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Update v12 release notes through today, and add major-enhancements list.
I still want to review the rest of the notes, but this seems like the minimum work required to prepare for beta4. Major-enhancements text, and a couple of other fixes, from Jonathan Katz (with minor copy-editing by me).
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‎doc/src/sgml/release-12.sgml

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<formalpara>
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<title>Release date:</title>
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<para>2019-??-?? AS OF 2019-05-09</para>
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<para>2019-??-??, CURRENT AS OF 2019-09-06</para>
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</formalpara>
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<sect2>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>big item</para>
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<para>
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General performance improvements, including:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Optimizations to space utilization and read/write performance for
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B-tree indexes
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Partitioning performance enhancements, including improved query
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performance on tables with thousands of partitions, improved
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insertion performance with <xref linkend="sql-insert"/> and
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<xref linkend="sql-copy"/>, and the ability to
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execute <link linkend="sql-altertable"><command>ALTER TABLE ATTACH
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PARTITION</command></link> without blocking queries
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Automatic (but overridable) inlining
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of <link linkend="queries-with">common table expressions</link>
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(<acronym>CTEs</acronym>)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Reduction of <acronym>WAL</acronym> overhead for updates of
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<link linkend="gist">GiST</link>, <link linkend="gin">GIN</link>, and
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<link linkend="spgist">SP-GiST</link> indexes
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Support for covering <link linkend="gist">GiST</link> indexes, via
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the <link linkend="sql-createindex"> <literal>INCLUDE</literal></link>
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clause
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Multi-column most-common-value (MCV) statistics can be defined
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via <xref linkend="sql-createstatistics"/>, to support better
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plans for queries that test several non-uniformly-distributed
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columns
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Enhancements to administrative functionality, including:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<link linkend="sql-reindex"><command>REINDEX
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CONCURRENTLY</command></link> can rebuild an index without
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blocking writes to its table
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<xref linkend="app-pgchecksums"/> can enable/disable page checksums
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(used for detecting data corruption) in an offline cluster
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Progress reporting statistics for <xref linkend="sql-createindex"/>,
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<xref linkend="sql-reindex"/>, <xref linkend="sql-cluster"/>,
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<link linkend="sql-vacuum">VACUUM FULL</link>, and
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<xref linkend="app-pgchecksums"/>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Support for the <acronym>SQL/JSON</acronym>
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<link linkend="functions-json-processing-table">path</link> language
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Stored <link linkend="sql-createtable">generated columns</link>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Nondeterministic ICU
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<link linkend="sql-createcollation">collations</link>, enabling
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case-insensitive and accent-insensitive grouping and ordering
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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New authentication features, including:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Client- and server-side encryption for authentication using
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<link linkend="gssapi-auth"><acronym>GSSAPI</acronym></link>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Discovery of LDAP servers if <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> is
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built with <productname>OpenLDAP</productname>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Multi-factor authentication, using the <link linkend="auth-cert">
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<literal>clientcert=verify-full</literal></link> option combined
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with an additional authentication method in
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<filename>pg_hba.conf</filename>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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@@ -183,7 +319,7 @@ Author: Tomas Vondra <tomas.vondra@postgresql.org>
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<listitem>
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<!--
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Author: Tomas Vondra <tomas.vondra@postgresql.org>
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2018-08-16 [c4c340088] Use the built-in float datatypes to implement geometric
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2018-08-16 [c4c340088] Use the built-in float datatypes to implement geometric
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-->
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<para>
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<listitem>
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<!--
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2019-05-14 [7c850320d] Fix SQL-style substring() to have spec-compliant greedin
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-->
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<para>
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Change SQL-style <function>substring()</function> to have
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standard-compliant greediness behavior (Tom Lane)
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</para>
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<para>
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In cases where the pattern can be matched in more than one way, the
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initial sub-pattern is now treated as matching the least possible
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amount of text rather than the greatest; for example, a pattern such
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as <literal>%#"aa*#"%</literal> now selects the first group
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of <literal>a</literal>'s from the input, not the last group.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<!--
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Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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2019-04-23 [c06e3550d] Don't request pretty-printed output from xmlNodeDump().
