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fganh Vsyhfotu pSuyksa dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds ckjs esa n”kZdksa dh jk;

1Mk- vkfcn vyh] 2Lkqjs”k dqekj
1
lgk;d izksQslj] tulapkj ,oa ehfM;k izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku
2
'kks/kkFkhZ] tulapkj ,oa ehfM;k izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku
1]2
dq#{ks= fo'ofo|ky;] dq#{ks=] gfj;k.kk] Hkkjr

Email ID: 1rishi.ali8@gmail.com, 2skranga1989@gmail.com

Accepted: 20.11.2020 Published: 03.12.2020

eq[; 'kCn% fganh Vsyhfotu pSuy] lkekftd ftEesnkjh] ehfM;k] n”kZdA

lkjka“k Lohdkj dj ysrs gSa rks ewY;ghurk dks mlls vyx
djds ugha ns[kk tk ldrkA
ehfM;k esa ges”kk ls gh lekt dks izHkkfor djus dh
{kerk jgh gSA ,d i=dkj lekt dh lHkh
igpku fu”kku
xfrfof/k;ksa ij utj j[krk gSA vkt lekt esa
i=dkfjrk dk egRo cgqr c<+ x;k gS blfy,
i=dkfjrk ds lekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh c<+ x, gSa A
egkRek xka/kh }kjk crk, x, i=dkfjrk ds rhu
mn~ns”;ksa ij xkSj fd;k tk, rks irk pyrk gS fd
i=dkfjrk dk ogh dk;Z gS tks ,d lekt lq/kkjd
dk gksrk gSA i=dkj dk dk;Z dsoy tkudkfj;ka nsuk izLrkouk
ugha gksrk vfirq og ?kVuk dh vPNkbZ;ka o cqjkbZ;ka fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa ehfM;k dh egRoiw.kZ
Hkh crkrk gS vFkkZr lekt esa i=dkj dh vge Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ,d yksdrkaf=d ç.kkyh esa tu
Hkwfedk gksrh gSA çfrLi/kkZ ds bl nkSj esa ehfM;k ds Hkkxhnkjh ,d egROkiw.kZ vk;ke gksrh gS] tks O;oLFkk
lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj uSfrdrk dks ,d ekud dks vf/kdre {kerk ls pykus ds fy, vR;ko';d
Lrj ij j[kus ds fy, oS/kkfud ,oa ç'kklfud gksrh gSA O;kid turk dh Hkkxhnkjh rc rd laHko
fu;eu ç.kkyh ds vykok Lo&fu;eu Hkh ,d ugha gS tc rd yksxksa dks fofHkUu eqn~nksa ds ckjs esa
vljnkj vkSj egRoiw.kZ vk;ke lkfcr gks ldrk gSA lwpuk miyC/k u gksA ,sfrgkfld :i ls ehfM;k dk
ehfM;k dksbZ vkanksyu ugha vfirq ,d O;olk; gS fodkl yksxksa dks lwfpr] f'kf{kr vkSj euksjatu djus
vkSj tc ge ehfM;k dks ,d O;olk; ds :i esa ds fy, gqvk gSA

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ehfM;k vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls yksxksa ds thou dks vPNkbZ;ka o cqjkbZ;ka Hkh crkrk gS vFkkZr lekt esa
çHkkfor djrk gSA [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa OkS”ohdj.k ds i=dkj dh vge Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
bl nkSj esa xykdkV izfr;ksfxrk rFkk O;klkf;dj.k Hkkjr esa ehfM;k ds lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dks ;gk¡
dh rst j¶rkj us ehfM;k dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds lekftd vkfFkZd ifjIkzs{; esa ij[kuk gksxkA
dks tfVy dj fn;k gSA ehfM;k dk fu;ked fl)kar çfrLi/kkZ ds bl nkSj esa ehfM;k ds lkekftd
;g odkyr djrk gS fd ehfM;k dks viuk vkpj.k mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj uSfrdrk dks ,d ekud Lrj ij
turk ds fgrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, muds vuq:i j[kus ds fy, oS/kkfud ,oa ç'kklfud fu;eu ç.kkyh
gh j[kuk pkfg,1A lwpuk esa fofo/krk] vkSj lwpuk dh ds vykok Lo&fu;eu Hkh ,d vljnkj vkSj
xq.koÙkk ,oa laL—fr dks turk ds fy, QSykuk egRoiw.kZ vk;ke lkfcr gks ldrk gSA
tufgr ds fy, ;s dqN egRoiw.kZ vk;ke ftudks ehfM;k vkSj lekt
ehfM;k dks vo'; /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A izsl dh Lora=rk ds lac/a k esa xfBr gfpUl deh”ku
ehfM;k esa ges”kk ls gh lekt dks izHkkfor djus dh ¼1947½ dh fjiksVZ Hkh izsl dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh ij
{kerk jgh gSA ,d i=dkj lekt dh lHkh izdk”k Mkyrh gSA deh”ku dh fjiksVZ crkrh gS fd
xfrfof/k;ksa ij utj j[krk gSA vkt lekt esa fdl rjg izsl dks iwjh Lora=rk feyus ij blus
i=dkfjrk dk egRo cgqr c<+ x;k gS blfy, O;olk; dk :i ys fy;k vkSj lkekftd ljksdkj
i=dkfjrk ds lekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh c<+ x, gSa2A ihNs NwV x,A izlkj la[;k ds lkFk ehfM;k viuh
i=dkfjrk dk mn~ns”; lPpkbZ dks lkeus ykuk gSA Hkwfedk dk bZekunkjh ls budk fuoZgu djs rHkh ;g
,d i=dkj ls vk”kk dh tkrh gS fd og cgqtu ,d csgrj lekt ds fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA
fgrk; dh Hkkouk dks fl) djsxkA egkRek xka/kh ds gfpUl deh”ku dh fjiksVZ esa eq[; :i ls izsl dh
vuqlkj i=dkfjrk ds rhu izeq[k mn~ns”; gSA igyk tks ikap ftEesnkfj;ka r; dh xbZ gSa muesa ?kVukvksa
turk ds fopkjksa vkSj bPNkvksa dks le>uk vkSj mUgsa dk lPpk ,oa cks/kxE; fooj.k nsuk] izsl dks vkykspuk
O;Dr djuk] nwljk turk esa okaNuh; Hkkouk,a tkx`r ,oa fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku dk ek/;e cuuk] lekt
djuk vkSj rhljk mn~ns”; lkoZtfud nks’kksa dks u’V ds fofHkUu oxksZ ds ckjs esa lgh vkSj mfpr tkudkjh
djukA egkRek xka/kh }kjk crk, x, i=dkfjrk ds nsuk] lekt dh ekU;rkvksa vkSj mlds y{;ksa dks
rhu mn~ns”;ksa ij xkSj fd;k tk, rks irk pyrk gS izLrqr djuk vkSj ikBdksa dks ckSf)d ,oa rdZlaxr
fd i=dkfjrk dk ogh dk;Z gS tks ,d lekt [kqjkd iznku djuk “kkfey gSA
lq/kkjd dk gksrk gSA i=dkj dk dk;Z dsoy ehfM;k dk lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro % ,d fu;ked
tkudkfj;ka nsuk ugha gksrk vfirq og ?kVuk dh fl)kar
lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk vkSipkfjd fl)kar gfpUl
deh”ku dh fjiksVZ ds yxHkx ,d n”kd ckn 1956
1
Denis Mcquail.(2005), Mass Communication Theory,
An Introduction, Sage Publications, London; esa vk;kA lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro fl)kar ds tud
pp. 117-118
QzsM lkbcVZ] fFk;ksMj ihVjlu rFkk foYcj JSe us
2
Jagadish Vachani (1999), Media Politics and gfpUl deh”ku dh flQkfj”kksa dks gh bl fl)kar dk
Ownership: Response and Responsibilities, Kanishka
Publishers, New Delhi; p. 129

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vk/kkj cuk;kA ;g fl)kar gfpUl fjiksVZ ¼, Ýh ,aM vkSj vU; laLFkkuksa dh vkykspuk djus dk vf/kdkj
fjLi‚fUlcy çsl] , tujy fjiksVZ v‚u ekl gSA turk dks lgh rjhds ls crkdj vkSj lekt ds
dE;qfuds'ku] U;wtisilZ] jsfM;ks] eks'ku eSxthUl ,aM fgrksa vkSj t:jrksa dk tokc nsdj yksdra= dks
cqDl½ ls fy;k x;k gSA gfpUl deh'ku v‚u n lajf{kr djus dh Hkh ftEesnkjh gSa4A
QzhMe v‚Q n çsl dh LFkkiuk vkSj foÙk iks"k.k Vkbe lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds fl)kar esa dbZ çdkj ds
if=dk ds laLFkkid gsujh ywbZl }kjk fd;k FkkA vuqç;ksx gSa] D;ksafd blesa dbZ çdkj ds futh fçaV
vk;ksx ds v/;{k j‚cVZ gfpal ds usr`Ro esa ;g fjiksVZ ehfM;k vkSj çlkj.k ds lkoZtfud laLFkku 'kkfey gSa]
ml le; f'kdkxks fo'ofo|ky; dh pkalyj Fkh] vkSj tks lekt ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj dh yksdrkaf=d
mUgsa ckjg vU; yksxksa }kjk lgk;rk çnku dh xbZ Fkh çfØ;k ds ek/;e ls tokcnsg gSaA fl)kar us bl
tks fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds fo'ks"kK FksA fjiksVZ nks [kaMksa esa çdkj lekt ds çfr nkf;Ro ds lkFk Lora=rk dk
fn[kkbZ nh] igyk lekpkj i=ksa ij] nwljk ehfM;k lkeatL; LFkkfir fd;k gSA ;g fl)kar bl ckr ij
ij3A t+kjs nsrk gS fd çsl dh Lora=rk gksuh pkfg,] ysfdu
gfpUl vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ esa ik;k fd ehfM;k vkRe fu;eu dh Hkh vko';drk gSA ehfM;k dks
dh Lora=rk dk cktkj dk –f"Vdks.k lk/kughu yksxksa vkpkj lafgrk vkSj uSfrdrk dk ikyu djuk pkfg,
dh lwpukRed vkSj lkekftd t:jrksa dks iwjk ugha vkSj vxj dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkoZtfud fgr esa
dj jgk gS] cfYd blus ,dy oxZ dh 'kfä esa o`f) ck/kk mRiUu gksrh gS] rks ljdkj dh Hkwfedk gks
dh FkhA fofo/k fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fä cgqr de Fkh] ldrh gSA bl fl)kar dk ekuuk gS fd ehfM;k dks
jsfM;ks] fQYe vkSj Vsyhfotu ds mn~Hko ls Hkh vius ikl ekStwn 'kfä dks le>uk pkfg,] lekt ds
lkoZtfud fu;a=.k vkSj tokcnsgh ds dqN lk/ku çfr dqN lkekftd ftEesnkjh gksuh pkfg,A njvly]
vko”;d gks x, FksA ;g fl)kar Lora=rkoknh fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gSA
çsl dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh dk igyk vkSipkfjd lkfgR; dk voyksdu
fl)kar lkbZcVZ] ihVjlu vkSj JSe }kjk 1956 esa fganh Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa ij cgqvk;keh
yxHkx ,d n'kd ckn fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA n`f’Vdks.kksa ls “kks/k fd, x, gSaA oSls rks ehfM;k ds
ys[kd gfpUl vk;ksx dh igy ls Li"V :i ls mn~Hko ds le; ls gh ehfM;k dh lkekftd
çsfjr FksA ehfM;k lkekftd ftEesnkjh dh vo/kkj.kk ftEesnkjh dh ckr dh xbZ gS] ysfdu fo”ks’k :Ik ls
dk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij ehfM;k lkexzh ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; fganh lkekpkj pSuyksa ds lanHkZ esa izkbZosV
lekt esa blds dk;Z ds lac/a k esa fd;k tkrk gSA pSuy vkus ds Ik”pkr~ Vsyhfotu ehfM;k dh
ehfM;k dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh dk ,dek=] lqlaxr lkekftd ftEesnkjh ppkZ dk fo’k; cu x;k gSA bl
fl)kar ekStwn ugha gSA bl fl)kar dk viuk çeq[k v/;k; esa dsoy izklafxd lkfgR; dks “kkfey fd;k
vk/kkj gS fd Lora=rk lgorhZ nkf;Roksa dk ogu x;k gSA lkfgR; leh{kk ds nkSjku fo”ks’k :i ls fganh
djrh gSA çsl dk nkf;Ro gS fd og turk ds çfr lekpkj pSuyksa dk varoZLrq fo”ys’k.k ,oa lkekftd
mÙkjnk;h bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] çsl dks ljdkj mÙkjnkf;Ro dks /;ku esa j[kk x;k gSA
4
G.S Ranganathan. (2007). Journalism Media and
3
Ibid Public Responsibility, S.S.Publishers, New Delhi; p.31

