pageinspect: Fix types used for bt_metap() columns.

The data types that contrib/pageinspect's bt_metap() function were
declared to return as OUT arguments were wrong in some cases.  For
example, the oldest_xact column (a TransactionId/xid field) was declared
integer/int4 within the pageinspect extension's sql file.  This led to
errors when an oldest_xact value that exceeded 2^31-1 was encountered.
Some of the other columns were defined incorrectly ever since
pageinspect was first introduced, though they were far less likely to
produce problems in practice.

Fix these issues by changing the declaration of bt_metap() to
consistently use data types that can reliably represent all possible
values.  This fixes things on HEAD only.  No backpatch, since it doesn't
seem like there is a safe way to fix the issue without including a new
version of the pageinspect extension (HEAD/Postgres 13 already
introduced a new version of the extension).  Besides, the oldest_xact
issue has been around since the release of Postgres 11, and we haven't
heard any complaints about it before now.

Also, throw an error when we detect a bt_metap() declaration that must
be from an old version of the pageinspect extension by examining the
number of attributes from the tuple descriptor for the return tuples.
It seems better to throw an error in a reliable and obvious way
following a Postgres upgrade, rather than letting bt_metap() fail
unpredictably.  The problem is fundamentally with the CREATE FUNCTION
declared data types themselves, so I see no sensible alternative.

Reported-By: Victor Yegorov
Bug: #16285
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16285-df8fc1000ab3d5fc@postgresql.org

Author: petergeoghegan

contrib/pageinspect/btreefuncs.c

@@ -597,6 +597,8 @@ bt_page_items_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	}
 }
 
+/* Number of output arguments (columns) for bt_metap() */
+#define BT_METAP_COLS_V1_8		9
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------
  * bt_metap()
@@ -653,13 +655,30 @@ bt_metap(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	if (get_call_result_type(fcinfo, NULL, &tupleDesc) != TYPEFUNC_COMPOSITE)
 		elog(ERROR, "return type must be a row type");
 
+	/*
+	 * We need a kluge here to detect API versions prior to 1.8.  Earlier
+	 * versions incorrectly used int4 for certain columns.  This caused
+	 * various problems.  For example, an int4 version of the "oldest_xact"
+	 * column would not work with TransactionId values that happened to exceed
+	 * PG_INT32_MAX.
+	 *
+	 * There is no way to reliably avoid the problems created by the old
+	 * function definition at this point, so insist that the user update the
+	 * extension.
+	 */
+	if (tupleDesc->natts < BT_METAP_COLS_V1_8)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_FUNCTION_DEFINITION),
+				 errmsg("function has wrong number of declared columns"),
+				 errhint("To resolve the problem, update the \"pageinspect\" extension to the latest version.")));
+
 	j = 0;
 	values[j++] = psprintf("%d", metad->btm_magic);
 	values[j++] = psprintf("%d", metad->btm_version);
-	values[j++] = psprintf("%d", metad->btm_root);
-	values[j++] = psprintf("%d", metad->btm_level);
-	values[j++] = psprintf("%d", metad->btm_fastroot);
-	values[j++] = psprintf("%d", metad->btm_fastlevel);
+	values[j++] = psprintf(INT64_FORMAT, (int64) metad->btm_root);
+	values[j++] = psprintf(INT64_FORMAT, (int64) metad->btm_level);
+	values[j++] = psprintf(INT64_FORMAT, (int64) metad->btm_fastroot);
+	values[j++] = psprintf(INT64_FORMAT, (int64) metad->btm_fastlevel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get values of extended metadata if available, use default values

contrib/pageinspect/pageinspect--1.7--1.8.sql

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ DROP FUNCTION bt_metap(text);
 CREATE FUNCTION bt_metap(IN relname text,
     OUT magic int4,
     OUT version int4,
-    OUT root int4,
-    OUT level int4,
-    OUT fastroot int4,
-    OUT fastlevel int4,
-    OUT oldest_xact int4,
-    OUT last_cleanup_num_tuples real,
+    OUT root int8,
+    OUT level int8,
+    OUT fastroot int8,
+    OUT fastlevel int8,
+    OUT oldest_xact xid,
+    OUT last_cleanup_num_tuples float8,
     OUT allequalimage boolean)
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'bt_metap'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;