FOUASSON
FOUASSON
FOUASSON
L'UNIVERSITE DE NANTES
Par
Alban FOUASSON-CHAILLOUX
Arthropathies et Analyse du Mouvement
Arthrose et Arthropathie Hémophilique
Composition du Jury :
Président : Pr Pierre ABRAHAM Professeur des Universités – Praticien Hospitalier, Université d’Angers
Examinateurs : Pr Pierre ABRAHAM Professeur des Universités – Praticien Hospitalier, Université d’Angers
Pr Isabelle BONAN Professeur des Universités – Praticien Hospitalier, Université de Rennes
Dr Claire VINATIER Maitre de conférences des Universités, Université de Nantes
Dr Christelle NGUYEN Maitre de conférences des Universités – Praticien Hospitalier, Université de Paris
Dir de thèse : Pr Yves MAUGARS Professeur des Universités – Praticien Hospitalier, Université de Nantes
Co-dir de thèse : Pr François RANNOU Professeur des Universités – Praticien Hospitalier, Université de Paris
Invité(s)
Dr Marc DAUTY Praticien Hospitalier, CHU de Nantes. 1
Pr Jérome GUICHEUX Directeur de recherche, Inserm UMR 1229 RMeS, Université de Nantes
2
Remerciements
m’avoir soutenu durant les quelques années de ce projet. Ce fut un réel plaisir de pouvoir
travailler sous votre bienveillance. Je garde par ailleurs, un excellent souvenir de mon passage
participation à ce projet et vos conseils furent de précieux alliés pour mener cette thèse à son
terme. Mon semestre à Cochin durant mon internat fut particulièrement formateur et sut me
Madame le Professeur Isabelle BONAN, merci d’avoir accepté de juger mon travail. C’est un
Monsieur le Professeur Pierre ABRAHAM, merci d’avoir accepté de participer à mon jury de
thèse. Les 18 mois que j’ai passé à Angers dans votre service furent une expérience
formidable. Je vous dois le goût pour les publications. J’espère que nous continuerons nos
Madame le Docteur Christelle NGUYEN, merci d’avoir accepté de juger cette thèse. Je vous
3
Madame le Docteur Claire VINATIER, merci d’avoir accepté de participer à mon jury. Je
voudrais surtout vous remercier pour le soutien que vous m’avez apporté, ainsi que pour la
confiance que vous m’avez accordée durant toute la durée de ma thèse. Sans vous, le projet
sur l’analyse de la marche chez les souris n’aurait jamais vu le jour. Vos conseils, vos
Monsieur le Professeur Olivier REMY-NERIS, merci d’avoir participé à mon comité de suivi
individuel durant toute cette thèse. Vos conseils et vos remarques furent une aide précieuse.
Monsieur le Professeur Benoit LEGOFF, merci d’avoir présidé mes comités de suivi de thèse.
Le soutien constant ainsi que l’aide apportée durant ce projet m’ont permis de le mener à son
terme.
Monsieur le Professeur Jérome GUICHEUX, merci d’avoir été présent et merci pour votre
rôle essentiel durant tout le processus ayant abouti à ce travail. Vos remarques, vos
encouragements ainsi que les « coups de pression » mesurés m’ont permis de mener à bien ce
projet.
Monsieur le Docteur Marc DAUTY, merci pour votre aide. Merci de votre soutien. Merci de
vos encouragements. Merci de votre confiance. Merci de votre amitié. Rien de tout cela
4
Sommaire
Remerciements ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 Analyse du Mouvement dans les Modèles Animaux d’Arthropathies : les Rongeurs .......... 18
3.2 Analyse Quantifiée de la Marche dans l’Hémophilie : Etat des lieux ................................... 71
5.1 Annexe 1 : Exemple de rapport d’analyse quantifiée de la marche (données cinématiques (A)
et cinétiques (B)) ............................................................................................................................. 126
5.3 Annexe 3 : Score radiographique de l’arthropathie hémophilique, d’après Pettersson ....... 129
Guicheux, R. Gross and M. Dauty. Instrumental gait analysis does not highlight relevant
6
Liste des illustrations
Figure 2 : Part du handicap par catégories d’incapacité dans les pathologies rhumatismales et
musculo-squelettiques.
générique pouvant être utilisé en cas d’atteinte d’une articulation, quelle qu’en soit l’origine.
En effet, les arthropathies peuvent être de causes extrêmement variées comme en fait état la
responsables d’atteintes articulaires comme, par exemple l’arthrose, les infections, les
D’un point de vue clinique, ces atteintes articulaires peuvent être évaluées selon différentes
approches. Une approche basée sur le pronostic de la maladie causale et ses possibilités de
guérison, auquel cas l’arthropathie sera d’autant moins au premier plan que la pathologie
impactera le pronostic vital. Un autre type d’approche sera à l’inverse centré sur les
en cas de pathologie causale n’engageant pas le pronostic vital à court terme mais entrainant
une situation de handicap. Cela est particulièrement pertinent dans les pays à haut niveau de
occasionnée par ces pathologies et de préserver la qualité de vie des patients, à la fois pour
de ces arthropathies lorsque l’on souhaite évaluer une pathologie dont l’aspect musculo-
squelettique est au premier plan, d’autant plus que c’est souvent ce point particulier qui
justifie la consultation d’un médecin par le patient. En effet, le modèle centré sur l’histologie
ou l’imagerie, indispensable dans les phases initiales de recherche sur une pathologie, rend
insuffisamment compte des réalités cliniques. Cela est d’autant plus vrai que la relation entre
organe et fonction n’est pas linéaire, en particulier dans les maladies de l’appareil locomoteur
[5,6]. Il semble donc légitime de proposer des axes de recherche utilisant des outils
9
1.2 Pourquoi évaluer la marche ?
prépondérant dans le handicap fonctionnel rapporté par les patients ayant des troubles
musculo-squelettiques (Figure 2) [4]. En effet, elle arrive volontiers aux premiers rangs des
plaintes fonctionnelles handicapantes comme c’est le cas dans l’arthrose. Son étude en
recherche clinique semble être un bon critère dans l’évaluation d’une pathologie ou d’une
prise en charge thérapeutique. Ainsi, de nombreuses études animales chez la souris ou le rat se
sont intéressées aux conséquences fonctionnelles des arthropathies sur la marche [7–9].
Cependant, les différences entre marche animale et humaine sont nombreuses, ce qui rend
incertaine la transposition des résultats et donc nécessaire les études cliniques chez l’homme.
Figure 2 : Part du handicap par catégories d’incapacité dans les pathologies rhumatismales
et musculo-squelettiques,d’après Palazzo et al. [4]
10
1.3 La Marche Humaine
La marche humaine est le mode de déplacement naturel de l’Homme lui permettant à la fois
marche est une fonction complexe à la fois volontaire et automatique, nécessitant plusieurs
années d’apprentissage avant d’arriver à maturité. La marche est le résultat d’une répétition de
cycles permettant une translation vers l’avant de l’ensemble du corps [11]. Chaque cycle est
constitué par la période située entre 2 attaques au sol d’un même pied. Ce cycle est constitué
de deux phases distinctes, une phase d’appui (60% du cycle) et une phase oscillante (40% du
cycle) (Figure 3). Chacune des phases peut être secondairement subdivisée. Le pas est la
période située entre l’attaque par le talon d’un côté et celle de l’autre côté (Figure 4) [12]. Il y
Figure 3 : Séquences temporelles des phases d’un cycle de marche, d’après Delarque &
Pellas [13]
11
Figure 4 : Cycles de marche, d’après Armand et al. [14]
La marche peut être évaluée selon des critères temporaux et spatiaux. Concernant les
paramètres temporaux, ceux-ci sont fournis en fonction du cycle de marche. Par exemple, la
phase d’appui d’un membre qui correspond à la période d’attaque du talon (environ 10% du
cycle), suivi du plein appui jusqu’au décollement du talon (de 10 à 45% du cycle) pour se
terminer par une période de pré-oscillation avec basculement antérieur du membre concerné
et du corps (de 45 à 60% du cycle). Durant la phase oscillante, le membre concerné n’est pas
du pas. L’alternance de ces phases lors de la marche bipodale, induit des périodes de doubles
appuis où chacun des pieds touchent le sol, l’un en début de cycle et l’autre en fin. Les
paramètres spatiaux sont évalués en distinguant droite et gauche mais considérés comme
symétriques chez l’individu non pathologique. On peut donc évaluer la longueur du pas, sa
12
Figure 5 : Caractéristiques du pas, d’après Delarque & Pellas [13]
Le plus souvent, la marche non pathologique est décrite comme une oscillation verticale et
horizontale du centre de gravité corporel. Une analyse plus fine permet d’évaluer la
cinématique (variations angulaires) de chaque articulation lors de chaque étape du cycle [11].
L’ensemble de ces phénomènes est sous la dépendance des muscles qui assurent un contrôle
harmonieux des déplacements dans l’espace. Leurs rôles sont multiples : accélération,
freinage, amortis et équilibration. Ainsi, l’activité musculaire peut être mixte lors de la
et stabilité [15]. Par exemple, les muscles de la cuisses (au premier plan, quadriceps et ischio-
jambiers) ont un rôle fondamental dans la marche, dans la mesure où à lui seul, le genou
contribue pour une grande part à la puissance développée lors de cette activité [16]. Les forces
13
déplacement (de 1.2 W/kg à 4.5 km/h à 5.6 W/kg à 11 km) [16,17], ce qui en fait une
Ainsi, ces quelques rappels permettent de mettre en avant la nécessité de l’intégrité et du bon
comprend assez bien qu’en théorie, une « arthropathie », du fait de ses conséquences
14
1.4 Analyse Quantifiée de la Marche Humaine
l’évaluation objective de la marche humaine afin d’en identifier d’éventuels défauts mais
aussi permettre des choix thérapeutiques ou évaluer l’efficacité d’une prise en charge [14].