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nÙk ¼2011½ us vius “kks/k i= ftldk fo’k; *lks”ky djus ds fy, u, fl)karksa dh vko”;drk gSA Hkys gh
fjLikaflfcfyVh vkWQ ehfM;k ,aM bafM;u Mseksdzslh* gS Vhoh pSuyksa dk izca/ku desfV;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ ,oa
ds vUrxZr crk;k gS fd orZeku esa ehfM;k vius izfrfdz;kRed Nfo dk O;ogkfjd i=dkfjrk ls
nkf;Roksa ls HkVd dj dk;Z dj jgk gSA blfy, NsM+NkM+ ds vkjksi ds dkj.k tfVy vkjksiksa dk
ehfM;k vkykspuk dk f”kdkj gksrk tk jgk gSA lkeuk is”ksoj i=dkjksa dks djuk iM+rk gSA Lkkekftd
“kks/ki= esa yksdra= O;oLFkk esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dks mRrjnkf;Ro fl)kar dk tUe QzsM lkbZcVZ] fFk;ksMksj
izeq[krk ds lkFk mHkkjk x;k gSA vius oSf”od fgrksa ihVjlu vkSj foycj JSe rhu fo}kuksa dh nsu gSA
dks iwjk djus ds fy, vUrjkZ’Vªh; ehfM;k laxBuksa us mudh iqLrd izSl ds pkj fl)kar esa mUgksauas pkj
vius ia[k QSykus “kq: dj fn, gSaA yksdrkaf=d O;ogkfjd ekin.M LFkkfir fd, gSaA is”ksoj i=dkjkas
iz.kkyh esa yksxksa dh vfHkO;fDr dh Loraa=rk dk Hkh ds fy, ftuesa ls ,d ekin.M lkekftd
ftdz fd;k x;k gSA blls lacfa /kr dqN ?kVdksa ij mRrjnkf;Ro ds uke ls 1970 ds n”kd ls izpkfjr
izdk”k Mkyk x;k gSA tSls fd orZeku esa ehfM;k gSA “khr;q) ds nkSjku vesfjdk esa O;ogkfjd rkSj ij
vius vyx&vyx :iksa esa lekt dks izHkkfor dj iz;ksx esa ykus ds fy, QzsM lkbZcVZ vkSj muds
jgk gSA fizUV ehfM;k] bySDVªksfud ehfM;k vkSj U;w lkfFk;ksa us dbZa “kks/k fd,A lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro
ehfM;k vkfn ftl rjg ls dk;Z dj jgk gSA mlls fl)kar ns”k laizHkqrk] ehfM;k ln~Hkkouk] lekt]
Hkfo’; esa dqN [krjs ut+j vk jgs gSaA tSls& rF;ksa dks laLd`fr] ehfM;k dkuwu ,oa uhfr”kkL= lfgr ,d
rksM+&ejksM+ dj izLrqr djuk vkfnA Hkkjrh; yksdra= jktuhfrd&lkekftd eqn~nk cukdj jg x;k gSA
esa ehfM;k dks pkS/kk LraHk ekuk x;k gSA blfy, ehfM;k O;ogkfjdrk dk ;g vkn”kZokn fl)kar
yksdra= esa ehfM;k dk xgjk izHkko ns[kus dks feyrk fodflr ns”k esa laarqfyr rkSj ij /khjs&/khjs iuirk
gSA ehfM;k dks vke turk ds izfr Hkh tokcnsg gksuk x;k vkSj fodflr ns”kksa esa “Media
pkfg, rFkk tks izsl dh Loraa=rk iznku dh xbZ gS] Conglomerates” dh ifjfLFkfr ls lkekftd
mldk mi;ksx Hkh e;kZnk esa jgdj gh fd;k tkuk mÙkjnkf;Ro fc[kjrs ut+j vk,A
pkfg,A rF;ksa ds lkFk NsM+[kkuh ugha djuh pkfg,A uhjsu ¼1995½ us vius v/;;u esa ehfM;k ds
fu’i{krk ds nk;js esa jgdj gh bZekunkjh ls dk;Z lkekftd nkf;Ro dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk gSA
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ehfM;k dks pkfg, fd oks bl v/;;u esa loZizFke dUtZofs Vo ekWMy ds ckjs esa
lkekftd fodkl ds ckjs esa ukxfjdksa dks izksRlkfgr crk;k x;k gS fd dSls foKkiu fgr ehfM;k ds
djsA lkoZtfud fgrksa ij Hkkjh iM jgs gSaA lapkfjr o
gfuax ¼1978½ us ^jksy ,.M fjLiksfUlfcfyVh lqO;ofLFkr lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k ds fy,
vkWQ n ehfM;k LisfLyLV bu n pst
a izkslsl% lekpkj laoknkrkvksa o laLFkkvksa dks ykHk ds mn~ns”;ksa
vkWijsfVax fofnu U;w LVS.MZM~l~* “kh’kZd ds vUrxZr ls dke u djds lekpkjksa o fopkjksa dks lekt fgr
“kks/k fd;k gSA “kks/k esa ik;k fd is”ksoj oSPkkfjd ,oa esa izlkfjr djuk pkfg,A lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds fy,
fl)kafrd laLFkkvksa }kjk n`”;&JO; ek/;e i=dkfjrk ehfM;k dks mÙkjnk;h ekuk x;k gSA ehfM;k ds dk;kZas
ds fy, fo”ks’k lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dks izfrikfnr o fopkj/kkjk ls ges”kk gh lekt izHkkfor gksrk jgk gS

