postgres_fdw: Inherit the local transaction's access/deferrable modes.

postgres_fdw: Inherit the local transaction's access/deferrable modes.

Previously, postgres_fdw always 1) opened a remote transaction in READ
WRITE mode even when the local transaction was READ ONLY, causing a READ
ONLY transaction using it that references a foreign table mapped to a
remote view executing a volatile function to write in the remote side,
and 2) opened the remote transaction in NOT DEFERRABLE mode even when
the local transaction was DEFERRABLE, causing a SERIALIZABLE READ ONLY
DEFERRABLE transaction using it to abort due to a serialization failure
in the remote side.

To avoid these, modify postgres_fdw to open a remote transaction in the
same access/deferrable modes as the local transaction.  This commit also
modifies it to open a remote subtransaction in the same access mode as
the local subtransaction.

Although these issues exist since the introduction of postgres_fdw,
there have been no reports from the field.  So it seems fine to just fix
them in master only.

Author: Etsuro Fujita <etsuro.fujita@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Ashutosh Bapat <ashutosh.bapat.oss@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAPmGK16n_hcUUWuOdmeUS%2Bw4Q6dZvTEDHb%3DOP%3D5JBzo-M3QmpQ%40mail.gmail.com