I am a researcher on the Mongol history, and my main topics of the research including: 1. The history of Yuan Dynasty and Mongol Empire.2. Comparative of the political institution with the Yuan and Ilkhanate.3. History of the Central Asia from Mongol Period down to Timurid.4. Maritime Connection and Culture Exchange between China and Persian Gulf in Pre-Modern Period.
As an aspect of the linguistic landscape in the Mamluk Sultanate, the role and career of Mongolia... more As an aspect of the linguistic landscape in the Mamluk Sultanate, the role and career of Mongolian speakers remain open to discussion. Through analysis of the primary sources of various genres from different parts of Mongol and post-Mongol Eurasia, this article overviews the Mongolian language and its speakers in the circle of Mamluk Sultan's Court. Furthermore, compared with the Persian and Chinese sources, I try to point out the similarities of Mongolian education in the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire. In addition, the complexity of the relationship between language acquisition and knowledge of Mongol history will be discussed.
Jinan shixue [Historical Studies of Jinan Uinversity]暨南史學, 2024
Qāshānī’s Chronicle Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū is an abundant source devoted specifically to the reign of Ī... more Qāshānī’s Chronicle Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū is an abundant source devoted specifically to the reign of Īlkhān Öljeitü (r.1304–1316). The current article, mainly based on Hambly’s edition, two basic manuscripts and other contemporary sources, supplies a translation and commentary of the chapter on the anecdotes of 706H/1306-7.
The current article provides a critical survey of several Mongolian textbooks utilized in the roy... more The current article provides a critical survey of several Mongolian textbooks utilized in the royal court of the Chosŏn Dynasty in Korea. Through meticulous verification, it identifies that among these textbooks, the Juliluo is, in fact, a Mongolian translation of the classic Arabic literature Kalīla wa Dimna. This translation was contributed by Yahu (雅琥, i.e. Yaqub), an Oriental Christian disciple who served as a librarian at Kuizhang Chamber Academy during the reign of Wenzong (Tuq-Temür). This translated work was subsequently given to the Korean court. The second section of this article demonstrates Yaqut's personal experience of serving in the Royal Library and later being exiled to southern China, his social networks and his motive for translating the Kalila wa Dimna. Based on this case, this article further discusses the role of the Mongolian language in terms of cultural functions and the phenomenon of “culture de l’interprétariat” across the Eurasian continent during the Mongol era.
Les Mongols et le monde: L'autre visage de l'empire de Gengis Khan, Musee D’histoire Du Chateau Nante (ed.), 2023
En moins de cinquante ans, Gengis Khan et ses successeurs « établirent, du levant au ponant, un É... more En moins de cinquante ans, Gengis Khan et ses successeurs « établirent, du levant au ponant, un État qui ne peut être comparé à nul autre État que l’on n’ait jamais connu ou décrit dans aucun ouvrage historique[ Al-Fuwaṭī Ibn, Majma’ al-ādāb fī muʿjam al-alqāb, Vizārat-i Farhang va Irshīd-i Islāmī, édition Muḥammad al-Kāzim, Téhéran, n 2697, vol. 3, 1995, p. 319-320.] ». C’est à Hülegü que l’astronome Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī, qui deviendra un proche conseiller de l’ilkhan, dédia ces mots après la chute de Bagdad. Mais une vraie question se pose : comment les Mongols parvinrent à un tel succès ? Aussi spectaculaires qu’aient été leurs exploits militaires, le nouvel empire s’inscrit dans la continuité des premières dynasties nomades, telles que le Khaganat turc, l’empire Khitan des Liao et la dynastie Jin des Jürchen semi-nomades. Les Mongols continuèrent d’utiliser les termes de l’idéologie impériale avec lesquels leurs sujets, tant nomades que sédentaires, étaient familiarisés, et à tirer profit de l’art de la guerre enraciné dans les techniques et traditions militaires séculaires des nomades de la steppe eurasienne. Il existe cependant une différence de taille avec les précédentes dynasties : l’Empire mongol avait sous sa domination une population plus importante, dont la composition démographique était plus complexe. La réussite des Mongols dans ce domaine tient à leur capacité à employer avec efficacité les différentes ressources locales en même temps qu’ils maintenaient un équilibre subtil dans leur système administratif.
Vaṣṣāf’s Tajziyat al-amṣār va tazjiyat al-aʿsār [The Apportioning of Lands and the Passing of Tim... more Vaṣṣāf’s Tajziyat al-amṣār va tazjiyat al-aʿsār [The Apportioning of Lands and the Passing of Times] ‒ and so-called “History of Vaṣṣāf” provides some unique narratives about the political events that occurred in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty and several detailed information never appear in coeval Chinese sources. The current article, based on a close reading of the original Persian text, intends to provide a complete translation of the chapter of “Enthronement of Qaishan Qa’an (r. 1307‒1311)”. Furthermore, by comparing with Chinese sources, i.e. the Yuanshi [Official History of the Yuan Dynasty], the author offers an initial analysis of the terminologies, the personages and the Turco-Mongolian loanwords appearing in Vaṣṣāf’s narrative. In addition, an introduction including the bibliographic information of Vaṣṣāf’s works and the historical background of the aforementioned event is arranged by the author.
in: The Mongol World, . T. May & M. Hope (Eds.), London: Routledge, 2022, 1247-74., 2022
Qubilai’s achievement was significant and multifaceted, influencing on not only the successive Yu... more Qubilai’s achievement was significant and multifaceted, influencing on not only the successive Yuan Emperors but also the following rulers who usurped the throne from the Chinggisid descendants. Especially, the ruler of early Ming dynasty (r. 1368–1644), Zhu Yuanzhang (1328–98, r. 1368–98) wished to built legitimacy for the new dynasty by reshaping the political image of Qubilai Qa’an. Why did Qubilai Qa’an become an exception in such a quasi-ethnic revolutionary atmosphere which widely prevailed and sometimes even turned radical during the early Ming era? how did the intellectuals of the late Yuan depict Qubilai’s image in a dynastic narrative? Meanwhile, being inspired by the late Yuan intellectuals, how and why did Ming Emperors adapt Qubilai Qa’an to a pivotal figure in a newly constructed legitimate discourse? Thus, based on the official archives, chronicles and literati collected works, the current article tries to indicate the changes of Qubilai Qa’an’s image during the Yuan–Ming transition and explain the motivations of aforesaid changes.
Abstract:
Teb-Tenggri, a famous Shaman, once relayed God’s oracle that Chinggis Khan was doomed ... more Abstract: Teb-Tenggri, a famous Shaman, once relayed God’s oracle that Chinggis Khan was doomed to conquer the world. This anecdote was anchored in Chinggis Khan’s biograph and therefore, was depicted as a symbolic scenario by contemporary historians. By tracing the different narratives in multi-lingual sources, the current article demonstrates that Teb-Tenggri’s anecdote, in various contexts, displayed as historical memory and as a metaphorical approach to the establishment of legitimacy as well.
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2021/1, 79-107, 2021
Through the analysis of three Ming Chinese geographical documents which were depicted during the ... more Through the analysis of three Ming Chinese geographical documents which were depicted during the early sixteenth-century, this article contributes a case study on the geographical knowledge of the Timurid Central Asia in Ming Chinese documents. The article argues, according to abundant geographical information offered by these documents, we can reconstruct the active network of transnational routes that connected the Ming Empire and Timurid Central Asia. Furthermore, these documents provide the highly convincing proof that the knowledge of the Ming court to its contemporary Eurasian competitors was continuously renewed.
Jinan shixue [Historical Studies of Jinan Uinversity], 2020
The current article, mainly basing on Hambly’s edition, along with two basic manuscripts and othe... more The current article, mainly basing on Hambly’s edition, along with two basic manuscripts and other contemporary sources, supplies a complete translation and commentary of the chapter of the anecdotes of the year 705H/1305-6.
This article based on Waṣṣāf’s record studies the Fakhr al-Dīn’s experience in China and further,... more This article based on Waṣṣāf’s record studies the Fakhr al-Dīn’s experience in China and further, a concrete scene about the government of the Yuan dynasty during the later period of Temür’s reign. Additionally, given that another valuable information from Waṣṣāf was about the monopoly-trade in Yuan court, this article also supplies a case study on the actual attitude of Temür Qa’an toward monopoly-trade and the inflation of paper money in 1304 as well.
Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals, Michal Biran, Jonathan Brack, Francesca Fiaschetti (eds.), Oakland: University of California Press., 2020
From the inception of the Mongol empire, even prior to Chinggis Khan’s subjugation of the eastern... more From the inception of the Mongol empire, even prior to Chinggis Khan’s subjugation of the eastern Islamic world (1219–25), Muslims were found in Mongol service. Joining the Mongols primarily from Central Asia and Iran, they served in various capacities, most notably as administrators of the Mongols’ newly conquered sedentary territories. Jaʿfar Khwāja (fl 1201–21?), an early follower of Chinggis Khan, is one of the first examples of a Muslim taking part in the nascent imperial enterprise. Based on Jaʿfar Khwāja’s biography in the official Yuanshi, or History of the Yuan Dynasty, along with other contemporaneous Chinese, Persian, and Arabic accounts, this chapter explores Jaʿfar Khwāja’s career within the broader context of the early stages of the expanding empire. The diverse functions that Jaʿfar Khwāja fulfiled in Mongol service demonstrate the significant role of Muslims in the emerging empire and the great opportunities of social mobility that Mongol service provided in return.
Gift-exchange is the main element of a long-established tradition in Inner Asian diplomatic pract... more Gift-exchange is the main element of a long-established tradition in Inner Asian diplomatic practice, representing a kind of political discourse. The Mongol Empire, after its rise in the early 13th century, changed the tradition of diplomatic ideology and practice, and established new principles subsequently. This article, according to multilingual sources, summarizes the formal and political aspects of gift-exchange during the pre-Mongol period and, furthermore, discusses the innovation and continuity of gift-exchange in the diplomatic practice of the earlier Mongol Empire.
The current contribution discusses and analyses several accounts referring to the "Baljuna Legend... more The current contribution discusses and analyses several accounts referring to the "Baljuna Legend" mentioned by Ilkhanid historians. The plots aforementioned accounts are obviously different from the well-known modes narrated by the official histories, e.g. the Secret History of the Mongols, the Yuanshi and the Jāmi’ al-tavārīkh, etc. Based on the analysis of the key-words and the contexts as well, the author points out, to a certain extent, the Baljuna legend and the story of the war against the Taichi’ut people is similar. The similarities appear in the plots, the terms and the actions of the key-persons. It indicates that the historians, to a certain extent, had shared some topoi during the process of formation of the “standard” history of the Mongol Empire. Furthermore, the author considers that the similarities appearing in both stories is due to such a fact: the importance of the Taichi’ut story in the historical memory of the Mongols was replaced by the Baljuna Legend, and in the meantime, some plots relating to the former story were used to embellish the latter one.
In the current article, the author translates and discusses the biography of Ja'far Khwaja which ... more In the current article, the author translates and discusses the biography of Ja'far Khwaja which is recorded occasionally in a new-found Arabic history, Aḥwāl mulūk al-tatār al-mughūl. This work reports definitely that Ja'far was a Shi'ite Muslim. Therefore, in the meantime, it supplies a unique perspective to survey the role of Shi'ite Muslim during the earlier period of the emergence of the Mongol Empire. Moreover, based on the comparative studies on the contemporary Chinese and Persian sources, the author also describes and evaluates the information network controlled by the Shi'ite people between North China and Eastern Iran from the Seljuq era till Mongol invasion.