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vkSj yxkrkj cnyko dh vksj vxzlj gSA ehfM;k Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuy vius fl)karksa ds ckgj dqN
yksxksa dh laLd`fr] lksp vkSj O;fDrxr fu.kZ; {kerk Hkh izLrqr djus yx x, gSa] ftlls Vsyhfotu
dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA ehfM;k lekt esa ifjorZu lekpkj pSuyksa ds fxjrs gq, Lrj ds ckjs esa irk
dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA pyrk gSA lsDl] fLVax] xkWflIl vkSj lqij uspqjy
tsEIlu ¼2014½ us ehfM;k dfeZ;ksas dh fo’k;ksa dh [kcjksa dks izeq[krk ds lkFk n”kZdksa ds
dk;Z”kSyh o Kku esa lq/kkj djus ls ehfM;k ds lkeus ijkslk tkrk gS] tcfd jk’Vªh; fodkl dh
lkekftd mRrjnkf;Roksa dks izHkkoiw.kZ rjhdkas ls [kcjsa vkSj egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djus okys O;fDr;ksa ls
Qfyr djus dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk gSA blds fy, lacfa /kr [kcjsa ;k rks fn[kkbZ ugha tkrh ;k fQj
ehfM;k esa dk;Zjr yksxksa dks vPNk izf”k{k.k nsus ij mudks de roTtks nh tkrh gSA u, lekpkj pSuyksa
tksj fn;k gSA ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa dks lkekftd fodkl us dkjiksjsV dYpj dks viuk fy;k gS] ftlesa [kcjksa
o lÙkk esa Hkkxhnkjh ds egRo ds ckjs esa v/;;u dh iSdsftax ij T;knk /;ku fn;k tkrk gS ftlls
djuk pkfg,A izR;sd lekpkj i= ds laiknd dks Vhvkjih c<+kbZ tk ldsA
Loa=rk iznku dh tkuh pkfg,A ehfM;k daifu;ksa dks jfo ¼2012½ us ehfM;k fo”ks’kdj Vsyhfotu
vius ek/;e esa fu;fer cnyko djus pkfg,A eqfnzr ds lanHkZ esa lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fo”ys’k.kkRed
lkexzh lacfa /kr lHkh f”kdk;rksa dks xaHkhjrk ls ysuk v/;;u fd;kA blds varxZr “kks/kdrkZ us crk;k fd
pkfg,A ehfM;k {ks= esas dk;Zjr yksxksa ds ikjn”khZ lapkj vkd’kZ.k vkSj vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr
Hkfo’; ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A djus dh ,d dyk gSA izR;sd lekt lapkj ls tqMk
U;wt:e esa dk;Zjr dfeZ;ksa ds dk;Z esa dqN u;kiu o gqvk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh lekt lapkj ds fcuk ugha jg
:fpdj gksuk pkfg,A “kks/kkFkhZ us ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa o ldrkA blfy, lekt vkSj lapkj ,d flDds ds nks
turk ds chp fo”okl ds Lrj c<+kus ij tksj fn;k igyw dh rjg gSaA lapkj ds bl ek/;e esa Vsyhfotu
gSA ij T;knk tksj nsrs gq, crk;k x;k gS fd lapkj
flag ¼2015½ us izkbZeVkbZe lekpkj ds pyu ek/;eksa dk lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA bu
dks tkuus ds fy, 3 lekpkj pSuyksa vktrd] ek/;eksa ds fo’k; esa vxj ckr dh tk, rks izfr o’kZ
,uMhVhoh vkSj vkbZch,u&7 dk p;u fd;k ftlds budh la[;k esa c<+ksrjh ns[kus dks fey jgh gSA bu
i”pkr~ ,d losZ Hkh fd;k x;kA “kks/k ds ek/;e ls fo’k;ksa ij cgqr lkjh “kks/k gks pqdh gSA bySDVªksfud
lekpkj izLrqrhdj.k esa lkekftd mrjnkf;Roksa dks ek/;e esa 467 ehfy;u Vsyhfotu n”kZdksa dh la[;k
tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA fo”ys’k.k esa ;g ik;k esa ls ,d fcfy;u ukxfjd vyx&vyx Hkk’kkvksa dk
x;k fd p;fur lekpkj pSuykssa esa 43 izfr”kr le; iz;ksx djrs gSaA blesa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd Vsyhfotu
jktuhfrd lekpkjksa dks] 11 izfr”krr ls vf/kd dh fo’k; oLrq esa lkekftd mRRkjnkf;Ro dks ij[kuk
vijk/k lekpkjksa dks] 8 izfr”kr le; [ksy ,oa vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA vius “kks/k dk;Z dks iwjk djus
euksjatu lekpkjksa dks fn;k tkrk gS tcfd turk ds fy, “kks/kdrkZ us voyksdu] dsl LVMh ,oa
dh leL;kvksa ,oa turk ls tqM+s eqn~nksa dks cgqr de fdzVhdy LVMh “kks/k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
le; fn;k tkrk gSA “kks/kdrkZ ds eqrkfcd Hkkjrh; “kks/kdrkZ dk ekuuk gS fd ehfM;k dh lkekftd

