Fix a crash in logical replication

The bug was that determining which columns are part of the replica
identity index using RelationGetIndexAttrBitmap() would run
eval_const_expressions() on index expressions and predicates across
all indexes of the table, which in turn might require a snapshot, but
there wasn't one set, so it crashes.  There were actually two separate
bugs, one on the publisher and one on the subscriber.

To trigger the bug, a table that is part of a publication or
subscription needs to have an index with a predicate or expression
that lends itself to constant expressions simplification.

The fix is to avoid the constant expressions simplification in
RelationGetIndexAttrBitmap(), so that it becomes safe to call in these
contexts.  The constant expressions simplification comes from the
calls to RelationGetIndexExpressions()/RelationGetIndexPredicate() via
BuildIndexInfo().  But RelationGetIndexAttrBitmap() calling
BuildIndexInfo() is overkill.  The latter just takes pg_index catalog
information, packs it into the IndexInfo structure, which former then
just unpacks again and throws away.  We can just do this directly with
less overhead and skip the troublesome calls to
eval_const_expressions().  This also removes the awkward
cross-dependency between relcache.c and index.c.

Bug: #15114
Reported-by: Петър Славов <pet.slavov@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/152110589574.1223.17983600132321618383@wrigleys.postgresql.org/

Author: petere

src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/catalog.h"
-#include "catalog/index.h"
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
@@ -4510,28 +4509,51 @@ RelationGetIndexAttrBitmap(Relation relation, IndexAttrBitmapKind attrKind)
 	{
 		Oid			indexOid = lfirst_oid(l);
 		Relation	indexDesc;
-		IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
+		Datum		datum;
+		bool		isnull;
+		Node	   *indexExpressions;
+		Node	   *indexPredicate;
 		int			i;
 		bool		isKey;		/* candidate key */
 		bool		isIDKey;	/* replica identity index */
 
 		indexDesc = index_open(indexOid, AccessShareLock);
 
-		/* Extract index key information from the index's pg_index row */
-		indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(indexDesc);
+		/*
+		 * Extract index expressions and index predicate.  Note: Don't use
+		 * RelationGetIndexExpressions()/RelationGetIndexPredicate(), because
+		 * those might run constant expressions evaluation, which needs a
+		 * snapshot, which we might not have here.  (Also, it's probably more
+		 * sound to collect the bitmaps before any transformations that might
+		 * eliminate columns, but the practical impact of this is limited.)
+		 */
+
+		datum = heap_getattr(indexDesc->rd_indextuple, Anum_pg_index_indexprs,
+							 GetPgIndexDescriptor(), &isnull);
+		if (!isnull)
+			indexExpressions = stringToNode(TextDatumGetCString(datum));
+		else
+			indexExpressions = NULL;
+
+		datum = heap_getattr(indexDesc->rd_indextuple, Anum_pg_index_indpred,
+							 GetPgIndexDescriptor(), &isnull);
+		if (!isnull)
+			indexPredicate = stringToNode(TextDatumGetCString(datum));
+		else
+			indexPredicate = NULL;
 
 		/* Can this index be referenced by a foreign key? */
-		isKey = indexInfo->ii_Unique &&
-			indexInfo->ii_Expressions == NIL &&
-			indexInfo->ii_Predicate == NIL;
+		isKey = indexDesc->rd_index->indisunique &&
+			indexExpressions == NULL &&
+			indexPredicate == NULL;
 
 		/* Is this index the configured (or default) replica identity? */
 		isIDKey = (indexOid == relreplindex);
 
 		/* Collect simple attribute references */
-		for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < indexDesc->rd_index->indnatts; i++)
 		{
-			int			attrnum = indexInfo->ii_KeyAttrNumbers[i];
+			int			attrnum = indexDesc->rd_index->indkey.values[i];
 
 			if (attrnum != 0)
 			{
@@ -4549,10 +4571,10 @@ RelationGetIndexAttrBitmap(Relation relation, IndexAttrBitmapKind attrKind)
 		}
 
 		/* Collect all attributes used in expressions, too */
-		pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, 1, &indexattrs);
+		pull_varattnos(indexExpressions, 1, &indexattrs);
 
 		/* Collect all attributes in the index predicate, too */
-		pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Predicate, 1, &indexattrs);
+		pull_varattnos(indexPredicate, 1, &indexattrs);
 
 		index_close(indexDesc, AccessShareLock);
 	}