Qāshānī’s Chronicle Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū is an abundant source devoted specifically to the reign of I... more Qāshānī’s Chronicle Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū is an abundant source devoted specifically to the reign of Ilkhan Öljeitü (r. 1304 - 1316). This work records the detailed information referring to Ilkhanate’s domestic affairs of as well its foreign relations with the annalistic style (both Hijri calendar and Turco-Mongol twelve-year Animal Cycle), which goes down to the year 717/1317. Author’s arrangement, to a certain extent, points to its original form of the court diary. The current article, mainly basing on Hambly’s edition, along with two basic manuscripts and other contemporary sources, supplies a translation and commentary of the chapter of the anecdotes of 704H/1304-5.
Chaghatai Khanate gained independence amid civil war between Qubilai Khan and Ariq-Böke in 1263 a... more Chaghatai Khanate gained independence amid civil war between Qubilai Khan and Ariq-Böke in 1263 and was thereafter constantly entangled in enduring military conflicts alongside the boundaries with surrounding Khanates. As there is nearly complete lack of the indigenous historical resource, it’s a great challenge for us to have any idea on how the Khanate rulers made sense of the boundaries of their ruling. Meanwhile, the descriptions of the boundaries made by the contemporary authors lived outsider of the Khanate are not consistent, too. In that way, how much did the concept of boundary contribute to the tension between different Mongol Khanates? This paper intends to probe into the different concepts of the boundary in Chaghadaid realms and Ilkhanate, and trace the process of the formation of them. Mainly basing on al-ʿUmarī’s al-Tāʿrīf bi-l-muṣṭalaḥ al-sharīf, a manual of chancellery letters, along with other Arabic, Persian and Chinese sources, the author concludes that an obscured, open boundary between the Chaghatai Khanate and Ilkhante was the main dynamic in the long-term political disputes.
– This study discusses the history of the Golden Horde and the political status of the Jochid ulu... more – This study discusses the history of the Golden Horde and the political status of the Jochid ulus from the perspective of the Yuan Dynasty. According to traditional narratives, the rulers of the Jochid ulus were largely antagonistic and apathetic towards the Yuan Court. However, Chinese sources presents a somewhat different picture and shed new light on several issues, including the status of Jochid rulers in the eyes of Yuan historians, the importance of Jochid apanages in China, local dual-administrative structures, and local officials of the Great Khan. The importance of Berke's conversion to Islam and how this influenced the conflict between the Jochids and Toluids is also touched upon. The contribution ends with a discussion of the relationship between the Golden Horde and the Yuan Dynasty in the post‑Berke period.
2. Résumé – Cet article montre comment l'histoire de la Horde d'Or et le statut politique de l'ulus de Jochi étaient perçus par la dynastie Yuan. En effet, le récit historiographique traditionnel présente les souverains de l'ulus de Jochi soit comme des rivaux des souverains Yuan, soit comme indifférents à ces derniers. Cependant, les sources chinoises nous permettent de brosser un autre tableau de leurs relations. Ces sources offrent, notamment, un éclairage inédit sur un certain nombre d'aspects complexes qui faisaient litige sous les Mongols, dont le statut des souverains jochides, l'importance des apanages jochides en Chine, les structures administratives sous double responsabilité et la question des représentants officiels du Grand
This article provides a Chinese translation and commentary of the chapter on "The Death of Temur ... more This article provides a Chinese translation and commentary of the chapter on "The Death of Temur Qa'an" in Vassaf's work (based on an abridgment version by Ayati, e.g. Tahrir-i tarikh-i Wassaf) and Qashani's Chronicle, especially referring to the historical background, personages and the official terms. According to the contemporary Persian historians' records, as well as widely comparing with the Chinese sources relating to the same event, author aims to provide a fresh perspective to observe the political process in the mid-Yuan Dynasty.
Based on the Arabic, Persian and Chinese sources, the current paper surveys the transference and ... more Based on the Arabic, Persian and Chinese sources, the current paper surveys the transference and exchanges of the knowledge as well as the legends referring to the "Khutu", the name of rhinoceros horns, in medieval era. Further, as a kind of the diplomatic gifts which were prevalent extensively in medieval Eurasia, the multiple roles and the meanings of the Khutu in the diplomatic occasions are well discussed in this paper too.
A fresh insight into the Silk Road research through the Bowl of Jamshid (Jām-i Jam): Collection of Papers on Iranian Strudies [丝绸之路上的照世杯：“中国与伊朗——丝绸之路上的文化交流”国际研讨会论文集], ed. by Cheng tong, Shanghai: Zhong xi shu ju., 2016
Shu’ab-i panjgāna is an important historical resource referring to the Mongol history, included i... more Shu’ab-i panjgāna is an important historical resource referring to the Mongol history, included in the precious literatures of the collection of Topkapi Sarayi Museum. It consits of five genealogies of the rulers, namely the rulers of Mongols, Christian, Chinese, Arabs and Jews. The context of this work is regarded as a revised edition of Rashīd al-Dīn’s Jāmi’ al-tavārīkh. The current article introduces the previous researches on this work. Further, author analyses the calligraphic style, linguistic feature relating to this work, and tries to estimate the it’s influence in the historical compilation during the Post-Mongol era, e.g. Timurid and various Turkmans’ dynasties.