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ftEesnkjh lqfuf”pr djus ds fy, ,d vf/kdkfjd fd;k x;kA losZ gfj;k.kk ds fofHkUu ftyksa ds ,sls
vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,] ftldk eq[; yksxksa ij fd;k x;k gS tks fganh lekpkj pSuy ns[krs
dk;Z i=dkjksa dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djuk gksA gSaA vkadM+kas dk izLrqrhdj.k djus ds fy, rkfydksa
blds vfrfjDr ys[kd us ehfM;k f”k{kk ds fy, Hkh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ,oa lk/kkj.k izfr”kr fof/k ds
,d O;kid ikWfylh cukus dh vko”;drk tkfgj dh }kjk vkadM+kas dk fo”ys’k.k fd;k x;k gSA
gSA vkadM+ksa dk fo”ys’k.k
lh,lvkj Qksje ¼2008½ us ^ehfM;k dh rkfydk & 1 vk;q ds vk/kkj ij mŸkjnkrkvksa dk
lkekftd ftEesnkjh* ds ckjs esa ikBdksa dh jk; tkuus oxhZdj.k
ds fy, ,d vkWuykbu losZ{k.k fd;kA losZ{k.k dk vk;q oxZ Lka[;k izfr”kr
lapkyu yanu fLFkr dkWjiksjsV jsLikaflfcfyVh 20&30 94 37-60
dalyVsalh ^,dksuk* n~okjk fd;k x;kA losZ{k.k dk 31&40 79 31-60
mn~ns”; mu eqn~nksa dks mtkxj djuk Fkk tks u 41&50 48 19-20
dsoy orZeku le; ds lanHkZ esa izklafxd Fks cfYd 51 ls vf/kd 29 11-60
lekt ds fy, Hkh ftudk fo”ks"k egÙo FkkA 100 dqy 250 100
mÙkjnkrkvksa us vkWuykbu iz”ukoyh Hkjh vkSj bZ&esy]
CykWx o esy ds ek/;e ls foLr`r tkudkjh miyC/k izLrqr rkfydk esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dk vk;q ds vk/kkj ij
djokbZA Qksje us vkWuykbu losZ{k.k ds vykok ,d oxhZdj.k n”kkZ;k x;k gSA rkfydk ls Li’V gS fd
dk;Z”kkyk dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k vkSj v/;;u esa izLrqr “kks/k esa 250 mŸkjnkrkvksa us fgLlk fy;k tks
T;knk #fp ysus okys mÙkjnkrkvksa ls O;fDrxr :i vyx&vyx vk;q oxZ ls lac/a k j[krs gSaA 20 ls 30
ls ckrphr Hkh dh xbZA losZ esa mÙkjnkrkvksa us o’kZ ds vk;q oxZ esa 37-60 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk “kks/k esa
lq>k;k fd ehfM;k dks tyok;q ifjorZu] tokcnsg lfEefyr gq,] tcfd 31 ls 40 o’kZ ds vk;qoxZ ds
foKkiu] deZpkfj;ksa dh fofo/krk vkSj lapkj ds izHkko mŸkjnkrkvksa dk 31-60 izfr”kr jgkA blh izdkj ls
ds ckjs esa tkx#drk tSls fo"k;ksa ij vfHk;ku pykus 41 ls 50 o’kZ ds 19-20 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl
pkfg,A “kks/k esa fgLlk fy;kA 51 o’kZ ls vf/kd ds mŸkjnkrk
'kks/k fof/k lcls de jgsA dsoy 11-60 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk
bl “kks/k esa losZ i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vk;qoxZ 51 o’kZ ls vf/kd FkkA
v/;;u esa x.kukRed 'kks/k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k rkfydk & 2 fyax ds vk/kkj ij mŸkjnkrkvksa dk
gSA ;g v/;;u Hkkjrh; fganh Vsfyfotu lekpkj oxhZdj.k
pSuyksa dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl fyax Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr
v/;;u esa 250 mŸkjnkrkvksa dk p;u fd;k x;kA Ekfgyk 107 42-80
losZ djus ds fy, ,d iz”ukoyh dk fuekZ.k fd;k Ikq:’k 143 57-20
x;k ftlesa fydVZ dk ikap IokabV Ldsy iz;ksx fd;k dqy 250 100
x;k gSA losZ djus ds fy, xqxy iz”ukoyh dk iz;ksx

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izLrqr rkfydk esa fyax ds vk/kkj ij mŸkjnkrkvksa dk izLrqr rkfydk esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds O;olk; dks n”kkZ;k
oxhZdj.k n”kkZ;k x;k gSA izLrqr “kks/k esa dqy 250 x;k gSA losZ esa lokZf/kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa us fgLlk fy;kA
mŸkjnkrkvksa us fgLlk fy;k ftuesa ls 107 efgyk o lokZf/kd 43-2 izfr”kr la[;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh jgh
143 iq:’kksa dh la[;k jghA tcfd f}fr; LFkku ij 30-8 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk
rkfydk & 3 f”k{kk ds vk/kkj ij mŸkjnkrkvksa dk f”k{kd FksA 18-8 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk f”k{kd ds
oxhZdj.k vfrfjDr vU; ljdkjh deZpkjh FksA 5-2 izfr”kr
“kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr mŸkjnkrk nqdku bR;kfn djrs gSa] tcfd 2 izfr”kr
10oha 19 7-60 mŸkjnkrk MkWDVj izkQ
s s”ku ls tqM+s gq, gSaA “kks/k esa
12oha 38 15-20 vyx&vyx O;olk; ls tqMs+ gq, mŸkjnkrk “kkfey
xzstq,V 98 39-20 dj “kks/k ds vkdaM+kas dk lkekU;hdj.k djus dk
iksLV xzstq,V 45 18-00 iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
,e-fQy ;k 50 20-00 rkfydk & 5 {ks= ds vk/kkj ij mŸkjnkrkvksa dk
ih,pMh oxhZdj.k
dqy 250 100 {ks= Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr
xzkeh.k 113 45-20
mijksDr rkfydk esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dk f”k{kk ds vk/kkj “kgjh 137 54-80
ij oxhZdj.k n”kkZ;k x;k gSA vkadM+kas ls irk pyrk dqy 250 100
gS fd izLrqr “kks/k esa vf/kdrj mŸkjnkrk mPp f”kf{kr izLrqr “kks/k esa “kgjh o xzkeh.k nksuks i`’BHkwfe ds
gSaA lokZf/kd 39-20 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk xzstq,V gSa] mŸkjnkrkvksa dks “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA 45-20
tcfd lcls de 10oha ikl 7-60 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk mŸkjnkrk xzkeh.k i`’BHkwfe ls lac/a k j[krs gSa tcfd
gSaA 15-20 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us 12oha rd f”k{kk “kkgjh mŸkjnkrkvksa dk izfr”kr 54-80 gSA
izkIr dh gSA 18 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us iksLV xzstq,V rkfydk & 6 D;k vki ehfM;k ds lkekftd
o 20 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us ,e- fQy- vkSj ih,pMh mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa tkurs gSa\
rd dh mPp f”k{kk gkfly dh gSA izR;qŸkj Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr
rkfydk & 4 O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij mŸkjnkrkvksa dk gka 149 59-6
oxhZdj.k Ukgha 101 40-4
O;olk; Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr dqy 250 100
fo|kFkhZ 108 43-2 izLrqr rkfydk esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ehfM;k ds
f”k{kd 77 30-8 lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa le> ds ckjs esa
ljdkjh deZpkjh 47 18-8 n”kkZ;k x;k gSA bl iz”u ds ek/;e ls ;g tkuus dk
Nqdkunkj 13 5-2 Ikz;kl fd;k x;k fd D;k mŸkjnkrk ehfM;k ds
MkWDVj 5 2 lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa tkurs gSaA 59-6
dqy 250 100 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us dgk fd os ehfM;k ds

