tüll CTTallpüll,
aJtoKaA'lJJtl:EL Evav CTEßaoµ6 npos wv CTTallpü Tüll IYJCTO'lJ Km µla 8ELLK~ a~LOAOYYJCTY) TY)s CTY)µaolas Tüll yLa TY)
~O)~ Tüll xpwuavou. 0 CTTallpüs xapaKTY)pL~ETm ms:
• LuµßoAO VLKY)s (JtpßA. "1:w (J''CaV(_JOJ aJTEKÖvmiµevoi;; 1:ai;; a(_Jzai;; Kai 1:ai;; ESOV(J'iai;; eöeiyµaTt(J'EV t'v JTa(_J(_JTJ(J'ia, 0(_Jtaµßev(J'ai;;
avwvi;; ev av1:w", KoA. 2:13-15)

• LY)µELo ayLaCTµou (JtpßA. "öta TOV 0avawv, JTa(_Ja(J''CTJ(J'at vµai;; ayiovi;; [ ...] KaTEVOJJTWV avwv", KoA. 1:22)
0
• LuµßoAO 8E LK~s apx~s Km wxuos (JtpßA. "O },,6yoi;; ya(_J O TOV (J''CaV(_JOV [ ...] wti;; ÖE (J'(JJ60µt'voti;; 7/µiv övvaµti;; 0eov WTl ",
Ko(!.A' 1:18)
• 2uAOV µaKapLCTTOV (JtpßA. "El(!TJVOJTOlTJ(J'ai;; Öta TOV aiµawi;; TOV (J''CaV(_JOV avwv", KoA. 1:20)
• LuµßoAO µETavolas Km EJtLCTTpocp~s Tüll av8pwJtOll CTTO 8E6 (JtpßA. "JTaAtV avaKatvireiv Et',; µe1:avotav,
ava(J'Tav(_Jovv1:ai;; eav1:oii;;", Eß(_J.6:6 Km "o JTaAatoi;; 7/µdJv av0(_JWJToi,; (J'VVE(J'Tav(_JW0TJ iva KaTa(_JyTJ0fJ 1:0 (J'OJµa TTJ',; aµa(_Jdai;;",
Pwµ. 6:6)
Av Km CTTY)V npayµai:LKOTY)Ta, 0 CTTallpüs, ~Tav yLa wv IYJCTO'lJ Eva 6pyavo ßaoavwµou Km 8avawll, CTTa
Epya TWV EKKAY)CTLaCTLLKUJV CTllyypacpEWV TWV JtpUlTWV mwvwv OJtWs Tüll Iyvadov, Tüll IloAVKClQJWV, Tüll
Iovm:ivov, Tüll El917vaiov, Tüll esorplAOV Avuoxsia~, Tüll MlVOVKlOV <P1Al'!;,, Tüll KA1µ17 AAs'f;,avö9sia~, Tüll
, , , , , , , C' , [98]
T8QWAAwvov K.a., ÖEv ßpwKollµE avacpopEs Jtoll va ÖELXVOllV anooTpocpri Y) ana-=,LWCTYJ yLa Tov LTallpo.
To lfüo JtVEuµa CTTY)V avuµETUJJtLCTY) Tüll CTTallpou, ßAEJtOllµE Km CTTY)V w:Kmv~ tua8~KY). 'Onms AEEL Km O aJt.
IIauAos:
"XaQloaµsvo~ 17µiv .navw w .na9a.nr:dJµaw, s'f;,aAsi'ljJa~ w Kaß' 17µwv X8lQOYQarpov Wl~ öoyµaölV O TJV
v.nsvavdov 17µiv, Km avr:6 1Q8V 8K wv µsoov .nQOöTJAWöa~ avr:6 r:w or:av9dJ a.nsKÖVoaµsvo~ r:a~ a9xa~ Kai
r:a~ s'f;,ovoia~ 8Ö8lyµaUö8V 8V .naQQTJöia, ß9wµßsvoa~ aVWV~ 8V avr:dJ"
(Kak 2:13-15)
LllYXWPYJCTE O XpLCTTOs ÖY)A. OAa m Jtapamwµai:a Km KaT~PYYJCTE w XPE6ypacpo µE TLs ÖLai:a~ELs Tüll, JtOll ~Tav
EVaVTLOV µas, Km w EßyaAE an6 TY) µfori Kapcpwvovms w CTW CTTallpü. Km acpalprnE TY) Mvaµri JtOll ELXE w
E~OllCTLaCTLLKO KaK6 JtOll Twpa VLKY)8Y)KE an6 w 8plaµßo Tüll CTTallpou.
AuToi; o O'taupoi; AOtJtov, dvm m',µßoAO EAEU9Epiai; K:at 6pyavo 9ptaµßEU'tU(1li; UJtEAEU8ipoo011i; TOU
av9poonou an6 TO KaK6 m',µcpoova µE TlJV Kmv11 ~ta811KtJ.
EJtLCTYJs Elvm ouµßoAO ELp~vris:
"Nvvi 08 8V Xf}löiW l17oov, vµsi~ Ol .nor:s 6vr:s~ µaKQaV, syyv~ sysvv1817r:s 8V r:w aiµau wv X(Jwwv. Avr:6~
ya9 8öilV 1 8lQ1VTJ 17µwv, 6 .nol1oa~ r:a aµrp6r:s9a 8V Kai r:6 µsoOT:OlXOV wv rp9ayµov AVöa~, r:17v sx89av 8V
r:1 oa9Ki avwiJ r:6v voµov r:wv 8VWAWV 8V öoyµaöl Kaw9y1oa~, iva wv~ övo Kilö1] 8V savr:dJ 8l~ sva
KalVOV av89w.nov .nOlWV si91v17v, Kai a.noKar:aAAa'f;,17 wv~ aµrp6r:s9ov~ 8V svi odJµau r:w ßsdJ Öla wv
IWVQOV, a.nonsiva~ r:17v sx89av 8V avr:dJ"
(Erp. 2:13-16).
0 TiauAos ÖLÖaCTKEL JtWs OCTOL ~mv µaKpLa an6 w 8E6, ~p8av JtAEOV KOVTa µE TY) CTTallpLK~ 8llCTLa Tüll Xpwwu.
0 IYJCTO'lls EKaVE Tülls Mo avuµaxoµEVOlls Kooµolls (lollÖaLOlls Km E8VLKOlls) Eva Aa6 Km yKpEµLCTE µE w
CTTallpLKO Tüll 8avai:o OLL Tülls xwpL~E Km npoKaAO'lJCTE EX8pa µETa~u Tülls- E>avaTWCTE µE w CTTallpü Tüll TY)V
EX8pa, Km CTllµcpLALWCTE Tülls Mo JtpUlY)V EX8pous CTE Eva owµa Km µE w 8E6.
ÜL Xpwuavol ÖEV ~Y)WlJCTav µrnola JtOll ÖLVEL CTY)µELa ÖllvaµEms Km E~OllCTLas:
"Hµsi~ 08 KTJQVöoOµsv XQlöiOV 8öWVQWµsvov" (A' Ko9. 23 Et)

0 m:allpüs Km Y) avam:aCTY) l;EJtEpvouv i:a LOllöa"(Ka ox~µai:a TY)s Y)füK~s Km TY)s voµLµoi:rii:as Ka8ws amEs OL
Mo EVVOLEs Elvm axwpLCTTEs 01:Y)V acp~yY)CTY) i:wv EllayyEALCTTUlV. 0 m:allpüs Elvm JtAEOV Eva ouµßo11.o-Kauxriµa,
TY)s VLKY)s Tüll IYJCTO'lJ (Km µfow amou Km Tüll av8pwJtoll) Kma TY)s cp8opas Km Tüll 8avawll. 0 Iwavvris,
Jtapollma~EL w CTTallpü Ws TY) onyµ~ JtOll O YL6s Tüll av8pwJtOll "V'ljJwßrj" (lw 8:28, 12:32 Ei;), oav Eva VEO
CTY)µELo CTWTY)plas (Im. 3: 14-16) EVUJ OAY) YJ ÖL~yY)CTY) Tüll EllayyEALCTT~, 8a EAEYE KaVELs 6n ÖELXVEL wv IYJCTO'lJ va
npoxwpEl npos w m:allpü µE µEyaA.oJtpEJtELa.
LllXVU JtapollCTLU~ETm Ws EmxElpriµa Evavna CTW m:allpü, am6 JtOll EXEL ypacpi:El 01:Y)V w:IlaA.ma tua8~KY):
"KEKarrJ(Jaµsvo~ v;ro esov ;ra~ K(JSµaµsvo~ 8Jrl <;VAOV" (L1svr. 21:22-23),
Km w llJtEV8llµL~EL Km O TiauA.os:
"s;ruwra(JaW~ ;ra~ 0 K(JSµaµsvo~ s;ri <;VAOV" (TaA. 3: 13)
Ama i:a Mo xwpla 6µms, ÖEV avacpEpovi:m CTW 6pyavo ßaoavwµou, ana CTW JtpüCTWJtO JtOll JtE8alvEL EJtC(VO)
CTW 6pyavo am6. 'Ei:m, w np6ß11.riµa, 8a EµJtmVE 01:Y)V npayµai:LK~ Tüll ÖLam:aCTY) av 8Ewpouoav m xpwnavol
wv I Y)CTO'lJ Ws Eva "KEKarrJ(Jaµsvo v;ro esov" JtpüCTWJtO ~ av O TiauA.os 8a KmacpEpoi:av Evavna CTWV I Y)CTO'lJ UlCTl:E
va wv ovoµaCTEL KmapaµEVO. Ana Kan TEWLO, aocpaAUJs ÖEV LCTXUEL.
0 lfüos O TiauA.os AOLJtOV, aJtEll8llvoµEVOs npos lollÖaLOlls Km E8vLKO'lls yLa Tülls OJtOLOlls O CTTallPOs ~i:av
mCT8Y)TLKa aJtoKpOllCTLLKOs Km aJtOÖELl;Y) aÖllvaµlas JtEpLCTCTOTEpo Jtapa ÖllvaµEms (v;rsµ8lV8V öWV(JOV, moXVVTJ~
KaWrp(JOV1oa~ Eß(J. 12:2), AEEL, µriv acp~vovms JtEpL8UlpLa yLa ava11.oyolls LCTXllpLCTµous:
"a(Ja KaT,j(JyljTat ro O'Kavt5aAOV TOV O'TaV{JOV" (Tak 5:11)
IlpLV w w:Ilaoxa, 0 IYJCTO'lls ~mv O µ6vos JtOll ßEßalwvE TY)V avayKmoi:rii:a Tüll CTTallpou (Mr 16:21) yLa va
llJtaKO'lJCTEL CTW 8EAY)µa Tüll Ilai:Epa (IlQa.;. 2:23). MEi:a 6µms an6 TY)V w:IlEVTY)KOCTl:~, m µa8Y)TEs, cpwi:LCTµEVOL
JtAEOV, KY)pllTTOllV Km EKELVOL µE TY) CTELpa Tülls TY)V avayKmoi:rii:a am~, WJt08ETUJVTas w CTKavÖaA.o Tüll
Ll:allpou 01:Y) npayµai:LK~ Tüll 8ECTY) µfoa 01:Y) w:E>Ela ÜLKovoµla:
0 Mrnolas omllpw8YJKE "KQsµaoßsi~ sni .;vAov" (IlQa.;. 5:30) µE 0Kavöa11.wöri i:p6no (ß11. &vr. 21:23),
6µms am6, Kai:w an6 w cpms TY)s npocprii:Elas, nalpvEL µLa vfo ÖLam:aori: EKJtAY)pUlVEL ";ravw w Jr8(Jl
X(JlöWV ysy(Jaµµsva" (IlpaI; 13:29).
rLa w 11.6yo am6, i:a EllayyEALKa KELµEva JtOll JtEpLypacpOllV w 8avai:o Tüll IYJCTO'lJ, JtEpLEXOllV JtOAAEs avacpopEs
CTWlls Wa11.µous (Mr 27:33-60 / Iw 19:24,28,36 s.;): "wvw 808l ;raßsiv wv X(_}lorov", ouµcpwva µE TLs rpacpEs,
OJtWs 8a JtEL KLO lfüos O Avam:Y)µEVOs Xpwi:6s (AK. 24:25 Ei;).
0 o-raupoi; ÖEv dvat ma ovEtöoi;, aiia anaiTtJ<rlJ Kat -ri'.Tioi; ö6;ai;, npoo-ra yta TO Xpt<rTo Kat inEtTa yta
Toui; XPt<rnavoui;:
"Von~ ov ßaora(8l wv öWV(JOV savwv Km 8QX8Wl OJrlöW µov, ov övvarm sivmµov µa8rJr1~" (AK. 14:27)
"O~ ov Aaµßav8l wv oraVQOVavwv Km aKOAovßsi OJrlöW µov, OVK 8odµov a.;w~" (Mr. 10:38)
"El il~ 88A8l OJrlöW µov dßsiv, ana(JVTjöaoßw savrov Km aQarw rov oraVQOV avrov Km aKOAovßsfrw µol"
(Mr. 16:24, MK. 8:34, AK. 8:23)
0 <rTaupoi; oxt µ6vo ÖEV dvat UJtOKpou<rnKoi;, UAAU dvat KUUXtJµa:

"Eµoi 08 µTj ysVOlW Kavxaoßm 8l µTj 8V rw öWV(JW wv KV(JlOV TjµdJv lTjöOV X(_)wwv" (TaA. 6:14)
LTY)V Ka8Y)µEpLV~ ~O)~ Tüll xpwnavou, "o ;raJi,m6~ avß(JWJrO~ öVV8öWVQW8rJ" (Pwµ. 6:6) Km EA.Ell8EpUl8Y)KE
TEAELWs an6 w KaK6 Km JtAEOV Y) anoöox~ Tüll m:allpou, xapaKTY)pL~EL Tülls cpLAOlls ~ µ~ Tüll Xpwwu:
"vvv 08 Km daiwv Asyw, wv~ sx8QOV~ wv öWV(JOV wv X(_}löWV, wv w iSAO~ aJrWA8la" (<PlA. 3:18-19)
2}raup6s Tüll IYJCTO'lJ Xpwwu 27
EJttJtAEOV avnyvcou11
• Death and Resurrection of Jesus [99 J
• Crucifix [lOOJ
• Christian cross [lOlJ
BtßAtoypacpta (nAcpnß11'tucn)
• A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed.). Arndt, W., Danker,
F. W., & Bauer, W. (2000). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint: Revised Edition, Lust, J., Eynikel, E., & Hauspie, K. (2003).
Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: Stuttgart.
• A Greek-English lexicon, Liddell, H. G., Scott, R., Jones, H. S., & McKenzie, R. (1996). Oxford; New York:
Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press.
• Baker encyclopedia of the Bible, Elwell, W. A., & Beitzel, B. J. (1988), Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House.
• Crucifixion in the Ancient World and the Folly of the Message of the Cross, M. Hengel, Philadelphia: Fortress,
1977
• Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, Green, J. B., McKnight, S., & Marshall, I. H. (1992), Downers Grove,
InterVarsity Press.
• Dictionary of New Testament background: A compendium of contemporary biblical scholarship, Porter, S. E., &
Evans, C. A. (2000), Downers Grove, InterVarsity Press.
• Dictionary of Paul and his letters, Hawthorne, G. F., Martin, R. P., & Reid, D. G. (1993), Downers Grove,
InterVarsity Press
• Dictionary of the Vulgate New Testament, Harden, J. M. (1921), London; New York: Society of Promoting
Christian Knowledge; Tue Macrnillan Co.
• Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible, Freedman, D. N., Myers, A. C., & Beck, A. B. (2000), Grand Rapids, Mich.:
W.B. Eerdmans
• Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, Horst Balz, Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1993
• Friberg, T., Friberg, B., & Miller, N. F. (2000). Vol. 4: Analytical lexicon of the Greek New Testament. Baker's
Greek New Testament library. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books.
• Creek and Roman Slavery, Thomas Wiedemann; Routledge, 1988
• Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament: Based on semantic domains, Louw, J. P., & Nida, E. A. (1996,
c1989), New York: United Bible societies.
• Jesus, Charles Guignebert, S. H. Hooke; Alfred A. Knopf, 1935
• Law and Empire in Late Antiquity, Jill Harries; Cambridge University Press, 1999
• Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. (Eleventh ed.), Merriam-Webster, I. (2003), Springfield, Mass.:
Merriam-Webster, Inc.
• New dictionary of biblical theology, Alexander, T. D., & Rosner, B. S. (2001), Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity
Press
• On the Trial of Jesus, Paul Winter; Walter De Gruyter, 1961
• Oxford English Dictionary, (CD-ROM ed.)
• Oxford Latin Dictionary, Clarendon Press, 1968
• The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Freedman, D. N. (1996, c1992), New York: Doubleday
• The Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land (3rd ed.), Negev, A. (1996, c1990), New York: Prentice Hall
Press
• The complete ward study dictionary, New Testament, . Baker, W. (2003, c2002). Chattanooga, TN: AMG
Publishers
• The encyclopedia of Judaism, Neusner, J., Neusner, J., Avery-Peck, A. J., Green, W. S., & Museum of Jewish
Heritage (New York, N. Y. (2000)
• The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised, Bromiley, G. W. (1988; 2002), Wm. B. Eerdmans
• The Life of Our Lord upon the Earth, Samuel J. Andrews; Charles Scribner's Sons, 1900
• The New Schaff-Herzag Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Vol. 3, George William Gilmore, Samuel
MaCauley Jackson, Charles Colebrook Sherman; Funk and Wagnalls, 1908
• The new Strong's dictionary of Hebrew and Creek words, Strong, J. (1997, c1996), Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
• Theological dictionary of the New Testament, 1964-c1976 (G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley & G. Friedrich, Ed.), Grand
Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
(E:n:ia11i;, 1J avacpEpoµEVtJ <n:ti; u:n:o<rtJµrniiani; J3tJ31wypacpia)
IlapcutoµJti;
[1] http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.
php?title=%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B 1%CF%85%CF%81 %CF%8C%CF%82_ %CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_ %CE%99%CE%B 7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D
action=history
[2] EvÖELKTLKCI avacpepouµE Ta:
AE~lKU
* Oxford English Dictionary, 1-~µµa: "Cross"* Liddell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicon, 1-~µµa:}:Taup6~ * Merriam-Webster's collegiate
dictionary (Eleventh ed.), 1-~µµa: Cross* Greek-English lexicon ofthe New Testament Based on semantic domains * The complete word
study dictionary: New Testament, 1-~µµa: oraup6~ * Dictionary ofBiblical Languages with Semantic Domains: Greek (New Testament),
1-~µµa: oraup6~ * The Eerdmans Bible dictionary, 1-~µµa: cross * Wordsmyth Educational Dictionary-Thesaurus, 1-~µµa cross * Heinle's
Newbury House Dictionary of American English * Ultralingua English Dictionary of Definitions 2005, 1-~µµa: Cross * Nelson's new
illustrated Bible dictionary, 1-~µµa: Cross * A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed.),
1-~µµa: LTaup6~ * MEIZON EAAHNIKO AESIKO <I>TTPAKH, 1-~µµa: LTaup6~ * IIAIHPO}:-MEr A AESIKO T% EHT]VLK~~ nwcma~,
Apzala~-MwmwvLK~~-Nfo~, 1-~µµa: LTaup6~ * Nfo EHT]VLK6 AEl;tK6, EMM. KPIAPA, 1-~µµa: LTaup6~ * MovmovtK6 AEl;tK6 T%
Al]µmtK~~- HAIA m. KAMIIANA, 1-~µµa: LTaup6~ * AEl;tK6 T% EHT]VLK~~ nwcma~, rPHrOPOIIOTJ\0}: J\., 1-~µµa: LTaup6~ * Nfo
EHT]VLKO AEl;LKO, XAPH}: IIAIIAKTPIAKOT, EKÖ. KQ}:TOrIANNO}:, A~µµa: LTaup6~ * AEl;LKO Tl]~ EHT]VLK~~ nwcma~, EKÖ. rtCIVVT]
Pltou, A~µµa: LTaup6~ * AEl;LKO NEOEAAT]VLK~~ nwcma~, EKÖ. }:aßßa1-a~, A~µµa: LTaup6~ * AEl;LKO Tl]~ NEOEAAT]VLK~~ nwcma~, Xap%
}:aKEHaplou, 1-~µµa: LTaup6~ * AEl;tK6 T% Nfo~ EHT]VLK~~ nwcma~, r. M:n:aµmvtWTTJ, 1-~µµa: LTaup6~, K.a.
EyKuK1o:n:aiönEi; * The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2004, 1-~µµa: Cross * EyKuKA. Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2005,
1-~µµa: Cross * Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2005, 1-~µµa: Cross * The Catholic Encyclopedia, Archeology of the Cross and Crucifix
* The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia ofReligious Knowledge Vol. 3, CTEA. 312 * Baker encyclopedia ofthe Bible * The Wycliffe Bible
Encyclopedia * IIa:n:upo~-Larous-Britannica, 1-~µµa: LTaup6~ * "AOMH" 2004, 1-~µµa: oraup6~, K.a.
[3] AEl;tK6: Liddell & Scott, A Greek-English lexicon, Oxford University Press, 1-~µµa:<n:aupoi;
upright pale or stake, cn:avQov,; EKr6,; aacro-s &aµ:JrEQi,; iv0a Kat iv0a rvKvov,; Kat 0aµia,;Od.14.11, cf. Il.24.453, Th.4.90, X.An.5.2.21; of
piles driven in to serve as a foundation, Hdt.5.16, Th.7.25.
II. cross, as the instrument of crucifixion, D.S.2.18, Ev.Matt.27.40, Plu.2.554a; E:Jr{ rov er. am'.tyw0at Luc.Peregr.34; er. }.aµßavs,v, et(!at,
ßacrrai;s,v, Metaph. ofvoluntary suffering, Ev.Matt.10.38, Ev.Luc.9.23, 14.27; itsform was represented by the Greek fetter T,
Luc.]ud. Voc.12 (µeup(.J. "r:o l'TZ,/µa r:ov :JrE(.Jty(.Jacp6r:av a:Jr6 r:o EAAf/VtK6 y(.Jaµµa "T", AovK. lilKf/ <Pwv.12). b. pale for impaling a
corpse, Plu.Art.17.
[4] AEl;tK6: Liddell, H., A lexicon: Abridgedfrom Liddell and Scott's Greek-English lexicon, 1996, CTEA. 540, 1-~µµa:~u1-ov [u]
(perh. from l;uw) wood cut and ready for use, firewood, timber, Horn.; l;u1-a v~La ship-timber, Hes.; l;. vauitl]y~mµa Thuc.
II. in sing. a piece of wood, a post, Horn.: a perch, Ar.: a stick, cudgel, club, Hdt., Ar.
2. a collar of wood, put on the neck of the prisoner, Ar.:-also stocks, for the feet, Hdt., Ar.; cf. itEVTECTuptyyo~.
3. a plank or beam to which malefactors were bound,the Cross, N.T. (µer:cp(.J. "O L'r:avQ6,;, KatV1/ !ita0,jK1/ ")
4. a money-changers table, Dem.
5. :n:pwrov l;u1-ov the front bench of the Athenian theatre, Ar.
III. of live wood, a tree, Xen.
[5] #AEl;tK6: Oxford Latin Dictionary, Clarendon Press, 1968, 1-~µµa:crux ~ucis
f. [dub.] Gender: masc.,
1 Any wooden frame on which criminals were exposed to die (µer:cp(.J. "Ka0e svAtVf/ KaTal'!Kev,j/l,6µ111'11/ e:Jravw l'!Tf/V o:Jroia ot
Kar:aÖtKot acp,jvovr:av va :Jre0avovv"), a cross (µer:cp(.J. "L'r:avQ6,;") (sts. also, a stake for impaling)"
(CT.CT. CTTL~ CTT]µELWCTEL~ 2 Km 3, m EpµT]VELE~ ELVm ltA~pEL~ ana ÖLVETm eµcpaCTT] CTE 6oa acpopouv CTTT]V ouyKEKptµEVT] EltLXELPT]µmo1-oyla.