L’AQM est précédée d’un bilan clinique s’intéressant notamment aux anomalies neuro-
orthopédiques. Ce recueil pourra servir de base à l’interprétation des résultats mis en évidence
par l’AQM. L’examen est réalisé à l’aide de capteurs de cinématique, de plateformes de force
structures articulaires afin de permettre l’élaboration d’un modèle biomécanique. Les capteurs
Lors de l’examen, il est demandé au patient de marcher à une vitesse confortable et spontanée
sur un couloir de marche d’environ 10 mètres. Dans ce couloir de marche, des plateformes de
force sont directement intégrées au sol et permettent d’enregistrer les accélérations lors des
appuis. Ces mesures sont couplées à un enregistrement vidéo à haute fréquence pour l’analyse
15
A
C E
Les données issues d’un examen d’AQM sont ensuite traitées, analysées et présentées sous
forme d’un rapport (Annexe 1), puis comparées à des sujets non symptomatiques ou indemnes
16
permettent une analyse de chaque articulation à différentes périodes du cycle de
marche.
par les plateformes de force lors du passage des patients. Ces données permettent, en
puissances aux différentes articulations des membres inférieurs, selon des méthodes de
dynamiques inverses.
des membres inférieurs lors des cycles de marche et peuvent éventuellement donner
Les données d’AQM, d’examen clinique et d’imagerie permettent d’interpréter les causes de
l’altération de la marche chez un patient donné [21]. L’ensemble de ces éléments peut
compensations. En effet, il a été démontré que l’AQM permettait une approche plus efficiente
difficile d’établie un direct lien évident entre l’amélioration des données issues de l’AQM et
la qualité de vie. Certains travaux ont montré que l’amélioration des paramètres AQM pouvait
Cependant, il existe certaines limites à cet examen, notamment son coût et son manque
17
1.5 Analyse du Mouvement dans les Modèles
Animaux d’Arthropathies : les Rongeurs
Les avancées technologiques ont permis le développement de l’AQM chez des animaux de
petites tailles, particulièrement chez les rongeurs [23]. En effet, ces animaux sont utilisés
dans les modèles précliniques d’arthropathies pour leur capacité à produire rapidement des
humaine. L’AQM permet donc de passer à l’étape suivante qui est celle de la fonction.
Cependant, la grande différence de ces animaux est leur marche quadrupède alors que la
L’étude chez le rongeurs nécessite néanmoins des outils particulièrement performants dans la
mesure où les compensations peuvent se répartir sur trois autres membres et que ces animaux
ont des signes extérieurs de souffrance articulaire extrêmement minces [23–25]. Néanmoins,
les études retrouvent des mesures cohérentes et précises lors de l’analyse de la marche chez
Comme dans la marche humaine, l’évaluation repose sur des paramètres communs. Au
premier plan, on retrouve les paramètres spatio-temporaux. Les paramètres globaux comme la
vitesse sont au premier plan (Figure 7). On retrouve également, une analyse par cycle de
marche de chaque patte avec mesure de la durée, de la longueur et de l’angle du pas, ainsi que
paramètres calculés à partir des précédentes données comme le rapport entre la phase d’appui
et le cycle de marche (Duty factor) qui peut être exprimé sous forme de pourcentage [9,23].
18
Le degré de symétrie entre la gauche et la droite peut également être exprimé grâce à l’index
de symétrie temporelle en fonction des besoins cliniques, c’est à dire la durée d’appui de la
Figure 7 : Paramètres spatio-temporaux chez le rongeur, d’après Lakes and Allen [23]
pattes marquées à l’encre a permis d’évaluer les paramètres spatiaux mais ne permettait pas
d’enregistrements précis de la vitesse. Par la suite, plusieurs entreprises ont produit des outils
Le CatwalkTM XT (Noldus) que nous avons utilisé dans notre travail (cf. sous-chapitre 2.3),
une réflexion lumineuse des pas de l’animal (Figure 8). Les enregistrements sont effectués à
19
l’aide d’une caméra sous le couloir de marche. Cet outil permet également d’évaluer la partie
de la patte touchant le sol et l’intensité de cet appui selon une variation de l’intensité
lumineuse. Les mesures sont effectuées sur une marche spontanée de l’animal sans contrainte
externe de vitesse. Cette méthode nécessite un entrainement répété pour permettre une
D’autres laboratoires ont développé des procédés utilisant un tapis roulant afin de s’affranchir
des paramètres liés à la vitesse (DigaitTM, CleverSysTM). Cependant, cela ne rend pas compte
Les paramètres cinématiques, comme chez l’Homme, sont définis en fonction d’angles
articulaires dans l’espace, le plus souvent dans le plan sagittal, compte-tenu des difficultés
beaucoup plus difficile chez les rongeurs pour lesquels les artéfacts sont plus nombreux
puisque seules les chevilles permettent une analyse précise [28]. Certains laboratoires ont
20
développé des mesures fluoroscopiques de la cinématique du genou chez le rat mais il s’agit
Les paramètres cinétiques ou dynamiques sont souvent une simple évaluation du pourcentage
de poids du corps sur le membre concerné. L’étude des moments de force articulaire sont plus
rarement utilisés que chez l’Homme [29–31]. En effet, l’utilisation de plateformes de force est
plus rare, même si certains outils permettent la mesure de la pression exercée au niveau des
d’appui peuvent être considérées comme une mesure indirecte des forces exercées sur le
analyse préclinique des conséquences fonctionnelles d’une pathologie articulaire ou des effets
d’une thérapeutique. Cela permet l’utilisation de critères plus proches de ceux utilisés en
pratique clinique. Les paramètres spatio-temporaux sont à l’heure actuelle les mieux étudiés et
cinétiques sont en développement et devraient permettre à l’avenir des études encore plus
21
1.6 Objectifs de la Recherche
Ce travail a été réalisé afin de montrer la diversité des approches en AQM, ainsi que son
application en recherche à la fois préclinique et clinique. Nous avons donc évalué les
douleur et handicap dans les populations vieillissantes [32,33]. Dans ce cas, un modèle
marche.
notamment aux membres inférieurs chez des individus le plus souvent jeunes. Nous
avons étudié les hémophilies modérées qui sont la sous-population la moins bien
connue.
Nous avons choisi deux démarches différentes pour chacune des pathologies afin de
un cas comme dans l’autre, l’utilisation de l’AQM a permis d’évaluer directement l’une des
22
2 Analyse de la Marche dans un Modèle de Souris
Arthrosique
L’arthrose est une pathologie extrêmement fréquente, particulièrement après 60 ans [33]. Il
s’agit d’une cause majeure de douleur et de handicap dans le monde [32]. Son coût médico-
[34,35]. Il s’agit d’une pathologie articulaire complexe touchant l’ensemble des structures
symptomatologie est dominée par la douleur. Les troubles de la marche sont également au
premier plan dans la mesure où plus de 85% de l’impact de la pathologies est lié aux membres
23
La physiopathologie de l’arthrose est complexe car il s’agit d’une atteinte de l’ensemble de
l’altération des propriétés mécaniques du cartilage le rend plus fragile et moins résistant aux
ont un rôle important dans la pathologie [33,34]. De manière concomitante, on note une
prolifération vasculaire de l’os sous chondral vers le cartilage [34]. Ces altérations
24
s’accompagnent également de l’apparition de géodes et d’ostéophytes sous la dépendance de
phénomènes inflammatoires mais aussi mécaniques [33,34]. Il semble probable que des
comme cela a pu être montré pour le lien entre arthrose digitale et obésité [40].
fonction des localisations articulaires [34]. Bien entendu, l’âge semble être un facteur
prépondérant dans la mesure où il existe un gradient assez net au-dessus de 50-60 ans (Figure
9) [33,41]. Cependant, cela peut être aussi lié au fait que certains autres facteurs de risque
d’arthrose sont également corrélés à l’âge [34]. L’obésité est également un facteur de risque
important, à la fois pour des raisons mécaniques évidentes comme c’est le cas aux genoux
mais aussi dans le cadre de troubles métaboliques plus complexes [40,42]. Les déformations
des contraintes sur des zones particulières de l’articulation, notamment au niveau des
membres inférieurs [34]. Les antécédents traumatiques articulaires sont également une cause
de développement arthrosique comme cela a pu être montré dans certains sports notamment
25
2.2 L’Arthrose Post-Traumatique
L’arthrose post-traumatique représente une part non négligeable des causes de survenue de la
pathologie. En effet, Brown et al. rapportaient qu’environ 12% des cas d’arthrose aux États-
inférieurs [45]. Il est intéressant de noter que ces traumatismes touchent souvent des
personnes très jeunes en contexte sportif avec une forte prévalence des accidents articulaires
10% des accidents touchant l’appareil locomoteur [47]. Les lésions traumatiques au genou
seraient responsables d’un accroissement du risque d’arthrose. Ce dernier serait quatre fois
plus important qu’en l’absence d’antécédent traumatique [44]. Les gonarthroses post-
traumatiques représenteraient environ 10% des cas [45]. Les ruptures du ligament croisé
26
antérieur et les lésions méniscales sont des causes extrêmement fréquentes d’arthrose post-
retrouve une incidence de l’arthrose de plus de 10% et allant jusqu’à 50% , voire plus en cas
quadricipitale responsables d’un défaut d’absorption des chocs et d’instabilité chronique lors
extrêmement rare. En revanche, un antécédent traumatique est retrouvé dans plus de 70% des
unique d’entorse de cheville pourrait avoir un impact significatif dans la survenue d’une
27
Pour ce qui concerne les coxarthroses secondaires, les antécédents de fracture de l’acétabulum
sont retrouvés chez 25% des patients [44]. Cependant, l’obésité semble être un cofacteur
Ainsi, l’arthrose post-traumatique représente une part non négligeable de la pathologie ostéo-
articulaire aux membres inférieurs et est responsable d’un handicap fonctionnel important
chez des patients encore actifs [44,45,50]. Son impact socio-économique est majeur [45]. Une
amélioration des prises en charge est donc nécessaire tant dans la prévention des blessures que
28
2.3 Evaluation de l’Arthrose Post-traumatique chez la Souris : Histologie,
Imagerie, Fonction
l’ensemble de la pathologie, en particulier en cas d’atteinte méniscale. Son étude est d’autant
plus intéressante en pratique clinique qu’elle atteint des patients généralement encore
relativement jeunes et actifs avec des souhaits fonctionnels importants [46]. Dans l’article 1,
nous allons évaluer comment l’utilisation de modèle animaux associée à l’AQM pourrait
Résumé : L'arthrose (OA) est une maladie articulaire douloureuse fréquente, responsable de
troubles de la marche. Son évaluation par analyse de la marche chez la souris pourrait être une
stratégie pertinente, non invasive et longitudinale pour évaluer la gravité de la maladie. Dans
cette étude, nous avons cherché à déterminer la gravité au niveau tissulaire et les
quatre souris mâles C57BL/6 ont été assignées au hasard en 3 groupes (n = 8 / groupe),
(DMM). L'analyse de la marche a été effectuée chaque semaine avec le système CatWalk TM
XT jusqu'à la 16e semaine après la DMM. Après l’euthanasie des animaux, les coupes
29
histologiques (score OARSI) et micro-tomodensitométriques ont été évaluées à l'aveugle.