As an aspect of the linguistic landscape in the Mamluk Sultanate, the role and career of Mongolia... more As an aspect of the linguistic landscape in the Mamluk Sultanate, the role and career of Mongolian speakers remain open to discussion. Through analysis of the primary sources of various genres from different parts of Mongol and post-Mongol Eurasia, this article overviews the Mongolian language and its speakers in the circle of Mamluk Sultan's Court. Furthermore, compared with the Persian and Chinese sources, I try to point out the similarities of Mongolian education in the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire. In addition, the complexity of the relationship between language acquisition and knowledge of Mongol history will be discussed.
Jinan shixue [Historical Studies of Jinan Uinversity]暨南史學, 2024
Qāshānī’s Chronicle Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū is an abundant source devoted specifically to the reign of Ī... more Qāshānī’s Chronicle Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū is an abundant source devoted specifically to the reign of Īlkhān Öljeitü (r.1304–1316). The current article, mainly based on Hambly’s edition, two basic manuscripts and other contemporary sources, supplies a translation and commentary of the chapter on the anecdotes of 706H/1306-7.
The current article provides a critical survey of several Mongolian textbooks utilized in the roy... more The current article provides a critical survey of several Mongolian textbooks utilized in the royal court of the Chosŏn Dynasty in Korea. Through meticulous verification, it identifies that among these textbooks, the Juliluo is, in fact, a Mongolian translation of the classic Arabic literature Kalīla wa Dimna. This translation was contributed by Yahu (雅琥, i.e. Yaqub), an Oriental Christian disciple who served as a librarian at Kuizhang Chamber Academy during the reign of Wenzong (Tuq-Temür). This translated work was subsequently given to the Korean court. The second section of this article demonstrates Yaqut's personal experience of serving in the Royal Library and later being exiled to southern China, his social networks and his motive for translating the Kalila wa Dimna. Based on this case, this article further discusses the role of the Mongolian language in terms of cultural functions and the phenomenon of “culture de l’interprétariat” across the Eurasian continent during the Mongol era.
Les Mongols et le monde: L'autre visage de l'empire de Gengis Khan, Musee D’histoire Du Chateau Nante (ed.), 2023
En moins de cinquante ans, Gengis Khan et ses successeurs « établirent, du levant au ponant, un É... more En moins de cinquante ans, Gengis Khan et ses successeurs « établirent, du levant au ponant, un État qui ne peut être comparé à nul autre État que l’on n’ait jamais connu ou décrit dans aucun ouvrage historique[ Al-Fuwaṭī Ibn, Majma’ al-ādāb fī muʿjam al-alqāb, Vizārat-i Farhang va Irshīd-i Islāmī, édition Muḥammad al-Kāzim, Téhéran, n 2697, vol. 3, 1995, p. 319-320.] ». C’est à Hülegü que l’astronome Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī, qui deviendra un proche conseiller de l’ilkhan, dédia ces mots après la chute de Bagdad. Mais une vraie question se pose : comment les Mongols parvinrent à un tel succès ? Aussi spectaculaires qu’aient été leurs exploits militaires, le nouvel empire s’inscrit dans la continuité des premières dynasties nomades, telles que le Khaganat turc, l’empire Khitan des Liao et la dynastie Jin des Jürchen semi-nomades. Les Mongols continuèrent d’utiliser les termes de l’idéologie impériale avec lesquels leurs sujets, tant nomades que sédentaires, étaient familiarisés, et à tirer profit de l’art de la guerre enraciné dans les techniques et traditions militaires séculaires des nomades de la steppe eurasienne. Il existe cependant une différence de taille avec les précédentes dynasties : l’Empire mongol avait sous sa domination une population plus importante, dont la composition démographique était plus complexe. La réussite des Mongols dans ce domaine tient à leur capacité à employer avec efficacité les différentes ressources locales en même temps qu’ils maintenaient un équilibre subtil dans leur système administratif.
Vaṣṣāf’s Tajziyat al-amṣār va tazjiyat al-aʿsār [The Apportioning of Lands and the Passing of Tim... more Vaṣṣāf’s Tajziyat al-amṣār va tazjiyat al-aʿsār [The Apportioning of Lands and the Passing of Times] ‒ and so-called “History of Vaṣṣāf” provides some unique narratives about the political events that occurred in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty and several detailed information never appear in coeval Chinese sources. The current article, based on a close reading of the original Persian text, intends to provide a complete translation of the chapter of “Enthronement of Qaishan Qa’an (r. 1307‒1311)”. Furthermore, by comparing with Chinese sources, i.e. the Yuanshi [Official History of the Yuan Dynasty], the author offers an initial analysis of the terminologies, the personages and the Turco-Mongolian loanwords appearing in Vaṣṣāf’s narrative. In addition, an introduction including the bibliographic information of Vaṣṣāf’s works and the historical background of the aforementioned event is arranged by the author.
in: The Mongol World, . T. May & M. Hope (Eds.), London: Routledge, 2022, 1247-74., 2022
Qubilai’s achievement was significant and multifaceted, influencing on not only the successive Yu... more Qubilai’s achievement was significant and multifaceted, influencing on not only the successive Yuan Emperors but also the following rulers who usurped the throne from the Chinggisid descendants. Especially, the ruler of early Ming dynasty (r. 1368–1644), Zhu Yuanzhang (1328–98, r. 1368–98) wished to built legitimacy for the new dynasty by reshaping the political image of Qubilai Qa’an. Why did Qubilai Qa’an become an exception in such a quasi-ethnic revolutionary atmosphere which widely prevailed and sometimes even turned radical during the early Ming era? how did the intellectuals of the late Yuan depict Qubilai’s image in a dynastic narrative? Meanwhile, being inspired by the late Yuan intellectuals, how and why did Ming Emperors adapt Qubilai Qa’an to a pivotal figure in a newly constructed legitimate discourse? Thus, based on the official archives, chronicles and literati collected works, the current article tries to indicate the changes of Qubilai Qa’an’s image during the Yuan–Ming transition and explain the motivations of aforesaid changes.
