chore(deps): update rand requirement from 0.8 to 0.9 (TheAlgorithms#862)

* chore(deps): update rand requirement from 0.8 to 0.9

Updates the requirements on [rand](https://github.com/rust-random/rand) to permit the latest version.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/rust-random/rand/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/rust-random/rand/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](rust-random/rand@0.8.0...0.9.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: rand
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

* fix: update names from `rand`

* fix: allow duplicated versions of `zerocopy` and `zerocopy-derive`

---------

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: vil02 <65706193+vil02@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: dependabot[bot]

Cargo.toml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ authors = ["Anshul Malik <malikanshul29@gmail.com>"]
 [dependencies]
 num-bigint = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 num-traits = { version = "0.2", optional = true }
-rand = "0.8"
+rand = "0.9"
 nalgebra = "0.33.0"
 
 [dev-dependencies]

clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+allowed-duplicate-crates = [
+    "zerocopy",
+    "zerocopy-derive",
+]

src/data_structures/veb_tree.rs

@@ -322,21 +322,21 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn test_10_256() {
         let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(0);
-        let elements: Vec<u32> = (0..10).map(|_| rng.gen_range(0..255)).collect();
+        let elements: Vec<u32> = (0..10).map(|_| rng.random_range(0..255)).collect();
         test_veb_tree(256, elements, Vec::new());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_100_256() {
         let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(0);
-        let elements: Vec<u32> = (0..100).map(|_| rng.gen_range(0..255)).collect();
+        let elements: Vec<u32> = (0..100).map(|_| rng.random_range(0..255)).collect();
         test_veb_tree(256, elements, Vec::new());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_100_300() {
         let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(0);
-        let elements: Vec<u32> = (0..100).map(|_| rng.gen_range(0..255)).collect();
+        let elements: Vec<u32> = (0..100).map(|_| rng.random_range(0..255)).collect();
         test_veb_tree(300, elements, Vec::new());
     }
 }

src/general/genetic.rs

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl<Rng: rand::Rng> SelectionStrategy<Rng> for RouletteWheel<Rng> {
             return (parents[0], parents[1]);
         }
         let sum: f64 = fitnesses.iter().sum();
-        let mut spin = self.rng.gen_range(0.0..=sum);
+        let mut spin = self.rng.random_range(0.0..=sum);
         for individual in population {
             let fitness: f64 = individual.fitness().into();
             if spin <= fitness {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl<const K: usize, Rng: rand::Rng> SelectionStrategy<Rng> for Tournament<K, Rn
         // This means we can draw K random (distinct) numbers between (0..population.len()) and return the chromosomes at the 2 lowest indices
         let mut picked_indices = BTreeSet::new(); // will keep indices ordered
         while picked_indices.len() < K {
-            picked_indices.insert(self.rng.gen_range(0..population.len()));
+            picked_indices.insert(self.rng.random_range(0..population.len()));
         }
         let mut iter = picked_indices.into_iter();
         (
@@ -185,15 +185,15 @@ impl<
 
             // 3. Apply random mutations to the whole population
             for chromosome in self.population.iter_mut() {
-                if self.rng.gen::<f64>() <= self.mutation_chance {
+                if self.rng.random::<f64>() <= self.mutation_chance {
                     chromosome.mutate(&mut self.rng);
                 }
             }
             // 4. Select parents that will be mating to create new chromosomes
             let mut new_population = Vec::with_capacity(self.population.len() + 1);
             while new_population.len() < self.population.len() {
                 let (p1, p2) = self.selection.select(&self.population);
-                if self.rng.gen::<f64>() <= self.crossover_chance {
+                if self.rng.random::<f64>() <= self.crossover_chance {
                     let child = p1.crossover(p2, &mut self.rng);
                     new_population.push(child);
                 } else {
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ mod tests {
         Tournament,
     };
     use rand::rngs::ThreadRng;
-    use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
+    use rand::{rng, Rng};
     use std::collections::HashMap;
     use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
     use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ mod tests {
         impl TestString {
             fn new(rng: &mut ThreadRng, secret: String, chars: RangeInclusive<char>) -> Self {
                 let current = (0..secret.len())
-                    .map(|_| rng.gen_range(chars.clone()))
+                    .map(|_| rng.random_range(chars.clone()))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
                 Self {
@@ -258,16 +258,16 @@ mod tests {
         impl Chromosome<ThreadRng, i32> for TestString {
             fn mutate(&mut self, rng: &mut ThreadRng) {
                 // let's assume mutations happen completely randomly, one "gene" at a time (i.e. one char at a time)
-                let gene_idx = rng.gen_range(0..self.secret.len());
-                let new_char = rng.gen_range(self.chars.clone());
+                let gene_idx = rng.random_range(0..self.secret.len());
+                let new_char = rng.random_range(self.chars.clone());
                 self.genes[gene_idx] = new_char;
             }
 