Toutes les données issues des groupes DMM ont été comparées à celles des souris contrôles.
Les genoux DMM ont montré une augmentation significative du score OARSI par rapport aux
témoins (p < 0.001). Le volume osseux calcifié de la partie antérieure du ménisque médial
était plus élevé du côté ipsilatéral dans la DMM unilatérale (p < 0.001) et des deux côtés dans
la DMM bilatérale (p < 0.01). Une semaine après DMM, la vitesse moyenne des souris a
diminué de manière significative dans les groupes DMM unilatérale et bilatérale (p < 0.001 et
p < 0.05). Simultanément, le « duty cycle » a augmenté du côté controlatéral dans le groupe
DMM unilatérale (p < 0.001) et des deux côtés dans le groupe DMM bilatérale (p < 0.001).
controlatérale est apparue de la 4e à la 16e semaine. Alors que la DMM bilatérale n'a induit
aucune modification détectable de la marche sauf une semaine après la chirurgie, la DMM
côté controlatéral et restreinte à quelques paramètres. D’autres études sont donc nécessaires
pour définir précisément la place du Catwalk dans l’évaluation des modèles arthrosiques de
souris.
Points clés :
arthrosique similaire.
- Les souris DMM bilatérales ne présentent pas de modification de la marche, sauf après
la chirurgie.
l’intervention.
30
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis damage in mice: from histological and micro-
1
Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes,
ONIRIS, Nantes, F-44042, France.
2
CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation Locomotrice et Respiratoire,
Nantes, France.
3
CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine du Sport, Nantes, France.
4
Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, F-44042, France.
5
INSERM, UMS 016, CNRS 3556, Structure Fédérative de Recherche François Bonamy,
SC3M Facility, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, F-44042, France.
6
CHU Nantes, Service de Rhumatologie, Nantes, France.
7
Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l'Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du
Rachis, Hôpitaux Universitaires-Paris Centre, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Assistance
Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
8
INSERM UMRS 1124, Toxicité Environnementale, Cibles Thérapeutiques, Signalisation
Cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Sorbonne Paris
Cité, 75006 Paris, France.
9
CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, F-44093, France
10
Université de Paris, Paris, France.
*equally contributing authors
31
Abstract
Objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a frequent painful joint disease responsible for walking
impairment. Its quantitative assessment by gait analysis in mice may be a relevant, non-
invasive and longitudinal strategy to assess the disease severity. In this study, we aimed to
determine the severity of OA at the tissular and gait levels in unilateral and bilateral post-
Design: Twenty-four C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned in 3 groups (n=8/group),
controls, unilateral DMM and bilateral DMM. Post-traumatic OA was surgically induced
unilaterally or bilaterally by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Gait analysis was
performed weekly with the CatWalkTM XT system until the 16th week after DMM. Before
animal sacrifices, histological (OARSI score) and micro-computed tomographic were blindly
Results: DMM knees showed a significant increase in the OARSI score compared to controls
(P < 0.001). Calcified anterior medial meniscal bone volume was higher on the ipsilateral side
in unilateral DMM (P < 0.001) and on both sides in bilateral DMM (P < 0.01). One week
after DMM the mice mean speed decreased significantly in unilateral and bilateral DMM
groups (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Simultaneously, the hind paw duty cycle increased on the
contralateral side in the unilateral DMM group (P < 0.001) and on both sides in the bilateral
DMM group (P < 0.001). In the unilateral DMM group, a significant increase in the
Conclusion: While bilateral DMM induced no detectable gait modification except one week
after surgery, unilateral DMM was responsible for a gait disturbance, mainly obvious on the
contralateral side and restricted to few parameters. Further studies are needed to better define
medial meniscus.
33
1 Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent joint disease, is a multifaceted inflammatory and
degenerative disease that affects 10% of men and 18 % of women over 60 years old 1 and
inflammation3. The knee is one of the most frequently affected joints, making knee OA
responsible for more than 80% of the disease's total burden3,4. Knee OA implies walking
disability due to pain and joint dysfunction (loss of range of motion, for example) during
loading and joint motion4,5. Human OA development is usually slow over many years and
variable from one subject to another, leading to the difficulty of longitudinal studies. To
overcome this time-related issue, animal models that generate OA in a few weeks are useful6.
While numerous mouse models are used to assess the functional consequences of OA7–9, very
few faithfully reproduce the human OA pathogenic mechanisms which dampen their
pathomimicry level and limit the relevance of their human translatability. Indeed, chemical
provide painful and fast end-stage OA. They are particularly used to study anti-inflammatory
properties and efficiency of analgesic drugs10,11. Some specific mouse strains are also used to
life and C57BL/6 are predisposed to age-related OA12,13. Surgically induced models, such as
the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) or anterior cruciate ligament transection
(ACLT) generate knee joint instability responsible for progressive articular degeneration
mimicking human post-traumatic OA14. Although in human knee OA, both knees are
involved in more than 75% of the cases9, bilateral mouse models of OA seem to have been
rarely used16.
34
Walking disturbances are one of the main consequences of the pain associated with OA.
These walking disorders are responsible for patient’s decreased mobility and physical
walking disturbance, this parameter should be taken into account in the evaluation of OA in
walking assessment can be an accurate predictive tool, to evaluate the potential effectiveness
of a therapy in humans, using common clinical criteria rather than radio-histological criteria,
because symptoms do not often correlate to the degree of the disease progression on
imaging18.To assess rodent walking behavior, several gait analysis systems have been
developed using either freely walking methods or treadmills systems. Treadmills exhibit the
advantage of controlling velocity to reduce speed variability between mice but they prevent
natural gait and the ability for the animal to adapt walking velocity19. On the contrary, freely-
walking systems allow assessment of natural gait including natural speed velocity which may
natural gait behavior19. Gait analysis systems may provide a non-invasive method of joint
function assessment in murine post-traumatic OA, which could help scientists evaluate in vivo
knee function and preclinical efficiency of DMOAD, with criteria closer to those used in
In this study, we aimed to measure in parallel analyses, gait disturbances, tissular changes and
models, with the ultimate goal of determining if gait disturbance could be a non-invasive and
longitudinal method to asses post-traumatic OA. To answer this question, we have evaluated
gait disturbance in mice after unilateral and bilateral DMM as a model of post-traumatic OA,
using the CatWalkTM XT system. This system allows the evaluation of free-moving and
weight-bearing walking. To confirm the OA onset in unilateral and bilateral DMM in mice,
35
we have also evaluated histologic and micro-computed tomography (µCT) joint changes in
both models.
2 Methods
2.1 Animals
All the animal experiments were performed according to the European directive 2010/63/EU
governing ethic and regulations in animal experiments. These experiments have been
approved under the project N°2015033111162660. Mice were housed in the animal facility of
Nantes Faculty of Medicine (Agreement no. C44015). Our present work adheres to the
Twenty-four 10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice, weighing 25.3 +/- 1.3 g were obtained from
Janvier Labs (Saint-Berthevin, France). All animals had reached full skeletal maturity at the
time of the study. After one week of acclimatization, mice were randomly assigned in 3
groups (n = 8 per group): a control group with non-operated animals, a group with a unilateral
DMM (Uni DMM) and a group with a bilateral DMM (Bi DMM). DMM surgery was
3 mm longitudinal incision from the patella to the tibial plateau was performed at the right
knee (Uni DMM group) or both knees (Bi DMM group). Then, the joint capsule was incised
medially near the patella. The patella was dislocated laterally and the medial menisco-tibial
ligament was sectioned with #11 blade. After surgery, mice were monitored daily for the 1st
week and weekly at the time of gait analysis for signs of physical distress.
36
2.3 Gait analysis
Gait analysis was performed using the CatWalkTM XT gait analysis system (Noldus
information Technology, The Netherlands)23. Before surgery and gait recording, mice were
pre-trained to cross the 42cm-walkway for 2 weeks7. Animals were individually allowed to
walk freely on an 8-cm wide corridor walkway with a glass floor in a dark compartment. Gait
was recorded according to a video-based system. Upon contact with the glass plate, the paw
reflected the green light to a video camera below (100Hz), which recorded the entire run.
Then, gait was recorded for each group before surgery (baseline) and every week for 16
weeks after OA induction. Gait analysis experiments were conducted blindly by the same
investigator. The scheme of the study is illustrated in Fig.1. The hind and the front paws were
assessed for data analysis. Gait parameters were acquired with the CatWalkTM XT according
to the method previously described by our lab24. Briefly, the criteria for compliant runs were a
run duration between 1 and 5 seconds and a maximum speed variation of 80%. Runs with
backing, sniffing, cleaning, or long stops were also discarded during the acquisition phase by
the investigator. Five compliant runs were necessary for statistical analysis. In most cases, the
first 5 or 6 runs produced the 5 compliant runs. We studied the following parameters based on
their frequent use in rodent gait analysis recommendations19,25: velocity, paw print area, paw
print intensity, stance phase, swing phase, swing speed and duty cycle (the stance phase as a
At the end of the gait analysis protocol, mice were euthanized and both knee joints were
analyzed with µCT according to Bouxsein et al.’s guidelines26. Joints were fixed during 48h
in a 4% solution of paraformaldehyde and then placed in 70° ethanol. Joints were scanned
37
with a Micro Computer Tomograph Skyscan 1272® (Bruker, Germany) at a resolution of 5
µm/pix. The images obtained during the acquisition were processed with NRecon® software
samples. The reconstructions of each sample were then spatially oriented identically, using
Dataviewer® software (Bruker, Germany), so that they could be compared to each other. In
addition, the Dataviewer® software makes it possible to obtain images of the samples in the
sagittal, the coronal and the transverse planes which constitute the starting point for the
selection of the area of interest. Then, the final selection of the area of interest was carried out
using the CTAnalyser® software (Bruker, Germany). According to Shin et al.27, we have
focused on the sub-chondral bone of the tibial epiphysis and the anterior medial meniscus
area, to assess bone volume (mm3) and subchondral bone thickness (mm). The anterior medial
meniscus has been isolated in 3 stages on a coronal plane by two different operators (MM and
BM): exclusion of the femur, the tibia and the patella, selection of the remaining medial
2.5 Histology
After µCT assessment, knee joints were dissected, skin and muscle were removed and knee
joints were placed in 0.5 M (pH 7.4) EDTA solution, at 4°C for 2 weeks for decalcification.