Abstract:
Teb-Tenggri, a famous Shaman, once relayed God’s oracle that Chinggis Khan was doomed ... more Abstract: Teb-Tenggri, a famous Shaman, once relayed God’s oracle that Chinggis Khan was doomed to conquer the world. This anecdote was anchored in Chinggis Khan’s biograph and therefore, was depicted as a symbolic scenario by contemporary historians. By tracing the different narratives in multi-lingual sources, the current article demonstrates that Teb-Tenggri’s anecdote, in various contexts, displayed as historical memory and as a metaphorical approach to the establishment of legitimacy as well.
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2021/1, 79-107, 2021
Through the analysis of three Ming Chinese geographical documents which were depicted during the ... more Through the analysis of three Ming Chinese geographical documents which were depicted during the early sixteenth-century, this article contributes a case study on the geographical knowledge of the Timurid Central Asia in Ming Chinese documents. The article argues, according to abundant geographical information offered by these documents, we can reconstruct the active network of transnational routes that connected the Ming Empire and Timurid Central Asia. Furthermore, these documents provide the highly convincing proof that the knowledge of the Ming court to its contemporary Eurasian competitors was continuously renewed.
Jinan shixue [Historical Studies of Jinan Uinversity], 2020
The current article, mainly basing on Hambly’s edition, along with two basic manuscripts and othe... more The current article, mainly basing on Hambly’s edition, along with two basic manuscripts and other contemporary sources, supplies a complete translation and commentary of the chapter of the anecdotes of the year 705H/1305-6.
This article based on Waṣṣāf’s record studies the Fakhr al-Dīn’s experience in China and further,... more This article based on Waṣṣāf’s record studies the Fakhr al-Dīn’s experience in China and further, a concrete scene about the government of the Yuan dynasty during the later period of Temür’s reign. Additionally, given that another valuable information from Waṣṣāf was about the monopoly-trade in Yuan court, this article also supplies a case study on the actual attitude of Temür Qa’an toward monopoly-trade and the inflation of paper money in 1304 as well.
Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals, Michal Biran, Jonathan Brack, Francesca Fiaschetti (eds.), Oakland: University of California Press., 2020
From the inception of the Mongol empire, even prior to Chinggis Khan’s subjugation of the eastern... more From the inception of the Mongol empire, even prior to Chinggis Khan’s subjugation of the eastern Islamic world (1219–25), Muslims were found in Mongol service. Joining the Mongols primarily from Central Asia and Iran, they served in various capacities, most notably as administrators of the Mongols’ newly conquered sedentary territories. Jaʿfar Khwāja (fl 1201–21?), an early follower of Chinggis Khan, is one of the first examples of a Muslim taking part in the nascent imperial enterprise. Based on Jaʿfar Khwāja’s biography in the official Yuanshi, or History of the Yuan Dynasty, along with other contemporaneous Chinese, Persian, and Arabic accounts, this chapter explores Jaʿfar Khwāja’s career within the broader context of the early stages of the expanding empire. The diverse functions that Jaʿfar Khwāja fulfiled in Mongol service demonstrate the significant role of Muslims in the emerging empire and the great opportunities of social mobility that Mongol service provided in return.
Gift-exchange is the main element of a long-established tradition in Inner Asian diplomatic pract... more Gift-exchange is the main element of a long-established tradition in Inner Asian diplomatic practice, representing a kind of political discourse. The Mongol Empire, after its rise in the early 13th century, changed the tradition of diplomatic ideology and practice, and established new principles subsequently. This article, according to multilingual sources, summarizes the formal and political aspects of gift-exchange during the pre-Mongol period and, furthermore, discusses the innovation and continuity of gift-exchange in the diplomatic practice of the earlier Mongol Empire.
The current contribution discusses and analyses several accounts referring to the "Baljuna Legend... more The current contribution discusses and analyses several accounts referring to the "Baljuna Legend" mentioned by Ilkhanid historians. The plots aforementioned accounts are obviously different from the well-known modes narrated by the official histories, e.g. the Secret History of the Mongols, the Yuanshi and the Jāmi’ al-tavārīkh, etc. Based on the analysis of the key-words and the contexts as well, the author points out, to a certain extent, the Baljuna legend and the story of the war against the Taichi’ut people is similar. The similarities appear in the plots, the terms and the actions of the key-persons. It indicates that the historians, to a certain extent, had shared some topoi during the process of formation of the “standard” history of the Mongol Empire. Furthermore, the author considers that the similarities appearing in both stories is due to such a fact: the importance of the Taichi’ut story in the historical memory of the Mongols was replaced by the Baljuna Legend, and in the meantime, some plots relating to the former story were used to embellish the latter one.
In the current article, the author translates and discusses the biography of Ja'far Khwaja which ... more In the current article, the author translates and discusses the biography of Ja'far Khwaja which is recorded occasionally in a new-found Arabic history, Aḥwāl mulūk al-tatār al-mughūl. This work reports definitely that Ja'far was a Shi'ite Muslim. Therefore, in the meantime, it supplies a unique perspective to survey the role of Shi'ite Muslim during the earlier period of the emergence of the Mongol Empire. Moreover, based on the comparative studies on the contemporary Chinese and Persian sources, the author also describes and evaluates the information network controlled by the Shi'ite people between North China and Eastern Iran from the Seljuq era till Mongol invasion.