             fn crossover(&self, other: &Self, rng: &mut ThreadRng) -> Self {
                 // Let's not assume anything here, simply mixing random genes from both parents
                 let genes = (0..self.secret.len())
                     .map(|idx| {
-                        if rng.gen_bool(0.5) {
+                        if rng.random_bool(0.5) {
                             // pick gene from self
                             self.genes[idx]
                         } else {
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .count() as i32
             }
         }
-        let mut rng = thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rng();
         let pop_count = 1_000;
         let mut population = Vec::with_capacity(pop_count);
         for _ in 0..pop_count {
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
         fn random_color(rng: &mut ThreadRng) -> ColoredPeg {
-            match rng.gen_range(0..=5) {
+            match rng.random_range(0..=5) {
                 0 => ColoredPeg::Red,
                 1 => ColoredPeg::Yellow,
                 2 => ColoredPeg::Green,
@@ -403,15 +403,15 @@ mod tests {
         impl Chromosome<ThreadRng, i32> for CodeBreaker {
             fn mutate(&mut self, rng: &mut ThreadRng) {
                 // change one random color
-                let idx = rng.gen_range(0..4);
+                let idx = rng.random_range(0..4);
                 self.guess[idx] = random_color(rng);
             }
 
             fn crossover(&self, other: &Self, rng: &mut ThreadRng) -> Self {
                 Self {
                     maker: self.maker.clone(),
                     guess: std::array::from_fn(|i| {
-                        if rng.gen::<f64>() < 0.5 {
+                        if rng.random::<f64>() < 0.5 {
                             self.guess[i]
                         } else {
                             other.guess[i]
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ mod tests {
             mutation_chance: 0.5,
             crossover_chance: 0.3,
         };
-        let mut rng = thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rng();
         let mut initial_pop = Vec::with_capacity(population_count);
         for _ in 0..population_count {
             initial_pop.push(CodeBreaker {

src/graph/depth_first_search_tic_tac_toe.rs

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn main() {
                 Some(x) => {
                     //Interactive Tic-Tac-Toe play needs the "rand = "0.8.3" crate.
                     //#[cfg(not(test))]
-                    //let random_selection = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0..x.positions.len());
+                    //let random_selection = rand::rng().gen_range(0..x.positions.len());
                     let random_selection = 0;
 
                     let response_pos = x.positions[random_selection];

src/machine_learning/k_means.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rand::prelude::random;
+use rand::random;
 
 fn get_distance(p1: &(f64, f64), p2: &(f64, f64)) -> f64 {
     let dx: f64 = p1.0 - p2.0;

src/math/quadratic_residue.rs

@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ pub fn tonelli_shanks(a: i64, odd_prime: u64) -> Option<u64> {
     let power_mod_p = |b, e| fast_power(b as usize, e as usize, p as usize) as u128;
 
     // find generator: choose a random non-residue n mod p
-    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rand::rng();
     let n = loop {
-        let n = rng.gen_range(0..p);
+        let n = rng.random_range(0..p);
         if legendre_symbol(n as u64, p as u64) == -1 {
             break n;
         }

src/sorting/quick_sort_3_ways.rs

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ fn _quick_sort_3_ways<T: Ord>(arr: &mut [T], lo: usize, hi: usize) {
         return;
     }
 
-    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
-    arr.swap(lo, rng.gen_range(lo..hi + 1));
+    let mut rng = rand::rng();
+    arr.swap(lo, rng.random_range(lo..hi + 1));
 
     let mut lt = lo; // arr[lo+1, lt] < v
     let mut gt = hi + 1; // arr[gt, r] > v

src/sorting/sort_utils.rs

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use std::time::Instant;
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub fn generate_random_vec(n: u32, range_l: i32, range_r: i32) -> Vec<i32> {
     let mut arr = Vec::<i32>::with_capacity(n as usize);
-    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rand::rng();
     let mut count = n;
 
     while count > 0 {
-        arr.push(rng.gen_range(range_l..range_r + 1));
+        arr.push(rng.random_range(range_l..range_r + 1));
         count -= 1;
     }
 
@@ -18,12 +18,15 @@ pub fn generate_random_vec(n: u32, range_l: i32, range_r: i32) -> Vec<i32> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub fn generate_nearly_ordered_vec(n: u32, swap_times: u32) -> Vec<i32> {
     let mut arr: Vec<i32> = (0..n as i32).collect();
-    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rand::rng();
 
     let mut count = swap_times;
 
     while count > 0 {
-        arr.swap(rng.gen_range(0..n as usize), rng.gen_range(0..n as usize));
+        arr.swap(
+            rng.random_range(0..n as usize),
+            rng.random_range(0..n as usize),
+        );
         count -= 1;
     }
 
@@ -44,8 +47,8 @@ pub fn generate_reverse_ordered_vec(n: u32) -> Vec<i32> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub fn generate_repeated_elements_vec(n: u32, unique_elements: u8) -> Vec<i32> {
-    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
-    let v = rng.gen_range(0..n as i32);
+    let mut rng = rand::rng();
+    let v = rng.random_range(0..n as i32);
     generate_random_vec(n, v, v + unique_elements as i32)
 }