Then, samples were dehydrated in a graded series from 70° to 100° of ethanol solution before
paraffin embedding. 5 μm paraffin sections were stained with safranin O-fast green with an
automaton, Varistain Gemini S (Thermo scientific, USA). The severity of OA was evaluated
using a scoring system adapted from the Osteoarthritis Research Society International
(OARSI) as previously described (Table 1)22. The 4 quadrants of the joints, the medial
femoral condyle, the lateral femoral condyle, the medial tibial plateau, and the lateral tibial
38
plateau were analyzed, and scores were assessed by calculating the total sum of the quadrants.
Scoring was performed blindly and independently by 2 different trained readers (AFC and
BM) on at least two or three levels of the joint for each sample.
Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS 23.0® software (Chicago, Illinois, USA).
Results are expressed as mean +/- standard error of the mean. We used repeated-measures
changes in each gait parameter within each group. We also calculated the area under the curve
for the parameter “paw print area” in each group. To compare histological and µCT scores
among groups, Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Dunn tests were used. The significant
difference was determined at P < 0.05. Graphics and figures were performed with GraphPad
3 Results
Mice recovered quickly after surgery and healed in less than a week, which enabled us to start
the gait analysis protocol at one week after surgery for each group. All groups were
comparable concerning body weight (Controls = 24.88 g +/- 1.55; unilateral DMM = 25.38 g
39
3.1 Histology
knee joints 16 weeks after surgery. Our data (figure 2A) revealed articular cartilage
degenerative lesions at the right knees of the unilateral DMM group and both knees of the
bilateral DMM group (figure 2A). Moreover, meniscal morphological modifications were also
observed in both DMM groups, with thickening of the meniscus compared to the control
group which exhibited a thin and homogeneous meniscus. Histological scoring showed that
the right knee of the mice with unilateral DMM and both knees of the mice with bilateral
DMM exhibited a significant increase in the OARSI score as compared to the control group
(P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) (Fig. 2B). No significant difference was found in the
OARSI score between the right knee in the unilateral group and both knees of the bilateral
DMM group (P = 0.09). Similar degenerative changes were found in the case of DMM either
in bilateral or unilateral DMM. No difference was found between the control group and the
To further document the joint tissue damage induced by the unilateral and bilateral DMM, we
performed µCT analyses on subchondral bone. 3D images of coronal sections of the joints
showed morphological modification of right meniscus in the unilateral DMM (fig 3A) and
both menisci in bilateral DMM (fig 3A). Calcified medial meniscal volume was higher in
DMM, on the right side for unilateral DMM (P < 0.001) and on both sides in bilateral DMM
(P < 0.01) (Fig. 3A and 3B). Subchondral bone thickness was significantly higher on the
operated side of mice with unilateral DMM (P < 0.05). However, no difference was found in
40
the subchondral bone thickness and trabecular bone thickness (Fig. 3A and 3B) in mice with
bilateral DMM.
After having confirmed that unilateral and bilateral DMM induced knee joint damage
controls and OA affected mice. The mean speeds (velocity) are significantly inferior to the
control group in both, unilateral and bilateral DMM groups, the 1st week after surgery
(respectively, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05) and recovered similar values to the control group as
early as the 2nd week until the 16th week (Fig.4A). No statistical difference in the stance phase
duration, the swing phase duration and the swing speed was found between controls and
unilateral or bilateral DMM, both on the right and the left side and on the front and hind paws
(Supplemental data 1). The 1st week after surgery, the duty cycle was significantly increased
on the right side of the hind paws only for the bilateral DMM group (P < 0.001), and on the
left side of the hind paws for both DMM groups (P < 0.001) (Fig.4B and Fig.4C). On the
front paws, the duty cycle was only increased on the right side of unilateral DMM (P < 0.001)
(Fig.4D and Fig.4E). The right paw-print area was not significantly different between the
control group and the two DMM groups, both on the front and hind paws (Fig.4F and
Fig.4H). In the unilateral DMM group, a significant increase in the left hind paw-print area
appeared one week after surgery compared to controls (P < 0.01), this significant increase was
lost during week 2 and 3, came back at week 4 post DMM and was maintained until week 16
(Fig.4G). This significant increase of the left hind paw-print area of the unilateral DMM
group was also present from the 1st week after surgery to the end of the study, compared to the
right side (Supplemental data 2). Concerning this parameter, no difference was found between
41
the right and the left side, both in the control and the bilateral DMM groups. Moreover, the
other parameters were also symmetrical between the right and the left side in controls and
bilateral DMM (data not shown). The area under the curves of the unilateral DMM group
concerning the left paw-print area was significantly increased compared to controls and
unilateral DMM (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 respectively) (Table 2). Pressure intensity was
inconstantly variable between the hind paws of the operated side of the unilateral DMM and
4 Discussion
Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease in which cardinal symptoms are
joint pain and functional disability1,2. Therefore, OA strongly impacts patients' mobility in
daily living. While animal models of OA have been widely used to study the pathophysiology
and progression of joint damage, only very few studies have focused their attention on the
interest to assess functional parameters that are common criteria to those used to judge the
effectiveness of a treatment in humans. This study aimed to evaluate in a parallel manner the
parameters and tissular changes in mice. Indeed, while in human pathology, both sides are
often affected by osteoarthritis in about 80% of cases16,28, few studies have investigated the
DMM, ACLT, or medial meniscus transection (MMT), which are known to induce a slower
42
Histological analyses showed a significant increase in the OARSI score in the right knee of
the unilateral DMM group and the right and left knees of the bilateral DMM group. These
results are consistent with previous studies showing a significant increase in the OARSI score
in DMM21,29,31. Interestingly, the OARSI score appears similar in both groups, bilateral DMM
did not increase the OARSI score, indicating that cartilage degradation and OA are not
aggravated when both joints are affected. As expected from literature findings27, unilateral
and bilateral DMM exhibited higher calcified meniscal volume in the operated knees
subchondral bone thickness only in unilateral DMM, whereas no difference was noted in
bilateral DMM. Moreover, in both models, no significant difference was measured concerning
trabecular bone thickness. This is particularly astonishing since DMM mice could more easily
favor the non-operated knee when walking, and that in human knee OA no obvious
radiological difference between the bilateral and unilateral forms seem to exist28.
Using gait analysis, we wanted to assess gait disturbances that could be induced by unilateral
or bilateral DMM. Gait analysis allows the assessment of walking impairment which is one of
the main symptoms in human OA and a major therapeutic issue. This technic also allows to
perform a longitudinal follow-up with repeated measurements over time and without
sacrificing animals at each time point. However, results should be taken with caution since
investigated gait disturbance parameters could vary from one study to another. For example,
velocity is not always assessed in rodent models because some systems such as DigiGait TM
(Mouse Specifics, Cambridge, MA, USA) or TreadscanTM (CleverSys, Reston, VA, USA),
use treadmills with constant speed to get rid of speed variation19,25. These systems may be of
interest to eliminate aberrant results and variability due to mouse behavior issues. However,
setting apart speed variation may also constitute a limit because natural velocity is not taken
43
into account and may induce gait variations due to inappropriate speed. Therefore, walkways
seemed to be in favor of the use of CatwalkTM XT, due to its technical advantages in data
analysis with high-quality images32. In our study, speed variations appeared only during the
1st week after surgery and that could be explained by post-operative phenomena such as knee
pain or knee swelling despite an apparent skin healing. This speed parameter is not
systematically taken into account, notably because of the disparate data from one study to
another. On the one hand, some studies on ACLT rat models found no speed variation in a
daily analysis during a short period after surgery or a monthly analysis performed up to 6
months30,33. On the other hand, other studies using DMM models and CatwalkTM XT gait
analysis, the velocity was not provided8,29,31,34. In a systemic mouse model of OA with a
collagen IX deficiency, using a custom gait arena, Allen et al. observed a decrease in the
the hind paw duty cycle on the DMM-operated side and on the ipsilateral front paw in the
unilateral group and on both sides at the hind paws in the bilateral group, which implies a
relative prolonged stance phase and/or a reduced swing phase for each walking cycle, even if
these 2 parameters are not significantly modified taken independently. Thus, it may be
coherently associated with the reduction in speed during this same period. Yet, results
regarding the duty cycle seemed variable among the previous studies. Indeed, using
CatwalkTM XT, Ferland et al. found no duty cycle modification in their ACLT group during
the 26 days of analysis30, whereas Muramatsu et al. and Zhu et al. observed a decrease in the
duty cycle ratio at different time points after DMM induction in mice29,36. Moreover,
Kloefkorn et al., with a custom gait arena, found no duty cycle modification in the first 6
weeks after OA induction by MMT in rats37. In the present work, we noted no difference
44
regarding the swing and the stance phases between the 3 groups. Once again, both parameters
are variably modified according to the studies. On the one hand, Ferland et al. exhibited no
modification of the swing phase without mentioning the stance phase30, and on the other hand,
Muramatsu et al. reported shortening in the stance phase and elongation of the swing phase29.
Allen al. found a reduction of the ipsilateral stance phase, 23 days after surgery in MMT mice
but did not mention results concerning the swing phase37. In our unilateral DMM group, we
showed an increase in the footprint area of the non-surgical side, whereas bilateral DMM
mice presented similar footprint areas to controls mice from the beginning to the end of the
study. Poulet et al. reported similar results in a mechanical loading model of OA, where they
found only contralateral gait modifications, especially an increase in the footprint area38. This
is of particular interest since they obtained similar results with a different OA model and the
use of a treadmill system of gait analysis, suggesting that contralateral footprint areas may be
a gait parameter of interest to study in unilateral OA. However, these findings may be
astonishing especially because no other modification was found on the contralateral side and
the front paws. This may result from a lack of power in the study due to the low number of
mice, which do not allow to show a modification of the operated side compared to the
between the two legs in the unilateral DMM group, from the 1st week to the end of the study.
Moreover, on an observational point of view (Supplemental data 2), delta between left and
right paw print area seemed to globally increase until week 7 and then seemed stabilized. We
can assume that this absence of obvious changes from the 7th week (week 14 excepted), may
for gait analysis25,30,33. In the present study, the bilateral DMM group exhibited fewer gait
modifications than the unilateral DMM group. This closer gait behavior observed between the
45
control and bilateral group could be due to an inability to compensate with a healthy side
leading to a more symmetrical walking in the bilateral DMM group. This observation may be
correlated to the subchondral bone thickness increase which was observed only in unilateral
DMM, whereas no difference was noted in bilateral DMM. In human gait analysis, Creaby et
al.39 showed that, in patients with knee OA, those with unilateral knee pain and either
biomechanics while walking. Interestingly, patients with bilateral pain and structural disease
exhibited symmetrical walking, close to healthy controls. The conclusion was that gait
disturbance was associated with the presence of unilateral pain and not with structural
changes. This strongly suggests that pain in OA mice likely deserves to be assessed in parallel
According to our results and those of the literature, gait analysis systems allow highlighting
Hypotheses may be drawn to explain such variability. Firstly, results may depend on the
animal model chosen, mice and rats may have different behavior after a similar intervention.