Qāshānī’s Chronicle Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū is an abundant source devoted specifically to the reign of I... more Qāshānī’s Chronicle Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū is an abundant source devoted specifically to the reign of Ilkhan Öljeitü (r. 1304 - 1316). This work records the detailed information referring to Ilkhanate’s domestic affairs of as well its foreign relations with the annalistic style (both Hijri calendar and Turco-Mongol twelve-year Animal Cycle), which goes down to the year 717/1317. Author’s arrangement, to a certain extent, points to its original form of the court diary. The current article, mainly basing on Hambly’s edition, along with two basic manuscripts and other contemporary sources, supplies a translation and commentary of the chapter of the anecdotes of 704H/1304-5.
Chaghatai Khanate gained independence amid civil war between Qubilai Khan and Ariq-Böke in 1263 a... more Chaghatai Khanate gained independence amid civil war between Qubilai Khan and Ariq-Böke in 1263 and was thereafter constantly entangled in enduring military conflicts alongside the boundaries with surrounding Khanates. As there is nearly complete lack of the indigenous historical resource, it’s a great challenge for us to have any idea on how the Khanate rulers made sense of the boundaries of their ruling. Meanwhile, the descriptions of the boundaries made by the contemporary authors lived outsider of the Khanate are not consistent, too. In that way, how much did the concept of boundary contribute to the tension between different Mongol Khanates? This paper intends to probe into the different concepts of the boundary in Chaghadaid realms and Ilkhanate, and trace the process of the formation of them. Mainly basing on al-ʿUmarī’s al-Tāʿrīf bi-l-muṣṭalaḥ al-sharīf, a manual of chancellery letters, along with other Arabic, Persian and Chinese sources, the author concludes that an obscured, open boundary between the Chaghatai Khanate and Ilkhante was the main dynamic in the long-term political disputes.
– This study discusses the history of the Golden Horde and the political status of the Jochid ulu... more – This study discusses the history of the Golden Horde and the political status of the Jochid ulus from the perspective of the Yuan Dynasty. According to traditional narratives, the rulers of the Jochid ulus were largely antagonistic and apathetic towards the Yuan Court. However, Chinese sources presents a somewhat different picture and shed new light on several issues, including the status of Jochid rulers in the eyes of Yuan historians, the importance of Jochid apanages in China, local dual-administrative structures, and local officials of the Great Khan. The importance of Berke's conversion to Islam and how this influenced the conflict between the Jochids and Toluids is also touched upon. The contribution ends with a discussion of the relationship between the Golden Horde and the Yuan Dynasty in the post‑Berke period.
2. Résumé – Cet article montre comment l'histoire de la Horde d'Or et le statut politique de l'ulus de Jochi étaient perçus par la dynastie Yuan. En effet, le récit historiographique traditionnel présente les souverains de l'ulus de Jochi soit comme des rivaux des souverains Yuan, soit comme indifférents à ces derniers. Cependant, les sources chinoises nous permettent de brosser un autre tableau de leurs relations. Ces sources offrent, notamment, un éclairage inédit sur un certain nombre d'aspects complexes qui faisaient litige sous les Mongols, dont le statut des souverains jochides, l'importance des apanages jochides en Chine, les structures administratives sous double responsabilité et la question des représentants officiels du Grand
This article provides a Chinese translation and commentary of the chapter on "The Death of Temur ... more This article provides a Chinese translation and commentary of the chapter on "The Death of Temur Qa'an" in Vassaf's work (based on an abridgment version by Ayati, e.g. Tahrir-i tarikh-i Wassaf) and Qashani's Chronicle, especially referring to the historical background, personages and the official terms. According to the contemporary Persian historians' records, as well as widely comparing with the Chinese sources relating to the same event, author aims to provide a fresh perspective to observe the political process in the mid-Yuan Dynasty.
Based on the Arabic, Persian and Chinese sources, the current paper surveys the transference and ... more Based on the Arabic, Persian and Chinese sources, the current paper surveys the transference and exchanges of the knowledge as well as the legends referring to the "Khutu", the name of rhinoceros horns, in medieval era. Further, as a kind of the diplomatic gifts which were prevalent extensively in medieval Eurasia, the multiple roles and the meanings of the Khutu in the diplomatic occasions are well discussed in this paper too.
A fresh insight into the Silk Road research through the Bowl of Jamshid (Jām-i Jam): Collection of Papers on Iranian Strudies [丝绸之路上的照世杯：“中国与伊朗——丝绸之路上的文化交流”国际研讨会论文集], ed. by Cheng tong, Shanghai: Zhong xi shu ju., 2016
Shu’ab-i panjgāna is an important historical resource referring to the Mongol history, included i... more Shu’ab-i panjgāna is an important historical resource referring to the Mongol history, included in the precious literatures of the collection of Topkapi Sarayi Museum. It consits of five genealogies of the rulers, namely the rulers of Mongols, Christian, Chinese, Arabs and Jews. The context of this work is regarded as a revised edition of Rashīd al-Dīn’s Jāmi’ al-tavārīkh. The current article introduces the previous researches on this work. Further, author analyses the calligraphic style, linguistic feature relating to this work, and tries to estimate the it’s influence in the historical compilation during the Post-Mongol era, e.g. Timurid and various Turkmans’ dynasties.