LTTJ CTT]µEtWCTTJ 4, avacpEpETm µ6vo T] :n:pmTTJ EpµT]vEla)
[6] Encyclopedie de Ja Pleiade, Ioropla Km Me8oöm T%, T6µo~ A', MIET, 1980, ß1-. CTEA. 128, 249 K.a.
[7] The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Fully Revised, in 4 Volumes, 1986), Vol. 1, Page 828
[8] Lexico griego-espanol de! Nuevo Testamento, Tuggy A. E., Editorial Mundo Hispano, 2003, CTEA. 880 * Theological dictionary of the New
Testament, 1-~µµa: }:,:aup6~, T6µo~ 7, CTEA. 571-573, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1976
[9] Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt, 3 Tle. in Einzelbdn., von Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase, Gruyter; Auflage: 1, 1982,
CTEA. 680: "Die fur die Kreuzesstrafe im engeren Sinn in den ersten zwei Jahrhunderten n.Chr. benutzten Worter sind in der lateinischen
Sprache vor allem crux und patibulum, in der griechischen Sprache neben Ableitungen von <TWVQ- insbesondere noch (in alphabetischer
Reihenfolge und abgesehen von den urchristlichen Texten): avaCJKoJco:Jrt'i;,s, ( ofter bei Philo und Lukian) [. .. ]"
The Anchor Bible Dictionary, New York-Doubleday, Vol. 1, Page 1208 * Oxford English Dictionary, 1-~µµa: Cross, Crux* Oxford Latin
Dictionary, Clarendon Press, 1968, 1-~µµa: crux ~ucis * Theological dictionary of the New Testament, Eerdmans Publishing Company,
Vol. 7, CTEA. 573 * The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Fully Revised), Vol. 1, Page 826
[11] 0 w:TEpi:uHtav6~, 01:17v µapi:upla Jtou µa~ ölva yta i:o ox~µa i:ou }:i;aupou i:ou I17oou: "ro EUriv,K6 y(!aµµa Tau Km ro &K6 µa,;
y(!aµµa 'T' dvm oJc6u5w µs ro CJXfJµa rau l:ravQOV" (Kara MaQKiwvo,;, III,22), mo 1-ai:tvtK6 KEtµEvo, i:ov maup6 CTE oz~µa TA 'I i:ov
ovoµata "crucis" ("ipsa est littera Graceorum tau, nostra autem T species crucis")
[12] EvliELK,LKa, avacpepouv yta i:o patibulum: * The Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia. Moody Press, 1tjµµa Cross: "The patibulum, a wooden
crossbar" * Theological dictionary ofthe New Testament.1964-c1976, (Vol. 7, o-ü. 573): "Crucifixion took place asfollows. The
condemned person carried the patibulum ( cross-beam) to the place of execution" * New Bible Dictionary, InterVarsity Press, o-ü. 245: "He
was then made to carry the cross-beam (patibulum) [..] lt was this patibulum, not the whole cross" * The murder of Jesus: A study of how
Jesus died, Nashville, TN: Word Pub, 2000, O-EA.193: "to carry only the lateral crossbeam (known as the patibulum)" * The International
Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised (Vol. 1, o-ü. 826): "The initial variation in form ofthe primitive cross was apparently the addition of
the cross-beam. This development, in the Roman world at least, may be related to the carrying ofthe patibulum" * Art in the Early Church,
Walter Lowrie, o-ü. 129: "The patibulum (fig. I on pi. 32a), an upright stake with a transverse bar above it, is the most realistic form of the
cross on which criminals were hung" * The Seven Books of History against the Pagans, Roy J. Deferrari, Paulus Orosius, 1964: "The
* A Dictionary of
transverse beam was called the patibulum and, in Rome at least, it was customary for the criminal to carry only this beam."
the Bible: Dealing with lts Language, Literature, and Contents, Including the Biblical Theology, C. Scribner's Sons, o-ü. 140: "the
leaders of all the peoples fastened to the patibulum." * Treatises on Penance: On Penitence and on Purity, Newman Press, o-ü. 294:
"Patibulum (from patere) [. .. ] In executions, this was fastened to the stipes or palus to form a cross. Hence, by metonymy, patibulum is often
usedfor crux." * The Mythical Interpretation of the Gospels: Critical Studies in the Historie Narratives, Thomas James Thorburn,
O-EA. 276: "In accordance with the usual custom in the case of condemned criminals, Jesus had to bear the horizontal beam (patibulum) of his
cross to the place of execution." * On the Trial of Jesus, Paul Winter, o-ü. 65: "A heavy wooden bar (patibulum) was placed upon the neck
of the condemned man, and his outstretched arms were fastened to the beam. In this position, he was led to the place of execution. There he
was lifted up, the beam being secured to a vertical stake ( simplex), fixed in the ground, so that his feet hung suspended in the air." * The New
Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia ofReligious Knowledge Vol. 3, o-ü. 312: "the cross-piece ( patibulum) was either boltedfast to the upright
post"* Dallas Theological Seminary. (1983). Bibliotheca Sacra Volume 140 o-ü. 120): "lt is this writer's position that the phrase "take up
his cross" is a figure of speech derived from the Roman custom requiring a man convicted of rebellion against Rome 's sovereign rule to carry
the cross-beam (patibulum) to his place of execution." * Oxford Readings in the Roman Novel, S. J. Harrison, Oxford University Press,
1999, o-ü. 260: "Patibulum seems tobe used here as a synonym for crux"
[13] Tou~ CJTaVQOV,; i:ou~ ovoµata cruces (crucis mov EVLKo). ME i:o löw v617µa zp17mµ0Jtmouvi:av Km 17 AEl;T] crux (Ev.) Km cruxes (Jt1-178.).
[14] "There is good evidence to suggest that to "stretch out the hands" would be readily recognized as alluding to crucifixion. In Barnabas
12:2-4 ... Moses stretching out his hands (sstrn,vsv ra,; xdQa,;... )... understood as prophetic ofthe crucifixion of Jesus ... The specific phrase
eKretvw ra,; xdQa,; or eK:Jreravvvµ, ra,; xdQa,; as an allusion to crucifixion seems to have become fixed in Christian usage, but there is
evidence in pagan authors also that the posture referred to was associated with crucifixion (Epictetus 3.26.22: eKrdva,; CJeavr6v w,; o,
wravQwµivo,; Seneca, De consol. ad Marc. 20.3: brachia patibulo explicuerunt ... )" (Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt
(ANRW). Tl. II, Principat. Bd 26, 1 : Religion (Vorkonstantinisches Christentum: Neues Testament [Sachthemen]/ Ed. Haase, Wolfgang.
-Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1992, CTEA. 547)
[15] The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Doubleday, 1996, 1-~µµa: crucifixion, T6µo~ 1, CTEA. 1207 * Loeb Classical Library, De Consolatione, 20,3,
transl. Basare, John W., London: William Heinemann, 1932 * L. Annaeus Seneca Troades, Atze Johannes Keulen, Lucius Annaeus Seneca,
Brill Academic Publishers, 2001, CJd. 352
CTEA. 680 * Evans, C. A., "Word Biblical Commentary": Mark 8:27-16:20, Vol. 34B, CTEA. 499, Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 2002 * Aufstieg
Und Niedergang Der Romischen Welt (ANRW): Geschichte Und Kultur Roms Im Spiegel Der Neueren Forschung, Teil II: Principat,
Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase, Walter de Gruyter-Berlin-New York, 1992, CJeA. 547
[17] Dictionary of Paul and his letters, Hawthorne, G. F., Martin, R. P., & Reid, D. G., Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1993, CTEA. 198:
"the noun "cross'1stauros [. .. ] the cross, with or without a crossbeam"
[18] The Cambridge Companion to Jesus, Cambridge University Press, 2001, CTEA. 90-91 * The Anchor Bible Dictionary, New York-Doubleday,
Vol. 1, Page 1207
[19] Boles, K. L. (1993). Galatians & Ephesians. The College Press NIV commentary (Ga 6:14). Joplin, Mo.: College Press.
[20] http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/plautus/fragmenta.html
[21] The Cambridge Companion to Jesus, Markus Bockmuehl, Cambridge University Press, 2001, CTEA. 90-91: "lfwe can accept the certainty of
Jesus' crucifixion as an historical datum, what can we say about the manner of his death? [. .. ] In spite ofthe paucity and ambiguity ofthe
evidence, Martin Hengel suggests a summary sketch ofthe Roman procedure ofcrucifixion. Crucifixion included aflogging beforehand, with
victims generally made to carry their own crossbeams to the location of their execution, where they were bound or nailed to the cross with
arms extended, raised up, and, perhaps seated an a small wooden peg (Hengel 1977: 22-32)." * New Bible Dictionary, Wood, D. R. W.,
Wood, D. R. W., & Marshall, I. H., InterVarsity Press, 1996, CTEA 246 * Theological dictionary ofthe New Testament, 1-~µµa: l:ravQ6,;,
T6µo~ 7, CTEA. 574, 017µElwo17 #21 (avacpopa CTE Cf Benz, 1055), Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1976
[22] H oxfo11 i:ou "Su1-ov" µE 1:17v optt6vi:ta öoK6 i:ou maupou Jtou 1-Ey61:av Km patibulum JtEptypacpEi:m w~ EI;~~: "The crossbeam, or
patibulum, ofthe cross was placed an his tarn shoulders ... Chrysostom remarked this was like Isaac's carrying the woodfor his sacrifice ... "
(R. Kent Hughes, John, That You May Believe, Crossway Books, 1999, CTEA. 438.
LW CTllYKEKpLµEVO aJtOCTJtaoµa O Xpuo6m:oµos ypacpEL:

"Ol 08 s;rsßrpwv avrxb wv öWVQ0V w~ Kawö(xw AOlJr0V. Km ya9 w <;VAOV OlWVi(;ovw ... Ovrw Kal 8V iW rv;rw
ysyovs Kal ya9 0 löaaK w .;vJca sßaoWö8V .... Kal 1Jc8sv 8l~ wv K9aviov ro;rov." (PG 59,459)
[23] Kmazwp17017 #291,Johann Gottlob Ludwig Ramshorn, 1857, CTEA. 144
[24] "Jesus says Lipsius, carried the transverse beam ofthe cross to the place where the tree itselfwas already fixed in the ground. Plautus
alludes to this custom." (Henry Stebbing, Richard Cattermole, Sacred Classics, J. Hatchard 1830)
[25] http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/mostellaria.shtml
[26] rpmofo~ r., "}:i:aup6~", E>p170KEU1:LK~ Km HBLK~ EyKuK1-0Jtalöaa (E>HE), i:6µ. 11, EKÖ. Mapi:lvo~ A8., A8~va 1967, 01:. 451-452
[27] E>HE, 6.Jt., 01:. 458
CTEA.680
[29] "the Roman procedure of crucifixion [. .. ] included aflogging beforehand, with victims generally made to carry their own crossbeams to the
location of their execution, where they were bound or nailed to the cross with arms extended, raised up, and, perhaps seated an a small
wooden peg [. ..]. As we have seen with reference to Josephus' eyewitness account, however, this procedure was subject to wild variation."
(The Cambridge Companion to Jesus, Markus Bockmuehl, Cambridge University Press, 2001, CJeA. 90-91)
[30] }:,:o Loeb Classical Library, London: William Heinemann, 1928, Vol. 2., Epictetus 3.26.22, transl. W.A. Oldfather, aJtoölöEi:m w~
"stretched out like men who have been crucified". EJt[o17~, 17 EKcppaCTT] aui:~ zp17mµoJtmEl1:m 01:17 ßtß1-wypacpla yta va JtEptypa'-)!EL 1:17
01:aupwo17, YEVLKCI, (6Jtw~ Km ouyKEKptµeva 1:17 01:aupwo17 1:0U I17oou), EJtCIV(!) 01:l]V optt6vi:ta ÖOK0 1:0U maupou µE ,:a xepta CTE EK1:ao17:
A Month of Sundays, David T. Wilson, iUniverse, 2002, CJeA. 144 * The Day I Was Crucified, Gene Edwards, Destiny Image, Inc., 2004, CJd.
66 * Christianity and Plurality, Richard J. Plantinga, Blackwell Publishing, 1999, CJd. 45 * The Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Princeton University Press, Volume 5, CJd. 5605 * ß1-EJtE Km Aufstieg Und Niedergang Der Romischen Welt
(ANRW): Geschichte Und Kultur Roms Im Spiegel Der Neueren Forschung, Teil II: Principat, Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase,
Walter de Gruyter-Berlin-New York, 1992, (J'SA. 547: ""[ ... ] there is evidence in pagan authors also that the posture referred to was associated
with crucifixion (Epictetus 3.26.22: EK,Elva~ ornui:6v w~ m wi:aupwµevm) [... ] the allusion is to the practice of binding of the outstretched
arms of the criminal to the crossbeam, which he had then to carry to the place of execution."
[31] Avacpopa CTE ouv8Ei:o oz~µa µE optt6vi:ta ÖoK6 aJt6 i:ov Api:Eµlöwpo, 01:0 William Arndt et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New
Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd ed., University of Chicago Press 2000, CTEA. 941
[32] To aJtoCTJtaoµa EXEL tötali:Epo EvÖLacpepov Km yta i:ov 1-6yo 61:t 17 uJt68w17 EK1:u1-looE1:m 01:L~ }:upaKouCTE~, µla JtOA~ Pwµa·LK~ aJt6 i:a
1::\1-17 i:ou 3ou mwva Jt.X. (Ewaywyrj CJTr/V AQxawyvwCJ{a T6µo~ A' "Apzala EHaöa", Heinz - Gunther Nesselrath, IlaJtaö~µa~, 2001, CTEA.
279)
[33] E>HE, i:6µ. 11, 01:. 456
[34] Jesus Outside the New Testament, Robert E. V an Voorst, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, CTEA. 62-63: 0 AouKtav6~ ouvÖEEL 1:17v
01:aupwo17 aui:~ µE 1:17v JtEplmwo17 Ev6~ "executed criminal" 1\171-. s1a:dwµivov sydriµada, µE oacp~~ avacpope~ mov I17oou, i:ov
"}:ocpLCTi:~" JtOU 01:aupw817KE 01:l]V IIa1-m01:lv17.
[35]
* E>HE, i:6µ. 11, 01:. 460 (";EUxeri rjori 6n snt rau m:avQov, Kara rau,; XQ6vov,; rri,; QWµa'iKrj,; KVQWQXia,;, m xdQe,; rinlovvro :JrQo,; ra
nlayw, :JrQOCJaeaeµivm rj :JrQOCfrJAWµivo, snt rau OQt/;ovdov gulov rau CJTaVQOV."
* D. R. W. Wood et al., New Bible Dictionary, InterVarsity Press 1996 (c1982), CTEA. 245
[36]
* Theological Dictionary ofthe New Testament, i:6µ.7, CTEA. 572-573
* E>HE, i:6µ. 11, 01:. 455
* Michael Glazier, Monika Hellwig, The Modem Catholic Encyclopedia, Liturgical Press 2004, CTEA. 205
* Richard Viladesau, The Beauty ofthe Cross: The Passion ofChrist in Theology and the Arts, Oxford University Press 2006, CTEA. 42
* Dmitry Sergeyevich Merezhkovsky, Jesus Manifest, 1936, CTEA. 505
[37] Barnabas, Epistle of>Author, Date and Place, Ralph P. Martin and Peter H. Davids, Dictionary ofthe Later New Testament and Its
Developments, InterVarsity Press 2000)
[38] "EnsseQYetCJ0rJKav ro Kdµsvo ovo CJvvraKre,;, iva,; wvomoxQwrwv6,; sUrivwrrj,; :JreQt ro 90-115 Km iva,; avnvoµwrrj,; yvwCJnK6,; :JreQt
ro 130." (IlaJtaÖOJtou1-o~ r. }:i;u1-tav6~, 'IImpo1-oy[a', i:6µ. A', EKÖ. 417, A8~va 2000, CTEA. 186)
[39] http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/miles.shtml
[40] H µE1:acppao17 i:wv mlzwv Plautus, Miles Gloriosus], 359-360 ma ayy1-tKa JtpoepzEi:m aJt6 i:o ßtß1-lo: *Plautus-Three Comedies, [Miles
Gloriosus 359-360], Cornell University Press (http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=1746), 1991, O'EA. 40
E:n:i<n]i;, ym Tl]V av«i1u<n] ,:mv mixmv 359-360, 131.

* Miles Gloriosus, Mason Harnmond, Arthur M. Mack, Walter Moskalew, T. Macci Plauti, Harvard University Press (http://www.hup.
harvard.edu/catalog/PLAMIX.html), 1963, CTEA. 109-110:
"[. .. ] ( Cf.Cf. CJdxo,;) 359 extra portam: the allusion is probably to the Esquiline gate at Rome, outside of which the paar were buried and public
executions took place. [. .. ] The patibulum (in the next line) was a crossbar which the convicted criminal carried an his shoulders, with his
arms fastened to it, to the place for execution. Hoisted up on an upright post, the palibulum became the crossbar ofthe cross."
"(Cf.Cf. CJdxo,;) 360 dispessis = "spread out, "from dispando."
* T. Macci Plavti Mostellaria (http://www.alibris.com/search/detail.cfm?chunk=25&mtype=&qtit=T.Macci Plavti Mostellaria&S=R&
bid=8735728536&pbest=&pqtynew=&page=l&matches=6&qsort=p), Titus Maccius Plautus, E. A. (Edward Adolf) Sonnenschein, Oxford
University Press, Great Britain, 1907, CTEA. 69:
"fixed, like milkman 's yoke, over the soulders of the slave to be punished: to this his arms were fastened, cf Mil. 360 'dispessis manibus
patibulum quom habe bis' and note an dierecte 8. Tabe fastened to the patibulum was to undergo the first stage of crucifixion: bearing it the
condemned slave was driven, sometimes with whips or goads"
[41] }:,:o Loeb Classical Library, Livy 28,29,11, New York, N.Y.: Putnam, 1919-58, transl. Poster B.O.: µ6vo ,:o "palum" a:n:oölliE-i:m w~ "stake"
(=:n:a1-ouKLl:n:cwoa1-o~)- }:,:o löto epyo, :n:evi:E EKcppaCTEL~ :n:ou itEptezouv ,:ov 6po crucem/cruci, 0,:17 µE1:acppao17 a:n:oölöov,:m 6zt w~ stake,
ana µE ,:ov EI;~~ i:p6:n:o: [crucem sublato]=crucified / [cruci adfigi]=crucified / [crucem sublati]=crucified / [crucibus adfixit]=crucified /
[crucem tolli]=crucified
[42] Loeb Classical Library, Livy 28,29,11, New York, N.Y.: Putnam, 1919-58, transl. Poster B.O.: ,:o "palum" a:n:oölöEi:m w~ "stake"
(=:n:a1-ouKLl:n:aooa1-o~) ana 6zt Km ,:o crucem/cruci.
[43] Harper's Bible commentary, Harper & Row: San Francisco, 1996, oz61-to mo Wis. 10:4: "Wisdom. A poetic image identifies her as the
"pilot" of Noah 's ark".
E:n:[017~ CT'tl] µE1:acppao17 ,:17~ En17vLK~~ BLßALK~~ Ei:mpEla~ 11 a:n:61\0017 ,:ou xwplou Etvm: "oorjyrJCfe TO obww av0(_)W:Jr0 va e:Jrl:JrAeVCfel
navw CfTa Ve(_)Cl µ' iva wreU,; SVAlVO CfKarpo,;" Km CT'tl]V u:n:0017µELWCTT] 0 ypacpEL: "O, CfT. 3-4 :JreQlYQCl((JOVV µe CfVVroµta TrJV lCfTO(_){a TOV
Ka,v Kat TOV Nwe".
[44] Aufstieg Und Niedergang Der Romischen Welt (ANRW): Geschichte Und Kultur Roms Im Spiegel Der Neueren Forschung, Teil II:
Principat, Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase, Walter de Gruyter-Berlin-New York, 1992, CTEA. 547
[45] M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses, University of Toronto Press 1997, CTEA. 372
[46] Samuel J. Andrews, The Life ofOur Lord upon the Earth, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1900, CTEA. 550
[47] Richard Rambuss, Closet Devotions, Duke University Press, 1998, CTEA. 24, "Figure 5. Nature's cruciforms"
[48] L)(E'tLKCI µE i:o xwplo aui:6 avacpepouv:
* Early Church History, Verlyn Verbrugge, John H Sailhamer, 1998, Zondervan, CTEA. 89: "John[... ] also hints that Peter's death came by
crucifixion (John 21:18-19)" * A Risen Christ in Eastertime: Essays on the Gospel Narratives of the Resurrection, Raymond Edward
Brown, Liturgical Press, 1991, CTEA. 93: "Perhaps more specifically it is a reference to Peter's crucifixion" * The new American
commentary, Vol. 25B: John 12-21, CTEA. 338: "early in the twentieth century Bauer bad already argued that it was a fitting description
of the ancient custom of crucifixion. Hengel confirmed that this statement was an accurate description of the ancient tortuous
execution procedure of crucifixion" * Exploring Ephesians & Philippians: An Expository Commentary, John Phillip, Kregel Academic &
Professional, 2002, CTEA. 138:"Peter never forgot that scene by the lakeside (compare John 21:18-19) [... ] plunged into the depression of
unbelief by the tragedy of the crucifixion" * Life of Peter, Frederick Brotherton Meyer, YWAM Publishing, 1996, CTEA. 175: "and carry
thee whither thou wouldest not" (John 21:18). But he was not old. His power was yet in its maturity, and death by crucifixion" * The
Open Bible, (Jn 21:19), Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1997: "stretch out your hands: Jesus' prediction was fulfilled when Peter was
crucified" * KJV Bible commentary, Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1994, CTEA. 2124: "This language could refer to crucifixion" * Life
application Bible commentary, John, Tyndale House, 1993, CTEA. 408: "Jesus used a proverbial statement about old age to depict Peter's
death, which was by crucifixion" * Eusebius of Caesarea Against Paganism, Arieh Kofsky, Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, CTEA. 298:
"Jesus also predicted the crucifixion of Peter (John 13:36; 21:18-19)" * The Wycliffe Bible commentary: New Testament (Jn 21: 18),
1962: "Stretch forth thy hands. Suitable language for crucifixion"
[49] The Anchor Bible Dictionary, New York-Doubleday, Vol. 6, CTEA. 5
[50] 6.:n:., CTEA. 4
CTEA.680
[52] Ayy1-tK6 KEtµEvo a:n:6: * The Ante-Nicene Fathers Val.!: translations ofthe writings ofthe Fathers down to A.D. 325, Roberts-Donaldson,
Eerdmans publishing company, 1997, CTEA. 395 Km Irenaeus Against Heresies, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, CTEA. 70
[53] Ayy1-tK6 KEtµEvo a:n:6: The Ante-Nicene Fathers Val. IV: translations ofthe writings ofthe Fathers down to A.D. 325, Roberts-Donaldson,
Eerdmans publishing company, 1997, CTEA. 395
[54] Ayy1-tK6 KEtµEvo a:n:6: The Ante-Nicene Fathers Val. IV: translations ofthe writings ofthe Fathers down to A.D. 325, Roberts-Donaldson,
Eerdmans publishing company, 1997, CTEA. 340
[55] David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 6:240
[56] 1-~µµa: Palace, M.G. Easton, Easton's Bible Dictionary, IBM Corp, 1993
[57] B1-E1tE cpwi:oypacpla EÖw (http://www. utexas. edu/courses/romanciv/Romancivimages 18/ christparody.jpg).
[58] James H. Charlesworth, Jesus andArchaeology, Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006, CTEA. 669.
[59] David L. Balc & Carolyn Osiek, Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue, Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, CTEA. 106
[60] m:o löw, CTEA. 103.
[61] Richard Tyrwhitt, The Art Teaching of the Primitive Church With an Index of Subjects, Historical And Emblematic, Kessinger Publishing,
1874/2005, CTEA. 235
[62] The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6.Jt.
[63] Graydon F. Snyder, Ante Pacem: Archaeological Evidence of Church Life Before Constantine, Mercer University Press, 2003, CTEA. 62.
[64] Iwo17Jto~, AJtavi:a 1, lwmjnov Bto,; - IleQt aQxmorrrro,; Iovoatwv (Kar' A.1dwvo,;), µEi:cpp. Ka1ao,;, CTEA. 309.
[65] Iwo17Jto~, AJtavi:a 1, lwmjnov Bto,; - IleQt aQxmorrira,; Iovoatwv (Kar' Antwvo,;), µEi:cpp. Ka1ao,;, CTEA. 311.
[66] Ingvild Soelid Gilhus, Laughing Gods, Weeping Virgins: Laughter in the History of Religion, Routledge, 1997, CTEA. 54
[67] Philip Schaff and David Schley Schaff, History ofthe Christian Church, Kessinger Publishing 1910/2004, CTEA. 229
[68] David L. Balc & Carolyn Osiek, Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue, Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, CTEA. 106.
Paul MacKendrick, The Mute Stones Speak: The Story of Archaeology in Italy 2nd ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 1984, CTEA. 387. BAEJtE
CTXEl:LK~ ßtß1-toypacpla Jtou ouvÖEEL i:o aKtöoypacp17µa aui:6 µE i:ov zpwi:tavwµ6: * Religions of Rome, Volume 2, Mary Beard, Simon Price,
John North, ISBN: 0521456460, CTEA. 57 * The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1908,
CTEA. 318 * Apologetical Works and Minucius Felix Octavius, Catholic University of America Press, 1950, CTEA. 336 * Rise of Christianity, A
Sociologist Reconsiders History, Rodney Stark, ISBN: 0691027498, CTEA. 146 * Backgrounds of Early Christianity, Everett Ferguson, ISBN:
0802822215, CTEA. 597 * The Monuments of Ancient Rome, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 1950, CTEA. 48 * Christianity, Judaism and Other
Greco-Roman Cults, Morton Smith, Jacob Neusner, ISBN: 9004042156, CTEA. 168 * The Early Christians, Frederick A. Praeger, 1961, CTEA. 83
* Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, Houghton Mifflin, 1888, CTEA. 122 * Matthew, a Commentary, Frederick Dale Bruner,
ISBN: 0802826709, CTEA. 730 * Early Christian Families in Context, David L Balch, Carolyn Osiek, ISBN: 080283986X, CTEA. 103 * The
Mass, Lucien Deiss, ISBN: 0814620582, CTEA. 17 * Homilies for the Sundays of Advent and Lent, Richard Viladesau, ISBN: 0809136260, CTEA.
46 * The Myriad Christ, Merrigan T., Haers J., ISBN: 9042909005, CTEA. 147 * The Suffering ofthe Impassible God, The Dialectics of Patristic
Thought, Paul Gavrilyuk, ISBN: 0199269823, CTEA. 75 * Visual Communication with Infotrac: Images with Messages, Paul Martin Lester,
ISBN: 0534637205, CTEA. 207 * Tag ging: Chan ging Visual Patterns and the Rhetorical Implications of a New Form of Graffiti, Journal article,
ETC.: A Review of General Semantics, Vol. 50, 1993 * The Church of Apostles and Martyrs Val. 1, Henri Daniel-Rops Image Books, 1960,
CTEA. 220 & 258 * History ofMediaevalArt, Harper & Brothers, 1887, CTEA. 74 * Laughing Gods, Weeping Virgins: Laughter in the History of
Religion, Routledge, 1997, CTEA. 54 * Graphie Arts, Garden City Pub. Co., 1936, CTEA. 81 * Central Italy and Rome, K. Baedeker, 1909, CTEA.
236 * Evangelism In The Early Church, Michael Green, ISBN: 0802827683, CTEA. 244 * Art History-An Anthology of Modem Criticism,
Vintage Books, 1963, CJSA. 299 * The Forum and the Palatine, A. Bruderhausen, 1928, CJSA. 72-73 * Roman Sources ofChristian Art, Columbia
University Press, 1951, CJSA. 160 * The Remains of Ancient Rome, John Henry Middleton, A. and C. Black, 1892, CJSA. 208 * Light from the
Ancient Past-The Archeological Background of the Hebrew-Christian Religion, Princeton University Press, 1946, CJSA. 292.
[69] MEWX~ aoplm:ou i:ou aUgoµm, µE µE1:aKlv17017 i:ou i:6vou Jtpo~ 1:17 1-~youoa '--X- A},,sgaµsv6,;, I'waµsv6,;, l:w!;oµsv6,; K.a.
[70] Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue, David L. Balc & Carolyn Osiek, Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, CTEA. 103.
Peter Maser, Das sogenannte Sportkruzifix vom Palatini Fin 'fruhchristluhes' Denkmal im Widersireit der Meinungen Das Altertum 18, 1972,
CTEA. 248-254.
[71] Augustus John Cuthbert Hare, Walks in Rome: Volume 1, Adamant Media Corporation, 2000, CTEA. 201. C. W. King, Gnostics and their
Remains Ancient and Mediaeval, Kessinger Publishing, 1942, CTEA. 229, 230. Gerald Massey, Ancient Egypt: the Light ofthe World: A Work of
Reclamation and Restitution in Twelve Books, Adamant Media Corporation, 2001, T6µ. lo~, CTEA. 507.
[72] «To yKpacpli:t [... ] EXEL Epµ17vEu8El w~ JtayavLCT,LK~ Jtpooßo1-~ Jtpo~ i:ov Xpwi:tavwµ6, ana Etvm JtoAU m8av6i:Epo va aJtoi:EAEL
ßLOVUCTLaK~ avaJtapam:ao17 1:% m:aupwtfl]~ 1:% Kal:W1:EP% "twwöou~" cpUCT%, 11 OJtola, 0Jt(!)~ exouµE ~Öl] ÖEL, ouµßo1-tt61:av aJt6 i:o
yfoöapo. AJtOl:EAEL al;totfl]µEL(!),:0 yEyov6~ 01:L ÖEV exouµE Kaµla avaJtapam:ao17 1:0U ECTi:aupwµevou I17oou JtpLV 1:0V JtEµmo mwva
w:KX». (Timothy Freke & Peter Gandy, The Jesus Mysteries: Was the "Original Jesus" a Pagan God?, Three Rivers Press, 2001, o. 52)
[73] Henry Clifford, An Italian Romanesque Cross ofthe Late XIII Century, The Philadelphia Museum Bulletin, Vol. 48, No. 236, Winter, 1953,
CTEA.23
[74] Robin Margaret Jensen, Understanding Early Christian Art, Routledge, 2000, CTEA. 131.
[75] ToaKwva B., A, Qoat rau l:o},,oµ6vrw,;-Ewaywyrj, Kdµsvov, EQµrivda, }:uµµEi:pla, 1994, CTEA. 182
[76] Dwight Longenecker, David Gustafson, Mary, A Catholic Evangelical Debate, Gracewing Publishing Evangelicalism 2003, CTEA. 99
[77] 0 Vine ypacpEL aKptßw~ i:a EI;~~: "L'ravQ6,; O'TJµaivet :rTQWriO'rw,; "6Q0to :rraiovKt 17 :rraO'O'aAo,;". l:s avr6 KaQ<pwvav rau,; KaKonowv,;
yw va rau,; eKreUCJovv. Km ra ovCJtaCJTlKO Km ra Qrjµa CJravQ6w, "CJWQecbvw Cfe naCJCJa},,o rj na}.ovK,", :rTQE:rTet aQXtKa va
IJta<poQo:rrotrJ0ovv a:rr6 rrJv EKKATJO'taO'TtK1) µoQ<p1) rov O'ravQov µe rt,; IJvo IJoKov,;. Ta CJXrjµa rau rdwratov :JrQOiQxsra, an6 rriv
aQxata Xa},,oata, 6nov XQT/Cflµonowvvrav w,; CJVµßo},,o rau 0wv Taµov!; ( txovra,; ra Cfxrjµa rau µVCJTlKlCfTlKOV T, ra aQXlKO yQaµµa rau
ov6µar6,; rau) Cfe eKdvri rri XWQa Km Cfe ys,rav,Ki,;, :JreQtAaµßavoµivri,; rri,; A,yvnrav. l:ra µiCJa rau 3ov m. µ.X. o, eKKArJCJ{s,; dxav dre
vo0eVCfel dre :Jra(JeKKAlVel an6 OQWµiva o6yµara rri,; XQltfrtaVlKt),; :JrlCfrrJ,. I'ta va aVsTJ0Ei ro YDTJrQO rov a:rroO'rartKOV
EKKATJO'taO'rtKov O'VO'r17µaro,;, ot etlJw),,o},,arQE,; yivovrav IJeKroi O'rt,; EKKATJO'ie,; XWQi,; va avayevvrJ0ovv O'rTJV :rriO'rTJ, Kat rov,;
E:rrtrQE:rTorav (J'E; µeyaAO ßa0µ6 va IJtarTJQOVV ra E;t()(J)AOAarQtKa eµß},,17µara Kat O'vµßoAa rov,;. Q,; eK ravrav, ra T, CfrrJV :JrlO CJVXVrJ
rau µoQ<prJ, µs rriv OQt/;6vna yQaµµrj KareßaCJµivri, vw0srrj0rJKe yw va avanaQwra rav "CJravQ6" rau XQwrav." (Vine's complete
expository dictionary of Old and New Testament words, Vine, W. E., Unger, M. F., & White, W., Nashville: T. Nelson, 1996, Vol. 2, p. 256).
BEßalw~, ÖLacpwvlE~ µE 1:l]V C!JtO'-)JT] 1:0U Vine Km 1:17 ßEßm61:171:a 1:0U yta m:aupwo17 CTE JtCICTCTaAO, UJtapxouv m:17 ßtßAtoypacpla an& Km
m:t~ Jtl]YE~, acpou m Pwµalm m:aupwvav µE Jtonou~ i:p6Jtou~ Km 6zt µ6vo µE evav (IwCJ. Java. IJ6},,_ 5.449-451, l:sviKa,; Dia/. 6 [Cons.
Marc.] 20.3) (:n:pJ31 Dictionary of Paul and his letters, Hawthorne, G. F., Martin, R. P., & Reid, D. G., Downers Grove, III.: InterVarsity
Press, 1993, (Jf:A. 198). EJtLITT]~, 11 ßEßm6,:17,:a 6,L ,:o 0uµßo1-o ,:ou }:,:aupou :n:poepzE,m a:n:6 ,:17v UL08Ecl]CTT] ,:ou 0uµß61-ou ,:ou Taµout
ELVm ÖUCTKOAO va EÖpmw8El µE myoupta acpou m apxalE~ µap,:uplE~ yta ,:o ax~µa ,:ou }:,:aupou ,:ou l170ou (!)~ T ELVm :n:poyEvEmEpE~
a:n:6 ,:a µfoa ,:ou 3ou mwva (0Qf/1'1KEVTtKTJ Kat H0tKTJ EyKVKAo:rrailfata, 1:6µ. 11, EKIJ. MaQTivor;; A0., A0,jva 1967, l'TT. 451-452).
E:n:[017~, :n:pEJtEL va avacpEp8El 6,t Etvm ÖLacpopE,tK6 t~,:17µa 17 ELK6va Ev6~ az~µmo~ Km ÖLacpopE,tK6 o 0uµßo1-wµ6~ ,:ou (":I:vµßo},,o",
f:YKlJKAOltUtÖElU Ila:rTVQOr,;-AaQOVr,;-M:rrQtT<XVVtKa, ,:oµ. 56, EKÖ. Aiw;, A6tjva 2004). ÜL apxalE~ µap,:uplE~ yta ,:ov }:,:aup6, ,:ov
CTUVÖEOUV CTacpw~ µE ,:ov Xptm6 Km ,:o Ila8o~ ,:ou Km 6zt µE a6pLCT,E~ cpumoKpmLKE~ EpµT]VELE~ ~ "ELÖWAOAmpLKE~" 8E6,17,E~ (:n:pJ31.
Theological Dictionary ofthe New Testament, edited by Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey William Bromiley and Gerhard Friedrich,
Eerdmans, 1964-c1976, ,oµ. 4, <JEA. 794).
[78] Av Km mo A~µµa ÖEV :n:poCTÖLoplta JtOLE~ EVVOEL, CTE ana ,:ou KELµEva O Vine JtEptypacpEL µE ,:ov ,:p6:n:o au,:6 ,:17v EKKAT]CTLa Kuplw~ ,:ou
4ou mwva Km ,:17 µE,ayEvEmEpl] IlamK~ EKK1-170la.
[79] MapLO~ II. M:n:eyto~, <PatvoµsvoJcoyta Tr)s 0QTJCfKda,;, EH17vLKCI rpaµµma, A8~va, 1995, CTEA. 153-154
[80] Avamaalou rtavvou1-awu, Jxvri a:rr6 TTJV avai;rjTTJCfT/ rnv v:rrs(_)ßanKov, EKÖ. AKpl,m, A8~va 2004, CTEA. 425-426
[81] Kwv/vo~ Ka1-0KUP%, 0HE, ,6µ. 03, A8~va 1963, m. 304
[82] Theological Dictionary ofthe New Testament, edited by Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey William Bromiley and Gerhard Friedrich, Eerdmans,
1964-c1976,,6µ.4,CTEA. 794
[83] rpmafo~r., "l:rnvQ6r;;", 0QTJCfKEVnKrj Kat H0tKrj EyKvdo:rrat&w (E>HE), ,6µ. 11, EKÖ. Map,lvo~ A8., A8~va 1967, m. 414
[84] Walter Burkert, AQxato,; EUriv,K6,; IloJcmCJµ6,;, T/ s:rr{o(_)atfrJ 1:ri,; AvarnJcrj,;, Ila:n:aö~µa~, A8~va 2003, CTEA. 135
[85] Charles Penglase, Greek Myths and Mesopotamia - Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod, Routledge, 1994, CTEA. 5-7
[86] Ayoup[l\17~ }:aßßa~, 'Apa YE rtvWCTKEL~ a AvayLVWCTKEL~; - EpµT]VEU,:LKE~ Km ImopLKE~ MEAEcE~ CTE Z17,:~µma ,:wv Apxwv ,:ou
Xpw,tavwµou', Apw~ Zw~~, A817va 1989, CTEA. 182-183
[87] E>HE, 6.:n:.
[88] E>HE, mo löw, m. 419
[89] E>HE, mo löw, m. 422
[90] E>HE, 6.:n:.
[91] K1-~µ% A1-El;avöpEla~ (,Ü17 2ou mwva), Ilatoaywy6,;, 3.12.85
[92] "l:rnvQ6r;;", MsyrHri EUriv,Krj EyKvdo:rrat&w, EKÖ. Ilupa6~, A8~va 1927-1934, ,6µ. 22, CTEA. 304-305
[93] Theological Dictionary OJThe New Testament (Abridged In One Volume), edited By Gerhard Kittel And Gerhard Friedrich, W.B.
Eerdmans 1985, CTEA. 614
[94] A1-Eßtt6:n:ou1-o~ Av,WVLO~, H AaT(_)Ela 1:ri,; l:Ko:rr,a,;, ("Map,:upE~ ,:ou IExwßa Km Op8oöol;[a"), ,6µ. r', A8~va 1995, CTEA. 51
[95] Aylou NEK,aplou, 'Op86öol;o~ IEpa Km~x11m~', 417 EKÖ., EKÖ. Baa. P17y6:n:ou1-ou, E>w0a1-ovlK17 2001 (c1899), CTEA. 111-112
[96] Kapµlp% Iwavv%,Ta ooyµanKa Kat CJvµßoJc,Ka µvriµda 1:ri,; 0Q0oo6gov Ka00AlKrj,; EKKATJCf{a,;, ,6µ. A', 217 EKÖ., A8~va 1960, CTEA. 239
[97] http:// el. wikipedia. org/wiki/
%CE%9F_ %CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B 1%CF%85%CF%81 %CF%8C%CF%82_ %CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%81
CE.9F.CE.B9_.CE.Bl.CF.81.CF.87.CE.Bl.CE.AF.CE.B5.CF.82_.CE.BC.CE.Bl.CF.81.CF.84.CF.85.CF.81.CE.AF.CE.
B5.CF.82_.CE.B3.CE.B9.CE.Bl_.CF.84.CE.BF_.CF.83.CF.87.CE.AE.CE.BC.CE.Bl_.CE.BA.CE.Bl.CE.B9_.CF.84.CE.
B 7 _. CE.B8. CE.B5. CE. BF. CE. BB. CE. BF. CE. B3. CE.AF. CE.B l_. CF. 84. CE. BF. CF. 85 _. CE.A3. CF. 84. CE.B 1. CF. 85. CF.
81.CE.BF.CF.8D_.CF.84.CE.BF.CF.85_.CE.99.CE.B7.CF.83.CE.BF.CF.8D_.CE.A7.CF.81.CE.B9.CF.83.CF.84.CE.BF.
CF.8D
[98] ß1-. Theological dictionary ofthe New Testament, Vol. 7, CTEA. 577, 1-~µµa: l:rnvQ6r;;ll:rnvQ6r;; in the New Testament/IV. The Later Use ofthe
Word* The Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I,II,III,IV: Translations ofthe writings ofthe Fathers down to A.D. 325
[99] http:// en. wiki pedia. org/wiki/Death_and_Resurrecti on_of_J esus
[100] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix
[ 101] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross

Stayros Papyrus52

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Stayros Papyrus52

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Stayros Papyrus52

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

LTaup6i; wu Iriaou Xpwwu

0 l}raupo~ '1'01) I11aou Xpta't'OU Kat T0 ax11µa '1'01)

[H api0µl]GT] ,wv s8acpiwv TTJS apxaias BAAl]VtlCTJS Km AanvtlCTJS ypaµµamias

0 I:Taupoi; TO\J I11aou XpWTOll, avacpEpETm (JTO 6pyavo

0 Iriaoui;, UJtOXPEW8Y]KE va µETacpEpEL CTTOui; wµoui; TOU TOV

'Exouv ÖLmunw8EL ÖLacpopETLKEs aJtO'ljJELi; an6 EJtLCTT~µovEi;,

IlEptypmp11 -rov npofU,11µa-ro;

H KUpLa EJtLXELpY]µaTOAOyLa TY]s ClJtO'ljJY]i; am~i; ßaCTL~ETm (JE Mo ßaCTLKoui; aI;ovEi;:

1. Ka8w<; l)Jt~pl;av avtLKELµEva <JtY)V mox~ npo Xpwtou, Jt01J

2. An6 l<JtüplK~ Km YAW<J<JOAOYLK~ JtAEllpa, YJ

H EJtLXELPl)µcnoloyia JtOU JtEPL'YPCl(J)EL TOV ~Taupo TOU ll)CJOU eo; ax11µa-ro;

fLa to ox~µa tou Ltaupou, ELvm oriµavuK6 va µEAEtYJ8EL:

~'tavpo;, Crux & Patibulum

(lwo1nov, Iovöa"iKo,;; Ilolsµo,;;, 5.449-451)

"Patibulum ferat per urbem, deinde adfigatur cruci."

(Plautus, Carbonaria, fragment 2)

(Pwµa"iK1 a9xawloyia, 69.1-2)

"[. .. ] w m:av9w81vm sµLµ1oavw [. .. ] ,wravo1oaw ya9 .navra ra sv rw Kooµw, Sl avsv wv ax1µaw,;;

Luµcpwva µE i:a Jtapanavw,

(A9wµiöw90,;; L1a).öwv6,;;, OvslQOKQmKa, 2.56)

(Xa9frwv, .ns9i Xm9sav Km KaAAlQ017V, 4.2.7, los m. Jt.X.;)

Evw, o w:IIA.oumpxos (50 - 120 µ.X.) avacpEpEL Kan Jtap6µmo:

(IlAovr., IIs9i rwv v.n6 wv ßsiov ß9aösw,;; uµw9ovµsvwv, 554.A.10-11)

H JtEpLypacp~ Tüll AollKLaVO'lJ EXEL Ws El;~s:

H µap'tl,pta 'tl); EJTt<TTOÄrjr;; Ba(.>Vaßa

(E:rr. Ba9vaßa 9.8b)

• "AUa Kal <YTaV(.JW0d,;; e.JToriseW 6gel Kai xoJ..,j."

(E:rr. Ba9v. 7.3)

• "l17oov,;; aV8öi1] 8K V8K(JWV Kal rpavs9w8si,;; avsß17 si,;; ov9avov,;;. "

(E:rr. Ba9v. 15.9)

0 oprn; Crux O''tl)V Aa'ttVtKl) ypaµµa'tda

Jtoll oriµal VEL:

Jtoll oriµal VEL:

• "virgisque caeso duce et ad reliquorum terrorem in crucem sublato"

• "nominis Latini qui erant securi percussi, Romani in crucem sublati."

• "stabant deligati ad palum nobilissimi iuvenes"

(I8V8Ka~, Fragmenta, 124, 08 Lactantius:Divinis Institutionibus, 6,17)

"or his hands are tobe stretched out on the patibulum"

H ivv0ta ·nv; Ais11; "Bv).ov"

(AQlöWrp. AVölöiQCliTJ, 680)

• -ro 6pyuvo (JIUAUKt<rl]i; µE TptntEi; ytu TU xiptu Kat TU noÖtu

(IHovraQXOV, AVKOVQYO~, 30.2)

• To öivöpo µE (Jl)µßoAtK11 ivvotu

• To ponuio ~ iva ;uitvo uvnKEiµEvo TO onoi'.o µnopd vu EXEt Öta(Jlopu ox11µuTu

Km napa8i-rEL EWL an6 xwplo -rou i1svwQov6µwv Km ouyKEKpLµiva -ro:

Ta axifüa 'tov Justus Lipsius Kat 'to ox11µa 'tov ~'tavpot',

• EvayyiAta (los mwvas)

• Et{.J1JVaior;; (tEAYJ -rou 2ou mwva µ.X.)

Ta Euayyüta yta TO oxqµa -rou o-raupou (loi; moovai;)

H µap-rupi'.a TlJi; "E.JTwwJ..,jr;; Ba{.Jvaßa" (70-130 µ.X.)

(E.n. BaQvaßa 12.2-3)

Qöii; 1:oioµoov-roi; (TEAlJ lou iooi; TEAlJ 2ou cuoova µ.X.)

H µap-rupi'.a -rou Iouo-ri'.vou (µfoa -rou 2ou cuoova µ.X.)

1:tßuiiu,oi'. wtJoµoi'. (2oi;-3oi; cuoovai; µ.X.)

(DQlY8VI],;;, Kar:a KsJcoov 2.36)

(DQlY8VI],;;, Kar:a KsJcoov, 3.32.20)

MaALCT"ta, µE Wlls Mo amous 6pous, 0 DpLyEVYJs avacpEpE-rm CTE o-raup6 ox~µa-ros T:

(D9tyiv'7, EKJcoyai St,;; wv Is(,sKt1Jc, 9.4)

(!J.iKI] <lJWV1]8ViWV, ]2.4-13)