Secondly, while DMM, ACLT, or MMT seem to provide comparable histological and
radiological OA lesions, we cannot rule out the possibility that rodents present different gait
disturbance. Thirdly, the different types of gait analysis systems used appear as a potential
issue to compare results from different studies. Indeed, we have already noticed that a free
walking system would not provide the same results as a treadmill system which imposed the
speed32. Besides, the reproducibility between 2 different systems using both treadmills
appears poor in murine model40. Finally, results variability could also be the consequence of
the gait analysis protocol. Although, some studies use similar murine models and identical
46
gait analysis systems, the delay, and the frequency of analyses may vary from a daily analysis
for a short period to a weekly or monthly analysis of up to 6 months after surgery. These
variabilities in the timeline of analysis may also have an impact on animal behavior due to
time of development29–31,33. From our point of view, due to the problems of comparability,
studies should provide control groups with standardized gait analysis protocol to limit
misinterpretations.
Our study has several limitations. Firstly, we did not use sham surgery group, which might
have been interesting to explain the gait modifications observed the 1st week after surgery.
Secondly, Catwalk can provide a lot of parameters, more than thirty per paw, and we have
chosen to restrain our analyses to seven of them, so theoretically, we may have missed
significant changes in mice. Yet, we have chosen the most commonly used and recommended
catwalk parameters25 to allow us comparisons with previous studies. Thirdly, it has previously
been shown that some of the gait modifications observed in mice could be related to pain.
This parameter, not assessed in the present study, deserves to be further investigated in pain-
related model of murine OA. Finally, our findings may also be limited due to the relatively
low number of mice, which may have been responsible for a lack of power. However,
5 Conclusion
This study shows that both the unilateral and the bilateral DMM mouse models provided
47
excepted at an early time point after surgery; it could be due either to a better gait adaptation
DMM was responsible for a gait disturbance, mainly on the contralateral side and restricted to
few parameters. These changes were relatively stable according to time, which prevents
longitudinal assessment of unilateral OA with gait analysis. Further studies are needed to
better define the place of the catwalk in the evaluation of mouse models of OA.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the SFR Bonamy animal facility “UTE Medecine” Nantes University. This
study was supported by the French network “Research on OsteoArthritis Disease” (ROAD
network), the ANR projects KLOTHOA and PPAROA and “Agence de la Biomedecine”
project 18GREFFE012.
Conflict of interest
48
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40. Dorman CW, Krug HE, Frizelle SP, Funkenbusch S, Mahowald ML. A comparison of
DigiGaitTM and TreadScanTM imaging systems: assessment of pain using gait analysis in
murine monoarthritis. J Pain Res. 2013;7:25-35. doi:10.2147/JPR.S52195
52
LEGENDS
Table 1. Adapted OARSI grading system used to evaluate OA severity (adapted from Mével et al.22)
53
Table 2. Comparison of the areas under the curves between groups for the hind paw-print
a
Significant difference between areas under the curve of the left hind paws of the controls and the left
hind paws of unilateral DMM (non-operated side).
b
Significant difference between areas under the curve of the left hind paws of bilateral DMM and the
left hind paws of unilateral DMM (non-operated side).
No statistical difference was found between controls and bilateral DMM.
Bonferroni post-hoc test: ***P < 0.001.
54
Fig.1. Experimental scheme of gait analysis and articular assessment.
After one week of acclimatization, mice were randomly assigned in 3 groups: controls, Unilateral DMM and
bilateral DMM. Mice were pre-trained to cross the walkway for 2 weeks. Then, DMM surgery was performed.
After 1 week of recovery, gait was recorded weekly for 16 weeks. At the end of the protocol, mice were
euthanized and both knee joints were analyzed with µCT followed by histologic scoring.
Time (weeks)
Gait training
55
Fig. 2. Histological analyses of knee joints after surgical OA induction
A. Histological sections in the right and left medial compartments of control , unilateral DMM (UNI DMM) and
bilateral DMM (BI DMM) operated knees at 16 weeks. Safranin-O and Fast-Green staining. MM = medial
meniscus; MFC = medial femoral condyle; MTP = medial tibial plateau. Arrows points cartilage degenerative
lesions observed on operated sides in the unilateral and the bilateral DMM group. Stars (*) shows thickening of
the meniscus in both knees in bilateral DMM and in right knees in unilateral DMM. Circles (°) exhibit a thin and
homogeneous meniscus in the control group and in the left knee of the DMM group.
B. Bilateral adapted OARSI scores according to the experimental groups. Data are shown as mean +/- standard
error of the mean. Comparison between controls and unilateral DMM ***P < 0.001 (operated side in unilateral
DMM = right side), comparison between controls and bilateral DMM °P < 0.05. R=right knee; L=left knee.
56
Fig.3. µCT analyses of knee joints after surgical OA induction
(A) Representative 3D µCT images of coronal sections of the right and left knee joints of controls, unilateral
DMM (UNI DMM) and bilateral DMM (BI DMM) at 16 weeks. Arrows (→) show meniscal morphological
modifications of right meniscus in the unilateral DMM and right and left menisci in bilateral DMM.
(B) µCT assessment of the calcified medial meniscal volume, subchondral bone thickness and trabecular bone
thickness according to the experimental groups. Data shown as mean +/- standard error of the mean. Comparison
between controls and unilateral DMM *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001(operated side in unilateral DMM = right side),
comparison between controls and bilateral DMM °°P < 0.01. R = right knee; L = left knee.
57
Fig. 4. Gait parameters changes in mice following surgical OA induction.
Velocity, bilateral duty cycle and bilateral print area on the front and hind paws were recorded for each group
before surgery (baseline: 0) and weekly for 16 weeks after DMM. Comparison between bilateral DMM and
controls °P < 0.05, comparison between unilateral DMM and controls, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P <0.001.
58
59
60
Supplemental data 1. Gait parameters assessment in mice following surgical OA induction.
No modification was shown neither on the front nor the hind paws concerning stance phase, swing phase and
swing speed. Comparison between unilateral DMM and controls, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P <0.001.
61
62
63
64
65
Supplemental data 2. Comparisons between the right and the left side, in the control, the
unilateral and the bilateral DMM groups, concerning the hind paw-print area parameter. *P <
66
3 Evaluations Fonctionnelles des Membres Inférieurs
facteur IX (hémophilie B), ce qui les rend sujets à des saignements spontanés potentiellement
gravissimes. Cette affection étant liée au chromosome X, elle touche les sujets de sexe
masculin. En fonction du degré de déficit en facteur de coagulation, les patients sont répartis
en trois catégories : sévères (taux de facteur < 1%), modérées (entre 1 et 5%) et mineures
(entre 5% et < 40%) [54]. Il s’agit d’une pathologie rare (1 / 5 000 naissances masculines
pour l’hémophilie A et 1 / 25 000 pour l’hémophilie B) dont la répartition entre les formes est
Les saignements touchent avant tout les articulations puisque les hémarthroses représentent
85% des phénomènes hémorragiques dont 80% au niveau des grosses articulations synoviales.
Cette plus grande susceptibilité aux saignements de ces articulations est vraisemblablement le
fait d’une vascularisation importante du tissu synovial associée à des contraintes mécaniques
relativement basse par rapport à d’autres tissus et le taux d’inhibiteur de la voie du Facteur
Tissulaire est élevé [56–59]. A court terme, ces hémarthroses sont responsables de douleur,
67
l’accumulation d’hémosidérine au sein de l’articulation liée aux hémarthroses répétées [62–
64].
secondaires aux saignements répétés intra-articulaires [64,65] (Figure 13). Elles sont source
d’un handicap fonctionnel majeur et d’une détérioration de la qualité de vie des patients [66].
Ces atteintes articulaires sont surtout présentes au niveau des chevilles, genoux et coudes [56].
Ces arthropathies évoluent vers une destruction cartilagineuse et des déformations articulaires
La dégradation du cartilage est due à la toxicité directe du sang mais aussi aux modifications
du tissu synovial. En effet, le fer libéré par les érythrocytes sous forme d’hémosidérine
provoque une dégradation accrue du tissu cartilagineux, tout en limitant ses possibilités de
régénération. De même, l’exposition répétée au fer via l’hémosidérine a une action sur le tissu
68
synovial qui produit de manière inappropriée des molécules de dégradation cartilagineuse :
des cytokines pro-inflammatoires et des protéases. Les effets synoviaux peuvent être
initialement réversibles lors de rares épisodes de saignement. En revanche, les effets directs
de l’exposition aux dérivés sanguins sur le cartilage, sont eux irréversibles dès le premier
physiopathologie reste assez mal définie (Annexe 2) [56,64]. L’ensemble de ces phénomènes,
la mise en décharge répétée du membre lésé, pouvant induire une instabilité chronique de
[56,64].
Depuis les années 1970, la prise en charge de l’hémophilie s’est particulièrement améliorée
suite à l’introduction des substitutions en facteurs de coagulation. Dans les pays à haut niveau
de vie, une prophylaxie dès le plus jeune âge est proposée aux patients présentant un déficit
sévère en facteur de coagulation. Cela a permis une réduction significative des complications
Cependant, la prise en charge de l’hémophilie modérée est moins bien codifiée dans la mesure
où ces patients sont théoriquement moins susceptibles de saigner donc moins à risque de
développer des arthropathies [76]. La prise en charge n’est actuellement pas consensuelle et la
mise en place d’un traitement n’est souvent proposée qu’à la demande, c'est-à-dire prescrite
des arthropathies sévères source de handicap important [66,76]. Récemment, il a été rapporté
que plus de 80% des hémophiles modérés présentaient plusieurs hémarthroses par an [78] et
qu’entre 43 et 77% de ces patients rapportaient une atteinte articulaire et 32% au moins deux
atteintes [66,76]. Cependant, du fait de la très faible part que représente ces patients par
rapport à l’ensemble des hémophiles (environ 15 à 20% de l’ensemble des hémophilies), les
données manquent quant aux conséquences des arthropathies sur cette population
[66,76,77,79].
70
3.2 Analyse Quantifiée de la Marche dans l’Hémophilie : Etat des
lieux
Récemment, l’analyse de la marche chez l’hémophile est apparue comme un outil prometteur
permettant d’une part de mettre en évidence certaines anomalies précoces infra cliniques et
d’autre part, de corréler les troubles de la fonction articulaire aux troubles fonctionnels de la
marche [5,80–83].