The Russian translation of the "Studies on the Political History of Yuan Dynasty and Culture Exch... more The Russian translation of the "Studies on the Political History of Yuan Dynasty and Culture Exchanges via Mongol Eurasia [蒙古帝國視野下的元史與東西文化交流]"
Uploads
Papers by Qiu Yihao
本文通过对李氏朝鲜王朝宫廷中使用的几种蒙古语教材原本的考订，证明了其中《巨里罗》一书实为阿拉伯古典文学名著《卡里来和笛木乃》的蒙古语译本。该书是在元文宗在位期间，由担任奎章阁参书的“也里可温人”雅琥翻译成蒙古语，随后又被颁赐给高丽宫廷的。本文从这一案例出发，又讨论了蒙古语在蒙古帝国和各汗国时期所承担的文化功能，以及蒙古时代欧亚大陆上的“知识共享”现象。
Mais une vraie question se pose : comment les Mongols parvinrent à un tel succès ? Aussi spectaculaires qu’aient été leurs exploits militaires, le nouvel empire s’inscrit dans la continuité des premières dynasties nomades, telles que le Khaganat turc, l’empire Khitan des Liao et la dynastie Jin des Jürchen semi-nomades. Les Mongols continuèrent d’utiliser les termes de l’idéologie impériale avec lesquels leurs sujets, tant nomades que sédentaires, étaient familiarisés, et à tirer profit de l’art de la guerre enraciné dans les techniques et traditions militaires séculaires des nomades de la steppe eurasienne. Il existe cependant une différence de taille avec les précédentes dynasties : l’Empire mongol avait sous sa domination une population plus importante, dont la composition démographique était plus complexe. La réussite des Mongols dans ce domaine tient à leur capacité à employer avec efficacité les différentes ressources locales en même temps qu’ils maintenaient un équilibre subtil dans leur système administratif.
《瓦薩甫史》是伊利汗國時期編纂的一部重要的蒙古通史，其中包含了許多關於元朝史事的重要史料。但因爲原文文采過於繁縟難讀，學界對此書的史料價值尚缺乏全面、公正的評判。本文選取其中“海山合罕登基”章，在對全文進行漢譯的基礎上，又結合同時代波斯文、漢文史料對文中出現的人物、術語進行了詳細的注釋。同時作者又在“導言”中對《瓦薩甫史》的版本、文體、史學價值，以及歷史編纂過程中表現出的“波斯化”傾向進行了討論。
Why did Qubilai Qa’an become an exception in such a quasi-ethnic revolutionary atmosphere which widely prevailed and sometimes even turned radical during the early Ming era? how did the intellectuals of the late Yuan depict Qubilai’s image in a dynastic narrative? Meanwhile, being inspired by the late Yuan intellectuals, how and why did Ming Emperors adapt Qubilai Qa’an to a pivotal figure in a newly constructed legitimate discourse? Thus, based on the official archives, chronicles and literati collected works, the current article tries to indicate the changes of Qubilai Qa’an’s image during the Yuan–Ming transition and explain the motivations of aforesaid changes.
Teb-Tenggri, a famous Shaman, once relayed God’s oracle that Chinggis Khan was doomed to conquer the world. This anecdote was anchored in Chinggis Khan’s biograph and therefore, was depicted as a symbolic scenario by contemporary historians. By tracing the different narratives in multi-lingual sources, the current article demonstrates that Teb-Tenggri’s anecdote, in various contexts, displayed as historical memory and as a metaphorical approach to the establishment of legitimacy as well.
本文是对伊利汗时期波斯文编年史《完者都史》“705年纪事”的译注。作者以德黑兰出版的《完者都史》校勘本为底本，参校以伊斯坦布尔和巴黎抄本，并参考同时代汉语、波斯语和阿拉伯语文献，对文中出现的人名、地名和术语进行了注释。
本文译注并考证了新出波斯语文献中两组和“同饮班朱泥河水”相关的记载，并指出这两组记载在情节、人物方面均与成吉思汗征服泰赤兀部事件有所重叠。作者认为，之所以会发生这种重叠是因为在蒙古史构建过程中，“征服泰赤兀部”的重要性逐渐为“击败克烈部汪罕”所取代，同时与前一事件有关的故事也被移用来修饰后者。本文考证并展示了这一变化的过程。此外文章还讨论了这类故事主题的传播特点，以及在历史文本中的功能。
新近在伊朗出版的阿拉伯语史书《鞑靼君王纪事》 是一部尚未得到学界足够重视的蒙古史书， 该书基于什叶派穆斯林的立场重述了成吉思汗兴起至巴格达陷落期间的史事。 在关于蒙古征服金朝的章节中， 该书提到了穆斯林札八儿火者协助成吉思汗攻陷中都的信息。 经比较可发现， 《鞑靼君王纪事》 的记载既可与汉文史料所载相勘合， 又含有不见于汉、 波斯语文献的内容。 因此， 本文首先对相关段落加以汉译和考证， 并对札八儿火者史事西传波斯的途径与网络， 以及什叶派视野下蒙古西征的历史叙述进行了讨论。
《完者都史》（Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū）是伊利汗国历史学家哈山尼（Abū al- Qāsim ʿAbdallāh Qāshānī）所著记述完者都汗在位期间史事的编年体史书。本文以德黑兰出版的《完者都史》校勘本为底本，参校以伊斯坦布尔和巴黎抄本，对704H/1304-5年纪事进行和汉译。同时又利用汉文和波斯语文献对文中出现的人名、地名和术语进行了注释。
2. Résumé – Cet article montre comment l'histoire de la Horde d'Or et le statut politique de l'ulus de Jochi étaient perçus par la dynastie Yuan. En effet, le récit historiographique traditionnel présente les souverains de l'ulus de Jochi soit comme des rivaux des souverains Yuan, soit comme indifférents à ces derniers. Cependant, les sources chinoises nous permettent de brosser un autre tableau de leurs relations. Ces sources offrent, notamment, un éclairage inédit sur un certain nombre d'aspects complexes qui faisaient litige sous les Mongols, dont le statut des souverains jochides, l'importance des apanages jochides en Chine, les structures administratives sous double responsabilité et la question des représentants officiels du Grand
The link: https://journals.openedition.org/remmm/10234
本文通过对李氏朝鲜王朝宫廷中使用的几种蒙古语教材原本的考订，证明了其中《巨里罗》一书实为阿拉伯古典文学名著《卡里来和笛木乃》的蒙古语译本。该书是在元文宗在位期间，由担任奎章阁参书的“也里可温人”雅琥翻译成蒙古语，随后又被颁赐给高丽宫廷的。本文从这一案例出发，又讨论了蒙古语在蒙古帝国和各汗国时期所承担的文化功能，以及蒙古时代欧亚大陆上的“知识共享”现象。
Mais une vraie question se pose : comment les Mongols parvinrent à un tel succès ? Aussi spectaculaires qu’aient été leurs exploits militaires, le nouvel empire s’inscrit dans la continuité des premières dynasties nomades, telles que le Khaganat turc, l’empire Khitan des Liao et la dynastie Jin des Jürchen semi-nomades. Les Mongols continuèrent d’utiliser les termes de l’idéologie impériale avec lesquels leurs sujets, tant nomades que sédentaires, étaient familiarisés, et à tirer profit de l’art de la guerre enraciné dans les techniques et traditions militaires séculaires des nomades de la steppe eurasienne. Il existe cependant une différence de taille avec les précédentes dynasties : l’Empire mongol avait sous sa domination une population plus importante, dont la composition démographique était plus complexe. La réussite des Mongols dans ce domaine tient à leur capacité à employer avec efficacité les différentes ressources locales en même temps qu’ils maintenaient un équilibre subtil dans leur système administratif.
