Fix race condition in snapshot caching when 2PC is used.

When preparing a transaction xactCompletionCount needs to be
incremented, even though the transaction has not committed
yet. Otherwise the snapshot used within the transaction otherwise can
get reused outside of the prepared transaction. As GetSnapshotData()
does not include the current xid when building a snapshot, reuse would
not be correct.

Somewhat surprisingly the regression tests only rarely show incorrect
results without the fix. The reason for that is that often the
snapshot's xmax will be >= the backend xid, yielding a snapshot that
is correct, despite the bug.

I'm working on a reliable test for the bug, but it seems worth seeing
whether this fixes all the BF failures while I do.

Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/E1k7tGP-0005V0-5k@gemulon.postgresql.org

Author: anarazel

src/backend/storage/ipc/procarray.c

@@ -860,6 +860,15 @@ ProcArrayClearTransaction(PGPROC *proc)
 	Assert(!(proc->vacuumFlags & PROC_VACUUM_STATE_MASK));
 	Assert(!proc->delayChkpt);
 
+	/*
+	 * Need to increment completion count even though transaction hasn't
+	 * really committed yet. The reason for that is that GetSnapshotData()
+	 * omits the xid of the current transaction, thus without the increment we
+	 * otherwise could end up reusing the snapshot later. Which would be bad,
+	 * because it might not count the prepared transaction as running.
+	 */
+	ShmemVariableCache->xactCompletionCount++;
+
 	/* Clear the subtransaction-XID cache too */
 	Assert(ProcGlobal->subxidStates[pgxactoff].count == proc->subxidStatus.count &&
 		   ProcGlobal->subxidStates[pgxactoff].overflowed == proc->subxidStatus.overflowed);