L’article 2 ci-après est une synthèse des modalités d’utilisation de l’AQM dans l’hémophilie.
publication.
hémophiles.
Résumé : L’hémophilie est caractérisée par un déficit congénital en facteurs VIII et IX. L’une
pouvant induire une arthropathie hémophilique irréversible source d’un handicap à la marche.
l’hémophilie car elle permet une évaluation poly-articulaire en charge. L’objectif de ce travail
des patients hémophiles. Le grand intérêt de l’analyse du mouvement serait de détecter des
Chez l’adulte, cette technique pourrait également être utile pour détecter des aggravations de
71
la marche chez des patients ayant des arthropathies déjà connues. Cependant, cet examen est
même, la généralisation de ces résultats reste délicate, en particulier pour comparer les
hémophiles à une population non pathologique. En effet, dans les études les groupes sont
petits et le plus souvent hétérogènes en termes d’âge et d’articulations atteintes. Cela résulte
certainement de la rareté de cette pathologie. Ainsi, il pourrait être intéressant de réaliser des
études de cohortes plus larges afin de permettre des analyses de sous-groupes, ce qui aiderait
l’hémophilie.
Points clés :
troubles de la marche.
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
3.3 Analyse Quantifiée de la Marche dans l’Hémophilie Modérée
la relative méconnaissance de sa forme modérée, nous avons souhaité inclure dans notre étude
tous les patients hémophiles modérés suivi au Centre Régional de Traitement de l’Hémophilie
du CHU de Nantes afin de connaitre les conséquences de cette pathologie, même infra-
cliniques. De manière associée, nous avons analysé les liens potentiels avec différents
souhaité réaliser de manière systématique une analyse 3D de la marche chez des hémophiles
quatre hémophiles modérés âgés de 44,3 +/- 16,6 ans ont réalisé cette analyse 3D de la
marche. Ils ont été comparés à des sujets contrôles issus d’une base de données normative. Ils
étaient appariés sur le poids, la taille et l’âge. Chez les hémophiles, nous recherchions le taux
Score 2.1) était également réalisé. Les hémophiles modérés ne présentaient pas de différences
significatives par rapport aux contrôles, concernant le « Gait Profile Score », les paramètres
22,3 +/- 11,3), mais sans trouble de la marche évident au niveau du groupe. Une faible
corrélation était retrouvée entre les paramètres cinématiques sagittaux du genou et le sous-
score du genou du HJHS (R2 = 0.290 ; P < 0.001), et entre les paramètres cinématiques
Comparés à un groupe contrôle, les patients hémophiles modérés présentent globalement une
absence de trouble de la marche bien que certains d’entre eux aient d’authentiques
doivent être réalisées afin de confirmer l’hétérogénéité des hémophiles modérés concernant
les troubles de la marche. L’analyse 3D de la marche semble plus pertinente dans le cadre de
Points clés :
- Au niveau collectif, l’AQM ne montre pas de troubles évidents de la marche entre les
- Certains patients ont néanmoins une altération franche de leur marche en lien avec une
arthropathie.
82
3D gait analysis does not highlight relevant gait deviations in patient with
moderate haemophilia: A regional cohort study
1
Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes,
ONIRIS, Nantes, F-44042, France.
2
CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire,
Nantes, France.
3
CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine du Sport, Nantes, France.
4
Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, Nantes, France.
5
Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, EA 4334, F-
44000 Nantes, France.
6
CHU Nantes, Service de Rhumatologie, Nantes, France.
7
CHU Nantes, Centre Régional de Traitement de l’Hémophilie, France
8
Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l'Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du
Rachis, Hôpitaux Universitaires-Paris Centre, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Assistance
Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
9
Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, F-44042, France.
10
CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, F-44093, France.
11
School of Health & Society, The University of Salford, UK.
Introduction: Some patients with moderate haemophilia (PWMH) report joint damage and
gait analysis (3DGA) is a relevant and useful tool for the identification of complex
musculoskeletal impairment.
Aim: To perform a systematic evaluation with 3DGA of PWMH and assess correlation with
Methods: 24 PWMH aged 44.3 ± 16.1 performed a 3DGA. They were compared to a control
group from a normative dataset, matching for weight, height and age. In PWMH, level of
clotting factor and knee Pettersson score were pursued and Haemophilia Joint Health Score
Results: PWMH did not significantly differ from the control group, regarding the gait profile
score, the kinematic parameters, and the spatial/temporal parameters, despite some differences
at the individual level. One third of the PWMH had poor joint status (mean HJHS of 22.3 ±
11.3), but did not show evident gait impairment. Negligible significant correlations were
found between knee sagittal kinematic parameters and knee HJHS sub-score (R2 = 0.290; P <
0.0001), and between ankle sagittal kinetic parameters and Pettersson score (R2 = 0.250; P =
0.004).
larger group of PWMH should be performed to confirm the heterogenity of PWMH regarding
their lower limb impairments and function. 3DGA could be more appropriate to detect
84
KEYWORDS Haemophilia, Arthropathy, 3D Gait Analysis, Walking, Haemophilia Joint
Health Score.
85
1 INTRODUCTION
according to the level clotting factor: severe (< 1%), moderate (1-5%) or mild disease (5-
40%)1. This clotting factor deficiency is responsible for repetitive intra-articular bleeding that
may induce haemophilic arthropathy, one of the most severe long-term complications of
destruction, especially on knees and ankles2,3. It is responsible for pain, functional disability
and a decrease in the quality of life4. Patients with moderate haemophilia (PWMH), who
represent 15 to 20% of all the patients with haemophilia, are supposed to have a lower risk of
joint bleeding and then less arthropathies5–9. However, some studies suggest that some
PWMH have early onsets of joint bleeding and have several bleeds a year10. Indeed, from
25% to 77.2% of the PWMH reported joint damage and developed several lower-limb
3D Gait Analysis (3DGA) is a relevant and useful tool for the detection of gait deviation and
with severe haemophilia seems to be a promising tool to detect early walking modifications,
and to correlate joint damage to walking impairments15,16. Several studies have shown that
detection of early joint damage as well as in the long-term assessment of gait in this
lacking15,19.
The present study aimed to perform a systematic evaluation with 3DGA of PWMH followed
in a French regional center for the treatment of haemophilia in order to provide kinematic and
86
kinetic data. Then, we aimed to assess potential correlations between the clinical and gait
2.1 Participants
PWMH have been included from November 2019 to September 2020. All the PWMH over
18, followed in the Regional Center of Haemophilia Treatment of Nantes University Hospital
(France) were contacted by phone. Inclusion criteria were: having a moderate haemophilia (A
or B) and being over 18. Criteria of exclusion were: inability to walk, refusal to participate,
having had a lower limb joint bleed in the past 6 months, other diseases with an impact on
walking (neurological and unstable cardiorespiratory diseases). Out of the 44 eligible PWMH,
12 could not be contacted by phone, 5 declined to participate in the study and 3 were
excluded. Finally, 24 PWMH were included. Mean age was 44.3 ± 16.1 years, mean weight
was 75.9 ± 15.0 Kg and mean height was 173.0 ± 6.6 cm. Characteristics of the PWMH are
presented in table 1. Sixteen had haemophilia A and 9 had haemophilia B. The mean clotting
factor level was 3.0 ± 1.0 %. All the patients had on-demand treatment. PWMH were
compared to a control group from our normative dataset (n = 30, height: 167 ± 6.0 cm, 69.8 ±
15.0 kg and BMI 24.8± 4.2 kg.m2) constructed by our clinical gait service for 3DGA routine.
The study protocol had been ethically approved by the “Comité de Protection des Personnes”
ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT04024176. All the patients included gave their
87
2.2 Three-dimension Gait Analysis
Patients walked barefoot and unassisted along a 12-m walkway, at self-selected speed. First,
all patients performed three to six gait trials to get familiar with the gait lab. Eight
reflective markers positioned on the subjects according to the conventional gait model 2.3
(CGM2)20. The gait cycles were detected from force-plates and refined from video recording.
Marker trajectories were low-pass filtered according to Woltring procedure21. The force-plate
measurements were processed with a low-pass butterworth filter (4th order, cutoff frequency
of 6 Hz).
Usual spatio-temporal parameters (i.e. walking velocity, cadence, step length, percentages of
the stance phase and double support) were calculated for each gait cycle.
The gait profile score (GPS) was computed to quantify the overall deviation of joint
kinematics as compared to the control group22,23. The GPS averages the root mean square
difference of each joint angle (a.k.a Gait Variable Scores (GVSs)) from their respective
normative values. Due to the particular involvement of both the ankle and the knee in
hemophilia, we specifically noted GVSs for the sagittal plane kinematics of knee and
ankle23.
All the processing, including modelling operation and gait processing ( i.e. normalization of
gait cycles) was carried-out with the Python open source library, pyCGM220 hosting CGM2
operations.
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2.3 Hemophilia Joint Health Score
The Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) is a clinical score used to assess joint impairment.
Initially designed for children with haemophilia24,25, HJHS (version 2.1) has also
demonstrated high reliability in adult patients26. The HJHS has multiple items for elbow,
knee, and ankle joints, with a total score for each of 3 domains ranging from 0 to 40,
associated to a global gait score ranging from 0 to 4). The total HJHS ranges from 0 to124. A
HJHS over 10 points is usually considered a poor joint status11,27. Hence, we subdivided our
population into two sub-groups: PWMH with HJHS < 10 and PWMH ≥ 10. Knee and ankle
sub-scores were also calculated for each joint as mean values of the right and left side16. In
case of joint arthroplasty, the joint was excluded from the score.
We chose to focus our evaluation on knees and ankles due to their high prevalence in
and ankles were performed by 2 highly experienced PMR specialists using the Pettersson
radiological score30. The Pettersson score is based on eight specific radiographic criteria (0 to
13 points) and has been validated by the World Federation of Haemophilia to assess
haemophilic arthropathy31. Knee and ankle sub-scores were calculated for each joint as mean
values of the right and left side. In case of joint arthroplasty, the joint was excluded from the
score.
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2.5 Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed in the R environment 2.13 (R Development Core Team,
distribution of the data was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk tests. Quantitative variable
comparisons between sub-groups of PWMH with HJHS < 10 and PWMH with HJHS ≥ 10
were performed with either student T-tests for independent variables or Mann-Whitney tests;
Wallis tests. For 3DGA variables, we first used a repeated mixed linear model to analyze the
relationship between the scores (dependent variables) in the group of PWMH and the control
group (independent variable). A second repeated mixed linear model analyzed the relationship
between scores in the sub-group of PWMH with HJHS > 10 or the one of PWMH with HJHS
≤ 10 and their respective matching control sub-groups. The threshold was set to 0.05
corrected by Bonferroni adjustment for the mixed linear model evaluations, taking into
account the number of parameters and the number of groups for each test. In PWMH, the
association between the GPS or GVS with clinical score (i.e. HJHS sub-scores, Pettersson
knee and ankle sub-scores) was given by the pseudo R square of a mixed model considering
the clinical score as covariable and the patient as random error32. The correlation coefficient
was interpreted using the usual rules33: Strong correlation (R2>0.9); High (0.7<R2<0.9);
90
3 RESULTS
Nineteen PWMH had previously experienced lower limb joint bleedings (79.1%). Six patients
had previous knee bleedings, 8 patients had ankle bleedings and 5 had both. The mean HJHS
total score was 9.3 ± 11.6 with mean knee sub-score of 1.9 ± 2.6 and mean ankle sub-score of
4.4 ± 6.7. The mean knee and ankle sub-scores of Pettersson score were 2.0 ± 2.3 and 3.3 ±
3.8, respectively.
Sixteen patients had a HJHS < 10 and 8 patients had a HJHS ≥ 10. One patient had bilateral
total knee arthroplasty and another one a unilateral total knee arthroplasty, both in the sub-
No difference was found between PWMH with HJHS < 10 and PWMH with HJHS ≥ 10,
Figure 1 reports conventional kinematic panel. The subjective comparison of our moderate
haemophilia sample with the control group did not present marked gait deviations. At the
patient level some differences were visible. Figure 1 shows that the patient, with the
maximum GPS (score: 8.3°±1.5), walked with an excessive anteversion pelvic tilt and
reduced hip extension throughout the gait cycle, knee and ankle slightly flexed during the first
double support. In the coronal plane, the hip abduction range of motion was reduced. This
patient was 65 years old and had the highest HJHS (HJHS = 40). He also had bilateral total
knee arthroplasty.
91
3.3 Gait scores analysis
Table 2 presents the comparison of the gait scores (GPS and GVS) between PWMH and
controls. The GPSs were not different between the groups of PWMH, PWMH with HJHS <
10, PWMH with HJHS ≥ 10 and their respective control groups (P = 0.15, P = 0.40 and P =
0.14, respectively). Knee and ankle gait variable scores were not significantly different
between the groups of PWMH, PWMH with HJHS < 10, PWMH with HJHS ≥ 10 and their
Spatio-temporal parameters of all the groups are presented in table 3. None of these
parameters were significantly different between PWMH and controls, even when patients
Table 4 presents the correlation matrix between scores. In PWMH, no correlation was found
between GPS and HJHS. Negligible correlations were found for Ankle GVS with ankle
Pettersson sub-score (R2 = 0.250; P = 0.004), and ankle HJHS sub-score (R2 = 0.150; P =
0.04).For the knee, negligible correlation was also found between the knee GVS and its HJHS
92
4 DISCUSSION
Despite an assumed lower risk of bleeding, some PWMH tend to develop authentic
knowledge, the present study is the first to focus on 3DGA in adult PWMH. The main results
were that despite having lower-limb joint impairments, as assessed by the HJHS score,
PWMH did not present significant gait deviations, neither at the general lower-limb level, nor
at the local knee or ankle joint level. Since even the sub-group of PWMH with the highest
HJHS scores failed to demonstrate gait deviations, and given the absence or negligible
correlations between gait variables and clinical/radiological scores, we conclude that PWMH
do not present systematic gait impairment compared to a control group. However, at the
individual level, some gait variations were visible (Figure 1), but these variations were not
One-third of our patients had a poor joint status (mean HJHS: 22.3 ± 11.3), mainly due to
ankle arthropathy (mean ankle Pettersson score: 7.5 ± 3.6), regardless of age, level of clotting
factors or type of haemophilia. This is consistent with previous studies showing that some
PWMH present haemophilic arthropathy5,8,9,11. For example, Måseide et al. recently reported
control group. The GPS is a widely used index and has previously been applied in the context
GPS for the whole group of PWMH as well as for the group with poor joint status (HJHS ≥
10). These findings are consistent with Putz et al.16 who calculated the GPS in a group of 18
proportion) with a higher rate of joint impairment (mean HJHS in their study of 18.8 ± 12.0 vs
93
9.3 ± 11.6 in ours). Putz et al. computed another global gait score (i.e. the Gait Deviation
Index (GDI)16,22) which did not reveal significant differences compared to controls.
No significant differences were founded for the GVS of sagittal ankle and knee kinematics,
even considering the patients with the most significant joint damage (HJHS ≥ 10). Similarly,
Putz et al. found no alteration of lower-limb active range of motion in their study16. In
contrast, Lobet et al. found, in a group of 31 adults with multiple joint impairments, a
significant reduction of the active ankle range of motion and a trend to a decrease of the knee
range of motion35. However, their group included 87% of patients with severe haemophilia.
study. A previous study of Lobet et al.36 showed an increase of the stance phase duration in a
group of 10 patients with ankle arthropathies. They did not provide the radiographic
parameters or the clinical severity of the arthropathies, which prevented us from comparing
our findings. Interestingly, despite higher HJHS, Putz al. also found no modification of the
stance phase16. They only reported a decrease of the walking velocity and the step length.
contradiction with Putz et al. who reported a high correlation (r = 0.63; P = 0.005)16. This
between the HJHS and the GDI (P = 0.11)16. Both the GDI and GPS are scores aiming to
quantify the overall kinematic deviation from normal values. As a linear relationship between
both scores has been previously demonstrated16,22, the contradicting results of the study by
Putz et al. may not be interpreted as a relationship between clinical severity and gait
94
impairment. Yet, we found a negligible but significant correlation between knee and ankle
HJHS sub-scores and their respective GVS’s, which seems to be a significant weak link
between joint structure and function. We have also reported a negligible but significant
correlation between the ankle GVS and the ankle Pettersson score (R2 = 0.250; P = 0.004),
which might suggest a poor link between function and radiography. No such relation was
Finally, our study suffers from several limitations. Our sample size is relatively small and thus
reduces its statistical power. Inclusion of more patients is challenging since PWMH represents
the smallest part of patients with haemophilia. Further investigations should be performed on
the joints deterioration and the inter-individual heterogeneity of the walking patterns. 3DGA
did not provide relevant outcomes at the population level but could be more appropriate to
detect deviations at the individual level. Moreover, GPS and GVS are global scores over the
whole gait cycle, which does not exclude that some outcomes may have varied specifically.
The choice of the Pettersson score could be also arguable and MRI imaging could have been
an interesting choice due to its accuracy to detect early joint damage38. However , Brunel et
al. mitigated the use of MRI since they reported low correlation between medical images and
high correlation between HJHS in PWMH, which is helpful to the early detection of
parameter of the follow-up of patients with haemophilia, because of its accessibility, low cost
Over 60 year-old , the risk of other joint arthropathy increases41. Nevertheless, the group with
HJHS< 10 and the group with HJHS≥ 10 did not differ according to age, and the x-rays were
95
analyzed independently by 2 experienced physicians to confirm the haemophilic origin of the
arthropathy.
5 CONCLUSION
Our study showed that patients with moderate haemophilia did not present significant gait
deviations even the sub-group with the poorest joint status. However, from an individual point
of view, the analysis of the gait could highlight specific alterations. Further investigations in a
larger group of PWMH should be performed to confirm these findings and precise the
heterogeneity of PWMH regarding their lower limb impairments and function, which might
have prevented the emergence of significant gait deviations in the present study.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the pharmaceutic laboratory SOBI (Swedish Orphan Biovitrum) for its
financial support.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author
upon reasonable request.
DISCLOSURES
This study received the financial support of SOBI, without any intervention in the drafting of
the project, the study progress, analysis of the results as well as in the drafting of the
manuscript.
96
References
97
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99
Table 1 Characteristics of the studied population and comparison between patients with a
HJHS and a HJHS (t-tests for independent variables or Mann-Whitney tests)
Age, years (mean ± SD) [min- 44.3 ± 16.1 42.8 ± 16.2 47.4 ± 16.7 0.67
max] [20 - 72] [20 - 72] [25 - 65]
Weight, Kg (mean ± SD) 75.9 ± 15.0 73.8 ± 15.5 75.7 ± 7.7 0.52
[min-max] [48.0 – 112.0] [48.0 – 112.0] [65.0 – 85.0]
Height, cm (mean ± SD) [min- 173.0 ± 6.6 173.3 ± 6.5 172.6 ± 7.3 0.95
max] [160.0 – 185.0] [164.0 – 185.0] [160.0 - 182]
Body mass index, Kg/m2 25.30 ± 4.9 24.6 ± 5.2 26.8 ± 3.9 0.17
(mean ± SD) [min-max] [18.0 – 38.8] [18.0 – 38.8] [22.0 – 35.1]
Level of clotting factor, % 3.0 ± 1.0 3.1 ± 0.9 2.8 ± 1.3 0.57
(mean ± SD) [min-max] [1.0 – 5.0] [2.0 – 5.0] [1.0 – 4.5]
Total HJHS (mean ± SD) 9.3 ± 11.6 2.9 ± 3.5 22.3 ± 11.3 < 0.0001
[min-max] [0 - 40] [0 - 9] [11 - 40]
Knee HJHS sub-score (mean ± 1.9 ± 2.6 1.4 ± 1.8 3.0 ± 3.6 0.27
SD) [min-max] [0 - 10] [0 - 6] [0 - 10]
Ankle HJHS sub-score (mean 4.4 ± 6.7 0.7 ± 1.4 11.8 ± 7.0 < 0.0001
± SD) [min-max] [0 - 22] [0 - 4] [2 - 22]
Pettersson knee sub-score 2.0 ± 2.3 1.7 ± 2.0 2.6 ±2.8 0.61
(mean ± SD) [min-max] [0 – 7.5] [0 – 7.5] [0 – 7.0]
Pettersson ankle sub-score 3.3 ± 3.8 1.3 ± 1.5 7.5 ± 3.6 < 0.0001
(mean ± SD) [min-max] [0 – 12] [0 – 5.5] [2.5 – 12]
a
Kruskall-Wallis test for qualitative variable
100
Table 2 Comparison of the gait scores between patients with moderate haemophilia (entire
group, HJHS <10 and HJHS ≥ 10) and controls from a normative data set (mean ± standard
deviation). After Bonferroni adjustment, the statistical threshold is set to 0.006. None of the
investigated variables were significant.