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lkektd mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa tkurs gSa tcfd 40- rkfydk & 8 D;k vkidk ialnhnk lekpkj pSuy
4 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk ehfM;k ds lkekftd lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro dh dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjrk
mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa ugha tkursA gS\
rkfydk & 7 vkids eqrkfcd ehfM;k dk lkekftd vo/kh Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr
mŸkjnkf;Ro gS\ Ikw.kZr% lger 88 35-2
izR;qŸkj Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr Lkger 59 23-6
lekt ds fgr dh [kcjsa 223 90-8 dg ugha ldrs 19 7-6
fn[kkuk] Tkks lR; gksa] fu’i{k vlger 55 22
gksa] lekt dks ldkjkRed Ikw.kZr% vlger 29 11-6
fn”kk nsuh okyh gksa dqy 250 100
[kcjksa dks c<+k&p<+kdj 0 0
fn[kkuk] vlR;] Qsd] D;k mŸkjnkrkvksa dks yxrk gS fd mudk ilanhnk
cukoVh vkSj dsoy ,d i{k lekpkj pSuy lkekftd ftEesnkjh dh dlkSVh ij
dh [kcjsa o ,d rjg dh [kjk mrjrk gS] ;g tkkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA
[kcjsa fn[kkuk vf/kdrj ernkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mudk ilanhnk
dg ugha ldrs 27 8-2 lekpkj pSuy lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro dk fuoZgu
buesa ls dksbZ ugha 0 0 djrk gSA 35-2 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk bl dFku ls iw.kZr%
dqy 250 100 lger gSa tcfd 23-6 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk lger gSaA
7-6 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us dqN ugha dg ldrs
izLrqr rkfydk esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ehfM;k ds fodYi dk p;u fd;kA 22 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk bl
lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa jk; n”kkZ;h xbZ gSA dFku ls vlger gSa] tcfd 11-6 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk
vkadM+kas ls irk pyrk gS fd vf/kdrj mŸkjnkrkvksa iw.kZr% vlger gSaA
dks ehfM;k ds lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa rkfydk & 9 fganh lekpkj pSuy ns”k ds egRoiw.kZ
tkudkjh gSA 90-8 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us dgk fd eqn~nksa dks Ik;kZIr dojst nsrs gSa\
lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro dk vFkZ gS lekt ds fgr dh vo/kh Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr
[kcjsa fn[kkuk] Tkks lR; gksa] fu’i{k gksa] lekt dks Ikw.kZr% lger 13 5-2
ldkjkRed fn”kk nsuh okyh gksAa blds vfrfjDr 8-2 Lkger 47 18-8
izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us dg ugha ldrs fodYi dk dg ugha ldrs 19 7-6
p;u fd;kA vkadM+ksa ls egRiw.kZ tkudkjh fudy vlger 77 30-8
vkbZ gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa dks Ikw.kZr% vlger 94 37-6
ehfM;k ds lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa vk/kkjHkwr dqy 250 100
tkudkjh gSA

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dHkh&dHkh lekpkj pSuyksa ij ;g Hkh vkjksi yxk;k dsoy fdlh ,d i{k dh [kcjsa [kklrkSj ij
tkrk gS fd os ns”k ds egRoiw.kZ eqn~nksa dks dojst jktuhfrd [kcjsa fn[kk jgs gSaA 51-6 izfr”kr
nsus dh ctk; vU; eqn~nksa dks T;knk egRo nsrs gSaA mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd fganh lekpkj pSuy ges”kk
izLrqr rkfydk esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; blh iz”u ds dsoy ,d i{k ;k fopkj/kkjk dh [kcjsa fn[kkrs gSaA
ckjs esa n”kkZbZ xbZ gSA dsoy 5-2 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa 21-2 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd
us dgk fd oks iw.kZr% lger gSa fd fganh Vsyhfotu dHkh&dHkh fganh lekpkj pSuy ,d i{kk dh [kcjsa
lekpkj pSuy ns”k ds egRoiw.kZ eqn~nksa dks Ik;kZIr fn[kkrs gSaA 8 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us dg ugha ldrs
dojst nsrs gSa] tcfd 18-8 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk blds fodYi dk p;u fd;kA 4-4 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk
ckjs esa lger gSaA gkykafd vf/kdrj mŸkjnkrkvksa dk er gS fd fganh lekpkj pSuy ,d i{k dh [kcjsa
ekuuk gS fd fganh lekpkj pSuy ns”k ds egRoiw.kZ dHkh ugha fn[kkrsA 14-8 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa
eqn~nksa dks i;kZIr dojst ugha nsrs gSaA 30-8 izfr”kr fd fganh lekpkj pSuy ,d i{k dh [kcjsa fcydqy
mŸkjnkrk blds ckjs esa vlger gSa tcfd 37-6 Hkh ugha fn[kkrsA
izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us dgk fd oks blds ckjs esa
iw.kZr% vlger gSa fd fganh lekpkj pSuy ns”k ds rkfydk & 11 D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd fganh
egRoiw.kZ eqn~nksa dks Ik;kZIr dojst nsrs gSaA lekpkj pSuyksa esa lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro fuoZgu
rkfydk & 10 D;k vkidks dHkh yxk gS fd lekpkj djus esa fxjkoV vkbZ gS\
pSuy dsoy ,d i{k dh [kcjsa fn[kkrs gSa\ izfrfdz;k Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr
vo/kh Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr cgqr vf/kd 93 37-2
ges”kk 129 51-6 vf/kd 59 23-6
dHkh&dHkh 53 21-2 dg ugha ldrs 23 9-2
dg ugha ldrs 20 8 cgqr de 37 14-8
dHkh ugha 11 4-4 dHkh ugha 38 15-2
fcydqy Hkh ugha 37 14-8 dqy 250 100
dqy 250 100
izLrqr rkfydk esa fganh lekpkj pSuyksa esa lkekftd
vPNh i=dkfjrk dh igyh igpku gksrh gS fd og mŸkjnkf;Ro esa vkbZ fxjkoV ds ckjs esa mŸkjnkrkvksa
dsoy ,d i{k dh [kcjs u fn[kk, cfYd nksuksa i{kksa dh jk; dks n”kkZ;k x;k gSA 37-2 izfr”kr
dk er ikBdksa ;k n”kZdksa ds lkeus j[ksA bls mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd fganh lekpkj pSuyksa esa
lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro dk ,d dkjd Hkh dgk tk lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro dk fuoZgu djus esa cgqr
ldrk gSA fganh Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa ij vf/kd fxjokV vkbZ gS tcfd 23-6 izfr”kr
vkerkSj ij ;g vkjksi yxrk jgrk gS fd og ,d mŸkjnkrkvksa us dgk fd vf/kd fxjkoV vkbZ gSA 9-2
i{k dh [kcjsa fn[kk jgk gSA varoZLrq fo”ys’k.k dsa izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk dqN dgus dh fLFkfr esa ugha FksA
vkadM+kas esa Hkh ;g lkeus vk;k gS fd lekpkj pSuy 14-8 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us dgk fd fganh lekpkj

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pSuyksa esa lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro dk fuoZgu djus esa ns[kk tk ldrkA i=dkfjrk ds O;olk; ds bl nkSj
cgqr de fxjkoV vkbZ gS tcfd 15-2 izfr”kr esa Lo&fu;ked ls T;knk mEehn djuk Hkh Lo;a dks
mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd fcYdqy Hkh fxjkoV ugha vkbZ /kks[kk nsus tSlk gS elyu lekpkj pSuyksa esa fn[kkbZ
gSA tkus okys fgalkRed lekpkjksa ds ckjs esa fdlh us
rkfydk & 12 fganh lekpkj pkSuyksa ds lkekftd lkspk Hkh ugha gksxk dh bldk cPpksa ij D;k izHkko
mÙkjnkf;Ro esa vk jgh fxjkoV dk dkj.k gS\ gks ldrk gSA pwafd ehfM;k ,d O;olk; gS blfy,
izfrfdz;k Lka[;k Ikzfr”kr ehfM;k O;olk;h vc [kqys rkSj ij ;g dgrs gq,
cktkjh rkdrksa dk izHkko 56 22-4 utj vkrs gSa fd iSls dekuk mudk eq[; mn~ns”;
vklkuh ls Vhvkjih izkIr 22 8-8 gSA blfy, isM U;wt] vkSj dkjiksjsV ykWfcax tSlh
djus dh ykylk izo`fr;ka vktdy ehfM;k esa vkerkSj ij ns[kus dks
Lkekpkj ewY;ksa dh de 16 6-4 feyrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa Lo&fu;ked dh ehfM;k ls
tkudkjh gksuk mEehn j[kuk ukgd gh gSA
n”kZdksa dh :fp 31 12-4 ehfM;k ls lkekftd ftEesnkjh fuHkkus dh mEehn
buesa ls lHkh 125 50 ges”kk ls dh tkrh gSA ysfdu O;olkf;drk us
dqy 250 100 lkekftd ftEesnkjh dks fiNs dj fn;k gSA
izfr;ksfxrk ds bl nkSj esa cktkj esa cus jgus ds fy,
izLrqr rkfydk esa fganh lekpkj pSuyksa ds lkekftd ehfM;k gkml rjg& rjg ds gFkdaMs mi;ksx djrs
mŸkjnkf;Ro esa vk jgh fxjkoV ds dkj.kksa ds ckjs esa gq, utj vkrs gSa u fd turk dh leL;kvksa dks
mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; dks n”kkZ;k x;k gSA rkfydk ls fdl izdkj mBk;k tk,A izfr;ksfxrk ds c<+rs bl
Li’V gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa dks ehfM;k ds lkekftd pyu ds dkj.k euksjatu] fgalk] vijk/k vkSj fdzdsV
mŸkjnkf;Ro esa vk jgh fxjokV ds dkj.kksa ds ckjs esa ds lekpkjksa ij gh Vsyhfotu pSuyksa dk daVsV
lVhd tkudkjh gSA 22-4 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk Qksdl djus yxk gSA
ekuuk gS fd ,slk cktkjh rkdrksa ds dkj.k gks jgk gS “kks/k ls Li’V gS fd vf/kdrj mŸkjnkrk ehfM;k ds
tcfd 8-8 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us dgk fd vklkuh lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa tkurs gSaA “kks/k esa
ls Vhvkjih izkIr djus ds ykylk ds dkj.k fganh ik;k x;k fd yxHkx 60 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dks
lekpkj pSuy lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro dh vksj vf/kd ehfM;k ds lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro ds ckjs esa cks/k gSA
/;ku ugha nsrsA 6-4 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us i=dkjksa vf/kdrj mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd ehfM;k
ds }kjk lekpkj ewY;ksa dh de tkudkjh gksuk Hkh lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Ro dk ikyu ugha dj jgk gS
bldk ,d dkj.k ekuk gSA gkykafd mudk ekuuk gS fd mudk ialnhnk lekpkj
fu’d’kZ pSuy nwljs pSuyksa dh vis{kkd`r lekt ds izfr
orZeku le; esa ,d ckr rks Li’V gS fd ehfM;k vf/kd mŸkjnk;h gSA yxHkx 68 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrkvksa
dksbZ vkanksyu ugha vfirq ,d O;olk; gS vkSj tc dk ekuuk gS fd fganh lekpkj pSuy ns”k ds
ge ehfM;k dks ,d O;olk; ds :i esa Lohdkj dj egRoiw.kZ eqn~nksa dks Ik;kZIr dojst ugha nsrs gSaA blh
ysrs gSa rks ewY;ghurk dks mlls vyx djds ugha

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izdkj ls yxHkx 72 izfr”kr mŸkjnkrk ,slk Hkh ekurs [9] Solangi Muhammad Wasil, & Iftikhar
gSa fd fganh lekpkj pSuy dsoy ,d i{k dh [kcjs Khuwarzam (2018). Practice of

fn[kkrs gSaA Electronic Media and Its Alignment with

lanHkZ lwph code of ethics. International Journal of

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[2] Jagadish Vachani (1999), Media Politics
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[3] G.S Ranganathan. (2007). Journalism
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[4] Vir Bala Aggarwal and V. S. Gupta
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[5] Dutta Soumya (2011), Social
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[6] Singh Jieternder (2015), Trends in
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[7] Ravi B.K. (2012), Media And Social
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[8] Katju Markandey. (2011, October 21).
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