《瓦薩甫史》是伊利汗國時期編纂的一部重要的蒙古通史，其中包含了許多關於元朝史事的重要史料。但因爲原文文采過於繁縟難讀，學界對此書的史料價值尚缺乏全面、公正的評判。本文選取其中“海山合罕登基”章，在對全文進行漢譯的基礎上，又結合同時代波斯文、漢文史料對文中出現的人物、術語進行了詳細的注釋。同時作者又在“導言”中對《瓦薩甫史》的版本、文體、史學價值，以及歷史編纂過程中表現出的“波斯化”傾向進行了討論。
Why did Qubilai Qa’an become an exception in such a quasi-ethnic revolutionary atmosphere which widely prevailed and sometimes even turned radical during the early Ming era? how did the intellectuals of the late Yuan depict Qubilai’s image in a dynastic narrative? Meanwhile, being inspired by the late Yuan intellectuals, how and why did Ming Emperors adapt Qubilai Qa’an to a pivotal figure in a newly constructed legitimate discourse? Thus, based on the official archives, chronicles and literati collected works, the current article tries to indicate the changes of Qubilai Qa’an’s image during the Yuan–Ming transition and explain the motivations of aforesaid changes.
Teb-Tenggri, a famous Shaman, once relayed God’s oracle that Chinggis Khan was doomed to conquer the world. This anecdote was anchored in Chinggis Khan’s biograph and therefore, was depicted as a symbolic scenario by contemporary historians. By tracing the different narratives in multi-lingual sources, the current article demonstrates that Teb-Tenggri’s anecdote, in various contexts, displayed as historical memory and as a metaphorical approach to the establishment of legitimacy as well.
本文是对伊利汗时期波斯文编年史《完者都史》“705年纪事”的译注。作者以德黑兰出版的《完者都史》校勘本为底本，参校以伊斯坦布尔和巴黎抄本，并参考同时代汉语、波斯语和阿拉伯语文献，对文中出现的人名、地名和术语进行了注释。
本文译注并考证了新出波斯语文献中两组和“同饮班朱泥河水”相关的记载，并指出这两组记载在情节、人物方面均与成吉思汗征服泰赤兀部事件有所重叠。作者认为，之所以会发生这种重叠是因为在蒙古史构建过程中，“征服泰赤兀部”的重要性逐渐为“击败克烈部汪罕”所取代，同时与前一事件有关的故事也被移用来修饰后者。本文考证并展示了这一变化的过程。此外文章还讨论了这类故事主题的传播特点，以及在历史文本中的功能。
新近在伊朗出版的阿拉伯语史书《鞑靼君王纪事》 是一部尚未得到学界足够重视的蒙古史书， 该书基于什叶派穆斯林的立场重述了成吉思汗兴起至巴格达陷落期间的史事。 在关于蒙古征服金朝的章节中， 该书提到了穆斯林札八儿火者协助成吉思汗攻陷中都的信息。 经比较可发现， 《鞑靼君王纪事》 的记载既可与汉文史料所载相勘合， 又含有不见于汉、 波斯语文献的内容。 因此， 本文首先对相关段落加以汉译和考证， 并对札八儿火者史事西传波斯的途径与网络， 以及什叶派视野下蒙古西征的历史叙述进行了讨论。
《完者都史》（Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū）是伊利汗国历史学家哈山尼（Abū al- Qāsim ʿAbdallāh Qāshānī）所著记述完者都汗在位期间史事的编年体史书。本文以德黑兰出版的《完者都史》校勘本为底本，参校以伊斯坦布尔和巴黎抄本，对704H/1304-5年纪事进行和汉译。同时又利用汉文和波斯语文献对文中出现的人名、地名和术语进行了注释。
2. Résumé – Cet article montre comment l'histoire de la Horde d'Or et le statut politique de l'ulus de Jochi étaient perçus par la dynastie Yuan. En effet, le récit historiographique traditionnel présente les souverains de l'ulus de Jochi soit comme des rivaux des souverains Yuan, soit comme indifférents à ces derniers. Cependant, les sources chinoises nous permettent de brosser un autre tableau de leurs relations. Ces sources offrent, notamment, un éclairage inédit sur un certain nombre d'aspects complexes qui faisaient litige sous les Mongols, dont le statut des souverains jochides, l'importance des apanages jochides en Chine, les structures administratives sous double responsabilité et la question des représentants officiels du Grand
The link: https://journals.openedition.org/remmm/10234