Controls
PWMH (n = 24) P-value
(Normative data set)
101
Table 3 Comparison of the spatial/temporal parameters between patients with moderate
haemophilia (entire group, HJHS <10 and HJHS ≥ 10) and controls from a normative data set
(mean ± standard deviation) After Bonferroni adjustment, the statistical threshold is set to
0.003. None of the investigated variables were significant.
Controls
PWMH (n = 24) P-value
(Normative data set)
102
Table 4 Pseudo R square of mixed model matrix of global scores and joint sub-scores in
patients with moderate haemophilia (n = 24). *indicate a significant difference inferior to the
threshold 0.05.
HJHS KHJHS KPS AHJHS APS
GPS R2 = 0.100
P = 0.06
R2 = 0.290* R2 = 0.01
Knee GVS P < 0.0001 P = 0.61
R2 = 0.150* R2 = 0.250*
Ankle GVS P = 0.04 P = 0.004
There was no correction for multiple comparisons.
Abbreviations: HJHS: Haemophilia Joint Health Score; KHJHS: Knee HJHS; AHJHS: Ankle HJHS; KPS: Knee
Pettersson score, APS: Ankle Pettersson score; GPS: Gait Profile Score; GVS: Gait Variable score
Figure 1 Kinematic traces of the whole moderate haemophilia sample, the moderate
haemophilia subject with extreme GPS (score: 8.3°±1.5) and controls.
The patient (age 65; weight: 67kg; height: 165 cm) with the extreme GPS also had the highest
HJHS (= 40) and had bilateral total knee arthroplasties.
103
104
3.4 Retentissement Musculaire de l’Hémophilie Modérée
– muscle. Le genou est un enjeu essentiel pour la locomotion mais aussi de manière
articulaire liée aux saignements est responsable de manière directe et indirecte d’un déficit
musculaire.
Cet exemple, est assez frappant au niveau du genou où les hémarthroses induisent une sous-
s’agit d’un phénomène initialement protecteur visant à inhiber la contraction musculaire afin
conduction nerveuse des muscles moteurs d’une articulation sans pour autant de lésion
musculaire ou nerveuse. Cependant, ce phénomène s’il persiste peut avoir des conséquences
L’isocinétisme est une méthode de mesure de la force musculaire validée pour l’évaluation du
déficit lors de pathologies articulaires [87]. Il permet la mesure du pic de force musculaire
lors d’un mouvement réalisé à vitesse constante. Le plus souvent les vitesses de 60°/s et
180°/s lors de mouvements concentriques sont privilégiées (Figures 15). Cette technique a par
105
Figure 15 : Test isocinétique aux genoux sur dynamomètre Humac Norm®, CSMI - Medimex.
Ainsi, nous avons réalisé dans notre population d’hémophiles modérés des tests isocinétiques
aux genoux afin de rechercher la présence d’un déficit de force (articles 4). Nous avons fait le
lésions musculaires liées à la contraction excentrique ou liées à des vitesses angulaires plus
Résumé : Chez les hémophilies sévères, les saignements articulaires aux genoux sont
aucune donnée n’existe concernant les hémophiles modérés. Notre objectif était d’évaluer la
force des extenseurs (quadriceps) et des fléchisseurs (ischio-jambiers) de genou chez des
cliniques. Dix-huit patients âgés de 37.1 +/- 11.4 ans et 18 sujets sains appariés sur l’âge, le
poids et la taille ont réalisé un test isocinétique à 180°/s évaluant la force des quadriceps et
facteur de coagulation, le score de Pettersson des genoux (Annexe 2). Les patients devaient
remplir un score HJHS 2.1 (HJHS) (Annexe 3), afin de déterminer si le genou était considéré
comme atteint (HJHS du genou > 1) ou non atteint (HJHS du genou = 0).
Les genoux atteints présentaient un déficit quadricipital par rapport aux contrôles, 1.26 +/-
0.47 contre 1.64 +/- 0.27 Nm/Kg, et également une diminution de la force des ischio-
jambiers, 0.60 +/- 0.29 vs 1.03 +/- 0.21 Nm/Kg, (P < 0.001). Les genoux non atteints
présentaient une diminution de la force du quadriceps comparés aux genoux sains, 1.36 +/-
0.31 vs 1.64 +/- 0.27 Nm/Kg, mais aussi au niveau des ischio-jambiers, 0.69 +/- 0.18 vs 1.03
significativement abaissé sur les genoux atteints par rapport aux genoux sains, 0.46 +/- 0.15
vs 0.64 +/- 0.13 (P < 0.001), mais également sur les genoux non atteints, 0.53 +/- 0.16 vs 0.64
+/- 0.13 (P = 0.02). Aucune corrélation n’a été retrouvée entre la force et les scores HJHS et
de Pettersson. Les patients hémophiles modérés ont donc une diminution significative de la
force au niveau du genou, à la fois sur le quadriceps et les ischio-jambiers, ce qui est
connue.
à risque de blessure.
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
4 Conclusions et Perspectives
Ce travail avait pour objectif principal l’évaluation fonctionnelle des troubles musculo-
Cette approche nous a permis d’évaluer l’intérêt du suivi longitudinal de l’arthrose du genou
chez la souris. Cependant, le modèle choisi ainsi que la technique utilisée ne permettent la
mesure que de quelques modifications qui ne semblent pas s’aggraver de manière nette au
compensation chez la souris, ce qui rend son utilisation encore délicate en pratique habituelle.
Malgré tout, cela ouvre des perspectives intéressantes quant à la possibilité d’utiliser un
modèle présentant une dégradation arthrosique relativement rapide tout en évaluant les
difficultés à la marche. Les modèles murins restent donc à améliorer, notamment concernant
afin de pouvoir à terme proposer une analyse fonctionnelle, articulation par articulation et non
plus globale, ce qui certainement serait plus pertinent en termes d’évaluation et de mise en
Au sujet de l’hémophilie modérée, notre travail était cohérent avec la littérature, en rapportant
un taux non négligeable d’arthropathies dans ce groupe de patients moins bien connu. Nous
avons également mis en évidence un déficit de force globale au niveau du genou mais aussi
116
déséquilibre pourrait donc être perçu comme une conséquence de l’arthropathie mais
manière étonnante, malgré cette atteinte franche au niveau du genou, notre travail n’a pas mis
en évidence de différence significative entre les hémophiles modérés et les sujets contrôles
pour ce qui concerne les paramètres de la marche lorsque l’évaluation se faisait de manière
globale, c’est-à-dire en considérant les groupes dans leur ensemble. Pourtant, l’analyse
importants chez certains sujets, particulièrement ceux dont les atteintes articulaires étaient les
plus importantes.
Ce dernier point est donc important puisqu’il met en évidence l’intérêt même de l’analyse
quantifiée de la marche chez l’Homme, à savoir une analyse individuelle des patients afin de
117
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5 Annexes
5.1 Annexe 1 : Exemple de rapport d’analyse quantifiée de la
marche (données cinématiques (A) et cinétiques (B))
(A)
126
(B)
127
5.2 Annexe 2 : Arthropathies hémophiliques chez un hémophile
modéré
A : genou droit en charge de face ; B : genou droit en charge de profil ; C : coude droit de profile ; D :
cheville droite de profile.
A B
C D
128
5.3 Annexe 3 : Score radiographique de l’arthropathie
hémophilique, d’après Pettersson [89]
Absent 0
Osteoporosis
Present 1
Absent 0
Enlargement of epiphysis
Present 1
Absent 0
Irregularity of subchondral surface Partially involved 1
Totally involved 2
Absent 0
Narrowing of joint space Joint space > 1 mm 1
Joint space < 1 mm 2
Absent 0
Subchondral cysts formation 1 cyst 1
>1 cyst 2
Absent 0
Erosion of joint margins
Present 1
Absent 0
Gross incongruence of articulating bone ends Slight 1
Pronounced 2
Absent 0
Joint deformity (angulation and/or displacement) Slight 1
Pronounced 2
Total joint score (max 13 points)
129
5.4 Annexe 4 : Score HJHS 2.1 [90]
130
Résumé :
La marche est un critère d’évaluation particulièrement intéressant compte-tenu de son poids prépondérant dans le
handicap fonctionnel rapporté par les patients ayant des troubles musculo-squelettiques. En effet, elle arrive
volontiers aux premiers rangs des plaintes fonctionnelles. Son étude en recherche clinique semble être un bon
critère dans l’évaluation d’une pathologie ou d’une prise en charge thérapeutique. Ainsi, de nombreuses études
animales se sont intéressées aux conséquences fonctionnelles des arthropathies sur la marche. Cependant, les
différences entre marche animale et humaine sont nombreuses, ce qui rend nécessaire les études cliniques chez
l’homme. Nous avons donc évalué les conséquences fonctionnelles de deux pathologies responsables d’atteintes
articulaires majeures, source de handicap important et d’un coût médico-économique très élevé :
- L’arthrose, maladie ostéo-articulaire la plus fréquente dans le monde et responsable de douleur et handicap
dans les populations vieillissantes. Dans ce cas, un modèle de souris a été utilisé afin d’évaluer l’impact de la
gonarthrose post-traumatique sur la marche.
- L’hémophilie, pathologie rare liée à un déficit congénital en facteurs de coagulation VIII ou IX dont la
complication principale est la survenue d’arthropathies sévères, notamment aux membres inférieurs chez des
individus le plus souvent jeunes.
Nous avons choisi deux démarches différentes pour chacune des pathologies afin d’évaluer la complémentarité
de ces approches scientifiques et leur aspect transversal.
Abstract:
Walking is a particularly interesting criterion due to its rule in the disability reported by patients with
musculoskeletal disorders. Indeed, it is one of the first functional complaints. Clinical research on walking seems
to be a good criterion in the evaluation of pathologies or therapeutic management. Thus, many animal studies
have focused on the functional consequences of arthropathies while walking. However, the differences between
animal and human walking are numerous, which makes clinical studies in humans necessary. Therefore, we
assessed the functional consequences of two pathologies responsible for major joint damage, sources of
significant disability and very high medico-economic burden:
- Osteoarthritis, the most common osteo-articular disease in the world and responsible for pain and disability in
aging populations. In this case, a mouse model was used to assess the impact of post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis
on walking.
- Haemophilia, a rare pathology linked to a congenital deficiency in clotting factors VIII or IX. The main
complication of haemophilia is the occurrence of severe arthropathies, especially in the lower limbs in young
patients.
We have chosen two different approaches for each pathology in order to assess the complementarity of these
scientific approaches and their transverse aspect.
131