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-->
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-->
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<para>
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The maximum btree index length is now reduced by eight bytes;
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a <xref linkend="sql-reindex"/> operation could potentially fail.
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The maximum btree index entry length is now reduced by eight bytes;
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thus a <xref linkend="sql-reindex"/> operation could potentially fail.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<!--
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Author: Tomas Vondra <tomas.vondra@postgresql.org>
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2019-06-16 [6cbfb784c] Rework the pg_statistic_ext catalog
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2019-06-16 [aa087ec64] Add pg_stats_ext view for extended statistics
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-->
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<para>
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Split the <structname>pg_statistic_ext</structname> catalog into two
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catalogs, and add the <structname>pg_stats_ext</structname> view of
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it (Dean Rasheed, Tomas Vondra)
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</para>
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<para>
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This change supports hiding potentially-sensitive statistics data
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from unprivileged users.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<!--
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2018-11-01 [96b00c433] Remove obsolete <structname>pg_constraint</structname>.consrc column
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-->
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2019-02-21 [9eefba181] Delay lock acquisition for partitions until we route a t
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Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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2019-03-30 [428b260f8] Speed up planning when partitions can be pruned at plan
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2019-03-30 [428b260f8] Speed up planning when partitions can be pruned at plan
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<!--
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2019-04-05 [959d00e9d] Use Append rather than MergeAppend for scanning ordered
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2019-04-05 [959d00e9d] Use Append rather than MergeAppend for scanning ordered
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<para>
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2018-07-28 [d2086b08b] Reduce path length for locking leaf B-tree pages during
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2018-07-28 [d2086b08b] Reduce path length for locking leaf B-tree pages during
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<!--
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2019-03-03 [80b9e9c46] Improve performance of index-only scans with many index
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2019-03-03 [80b9e9c46] Improve performance of index-only scans with many index
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<para>
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2019-02-16 [608b167f9] Allow user control of CTE materialization, and change th
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2019-04-09 [947613127] Prevent inlining of multiply-referenced CTEs with outer
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2019-04-09 [947613127] Prevent inlining of multiply-referenced CTEs with outer
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<para>
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This allows case and accent-agnostic equality comparisons using
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"nondeterministic" collations. This is only supported for
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<acronym>ICU</acronym> collations. MENTION ITS AFFECT ON ORDERING?
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This feature supports <quote>nondeterministic</quote> collations
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that can define case- and accent-agnostic equality comparisons.
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Thus, for example, a case-insensitive uniqueness constraint on a
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text column can be made more easily than before. This is only
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supported for <acronym>ICU</acronym> collations.
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<!--
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Author: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>
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2019-06-25 [ce59b75d4] Add toast-level reloption for vacuum_index_cleanup
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2019-03-19 [590a87025] Ignore attempts to add TOAST table to shared or catalog
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2019-03-19 [590a87025] Ignore attempts to add TOAST table to shared or catalog
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2019-05-22 [a1dc6ab46] Implement PREPARE AS statement for ECPG.
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-->
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<para>
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Add <command>PREPARE AS</command> support to
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<productname>ECPG</productname> (Matsumura Ryo)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<!--
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<para>
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This is enabled with by setting environment variable
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<envar>PG_COLORS</envar>. EXAMPLE?
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This is enabled by setting the environment variable
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<envar>PG_COLOR</envar> to <literal>always</literal>
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or <literal>auto</literal>. The specific colors used can be
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adjusted by setting the environment variable
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<envar>PG_COLORS</envar>, using ANSI escape codes for colors.
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For example, the default behavior is equivalent to
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<literal>PG_COLORS="error=01;31:warning=01;35:locus=01"</literal>
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2019-06-14 [313f56ce2] Tweak libpq's PQhost, PQhostaddr, and psql's \connect
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2019-06-14 [a193cbec1] Add pg_dumpall rows-per-insert
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2018-09-26 [26e9d4d4e] Convert elog.c's useful_strerror() into a globally-used
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2018-07-08 [a45adc747] Fix WITH CHECK OPTION on views referencing postgres_fdw
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2018-07-08 [a45adc747] Fix WITH CHECK OPTION on views referencing postgres_fdw
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-->
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<para>

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