Appendix:English pronunciation
English
deasaichThe following tables show the IPA and enPR/AHD symbols which are used to represent the various sounds of the English language. The sounds of Received Pronunciation (RP, UK), General American pronunciation (GenAm, US), Australian English (AuE) and New Zealand English (NZE) are shown.
For vowels in other dialects, see Wikipedia's IPA chart for English.
- An image of an old version of these tables is available.
This vowel table lists both monophthongs and diphthongs.
IPA | enPR / AHD | examples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RP | GenAm | CanE | AuE | NZE | ||
ɑː | ɑ | ɒ | aː | ɐː | ä | father, palm |
æ | ɛ | ă | bad, cat, ran[1][2] | |||
æɹ | ɛɹ | ăr | carry | |||
eɪ | æɪ | æe | ā | day, pain | ||
ɑː | ɑɹ | aː | ɐː | är | arm, bard | |
ɛə / ɛː(ɹ) | ɛɹ | eː | eə | âr | hair, there[3] | |
ɛ | e | ĕ | bed[4] | |||
ɛɹ | ĕr | merry | ||||
iː | i | iː | ē | ease, see | ||
ɪ | ɘ | ĭ | sit, city, bit | |||
ɪ | i | city, very, ready | ||||
ɪ̈ , ɨ | roses | |||||
ɪə | ɪɹ | ɪə | iə | ĭr, îr | near, here, Sirius | |
aɪ | aɪ (ʌɪ) | ɑe | ɑe | ī | my, rice | |
ɒ | ɑ | ɒ | ɔ | ɒ | ŏ | not, wasp |
əʊ | oʊ | əʉ | ɐʉ | ō | no, go, hope | |
ɔə | oɹ, ɔɹ | ɔɹ | ōr | hoarse | ||
ɔː | ɔ | ɒ | oː | oː | ô | law, caught |
ɔː | ɔɹ | ôr | horse | |||
ɔɪ | oɪ | oe | oi | boy, noise | ||
ʊ | o͝o, ŏŏ | put, foot | ||||
ʊə | ʊɹ | ʊə | ʉə | o͝or, ŏŏr | poor, tour, tourism | |
uː | u | uː | ʉː | o͞o, ōō | lose, soon, through | |
aʊ | aʊ (ʌʊ) | æo | ou | house, now | ||
ʌ | a | ɐ | ŭ | run, enough, up | ||
ɜː | ɝ, əɹ | ɝː | ɜː | ɵː | ûr | fur, bird |
ə | ɘ | ə | about | |||
ə | ɚ | ə | ɘ | ər | winner, enter[5] |
- ↑ Sometimes transcribed AEF: /a/for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
- ↑ See bad–lad split for more discussion of this vowel in Australian English.
- ↑ Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries include AEF: /ɛː/(Oxford University Press) andAEF: /eə/.
- ↑ Sometimes transcribed AEF: /e/for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
- ↑ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ] or (for transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations) as [ə(ɹ)].
IPA | enPR / AHD | examples |
---|---|---|
b | b | but, web, rubble |
tʃ | ch | chat, teach, nature |
d | d | dot, idea, nod |
f | f | fan, left, enough |
ɡ | g | get, bag |
h | h | ham |
ʍ (hw)[1] | hw | which |
dʒ | j | joy, agile, age |
k | k | cat, tack |
x | ᴋʜ | loch (in Scottish English) |
l | l | left |
Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value).[2] | l | little |
m | m | man, animal, him |
Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value).[2] | m | spasm, prism |
n | n | note, ant, pan |
Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value).[2] | n | hidden |
ŋ | ng | singer, ring |
p | p | pen, spin, top, apple |
ɹ[3] | r | run, very |
s | s | set, list, ice |
ʃ | sh | ash, sure, ration |
t | t | ton, butt |
θ | th | thin, nothing, moth |
ð | th | this, father, clothe |
v | v | voice, navel |
w | w | wet |
j | y | yes |
z | z | zoo, quiz, rose |
ʒ | zh | vision, treasure |
- ↑ Some phonologists dispute that Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value). is a distinct phoneme in English, and use Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value). instead.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Some phonologists dispute that Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value)., Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value)., Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value). are distinct phonemes in English, and use Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value)., Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value)., Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value). instead.
- ↑ Often written Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value)., especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is not a trill.
Other symbols
deasaichA stress mark is placed before the syllable that is stressed in IPA and after it in enPR / AHD.
IPA | enPR (AHD) |
indicates |
---|---|---|
Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value). (Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value).a) | ʹ (aʹ) | primary stress, as in rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/ |
Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value). (Lua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value).a) | ' (a') | secondary stress (or sometimes tertiary stress), as in battleship /ˈbætl̩ˌʃɪp/ |
aLua error in Mòideal:parameters at line 57: attempt to call upvalue 'plain' (a nil value).a | a-a | division between syllables |
̩ | syllabic consonant, as in ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] | |
ʔ | glottal stop, as in uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/, [ˈʌ̆ʔ˦oʊ˨] |
Note: The EnPR and print AHD marks are formatted slightly differently. Online, AHD writes both ', though they do not always represent the same phoneme.
See also
deasaich- Wikipedia's article on English phonology
- Wikipedia's IPA chart for English dialects (and for conversion to ASCII, the SAMPA chart for English)
- Wikipedia:IPA for English
- Wikipedia:United States dictionary transcription and Pronunciation respelling for English
- an English vowel wheel
References
deasaichExternal links
deasaich- Learning the IPA for English, (Standard American English)
- Online keyboard with MP3 sound files for IPA symbols
- IPA chart Archived 2003-06-04 at the Wayback Machine with AIFF sound files for IPA symbols
- IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
- lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers