Fix some grammar and typos in comments and docs

The documentation fixes are backpatched down to where they apply.

Author: Justin Pryzby
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20201031020801.GD3080@telsasoft.com
Backpatch-through: 9.6

Author: michaelpq

contrib/amcheck/verify_heapam.c

@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ verify_heapam_tupdesc(void)
  * Since we do not hold a snapshot, tuple visibility is not a question of
  * whether we should be able to see the tuple relative to any particular
  * snapshot, but rather a question of whether it is safe and reasonable to
- * to check the tuple attributes.
+ * check the tuple attributes.
  *
  * Some kinds of corruption make it unsafe to check the tuple attributes, for
  * example when the line pointer refers to a range of bytes outside the page.
@@ -1342,7 +1342,7 @@ fxid_in_cached_range(FullTransactionId fxid, const HeapCheckContext *ctx)
 }
 
 /*
- * Checks wheter a multitransaction ID is in the cached valid range, returning
+ * Checks whether a multitransaction ID is in the cached valid range, returning
  * the nature of the range violation, if any.
  */
 static XidBoundsViolation

contrib/pgcrypto/pgp-compress.c

@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ decompress_read(void *priv, PullFilter *src, int len,
 		 * A stream must be terminated by a normal packet.  If the last stream
 		 * packet in the source stream is a full packet, a normal empty packet
 		 * must follow.  Since the underlying packet reader doesn't know that
-		 * the compressed stream has been ended, we need to to consume the
+		 * the compressed stream has been ended, we need to consume the
 		 * terminating packet here.  This read does not harm even if the
 		 * stream has already ended.
 		 */

doc/src/sgml/auto-explain.sgml

@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ LOAD 'auto_explain';
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <varname>auto_explain.log_settings</varname> controls whether information
-      about modified configuration options is printed when execution plan is logged.
+      about modified configuration options is printed when an execution plan is logged.
       Only options affecting query planning with value different from the built-in
       default value are included in the output.  This parameter is off by default.
       Only superusers can change this setting.

doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml

@@ -3919,7 +3919,7 @@ CREATE INDEX ON measurement (logdate);
 
     <para>
       Normally the set of partitions established when initially defining the
-      table are not intended to remain static.  It is common to want to
+      table is not intended to remain static.  It is common to want to
       remove old partitions of data and periodically add new partitions for
       new data. One of the most important advantages of partitioning is
       precisely that it allows this otherwise painful task to be executed

doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_rewind.sgml

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
    <application>pg_rewind</application> with the <literal>-c</literal> option to
    automatically retrieve them from the WAL archive. The use of
    <application>pg_rewind</application> is not limited to failover, e.g.,  a standby
-   server can be promoted, run some write transactions, and then rewinded
+   server can be promoted, run some write transactions, and then rewound
    to become a standby again.
   </para>
 

src/backend/access/heap/pruneheap.c

@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ heap_page_prune(Relation relation, Buffer buffer,
 
 
 /*
- * Perform visiblity checks for heap pruning.
+ * Perform visibility checks for heap pruning.
  *
  * This is more complicated than just using GlobalVisTestIsRemovableXid()
  * because of old_snapshot_threshold. We only want to increase the threshold

src/backend/catalog/namespace.c

@@ -3853,7 +3853,7 @@ recomputeNamespacePath(void)
 	/*
 	 * We want to detect the case where the effective value of the base search
 	 * path variables didn't change.  As long as we're doing so, we can avoid
-	 * copying the OID list unncessarily.
+	 * copying the OID list unnecessarily.
 	 */
 	if (baseCreationNamespace == firstNS &&
 		baseTempCreationPending == temp_missing &&

src/backend/catalog/pg_namespace.c

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ NamespaceCreate(const char *nspName, Oid ownerId, bool isTemp)
 	/* dependency on owner */
 	recordDependencyOnOwner(NamespaceRelationId, nspoid, ownerId);
 
-	/* dependences on roles mentioned in default ACL */
+	/* dependencies on roles mentioned in default ACL */
 	recordDependencyOnNewAcl(NamespaceRelationId, nspoid, 0, ownerId, nspacl);
 
 	/* dependency on extension ... but not for magic temp schemas */

src/backend/commands/copy.c

@@ -2610,9 +2610,9 @@ CopyMultiInsertInfoFlush(CopyMultiInsertInfo *miinfo, ResultRelInfo *curr_rri)
 
 	/*
 	 * Trim the list of tracked buffers down if it exceeds the limit.  Here we
-	 * remove buffers starting with the ones we created first.  It seems more
-	 * likely that these older ones are less likely to be needed than ones
-	 * that were just created.
+	 * remove buffers starting with the ones we created first.  It seems less
+	 * likely that these older ones will be needed than the ones that were
+	 * just created.
 	 */
 	while (list_length(miinfo->multiInsertBuffers) > MAX_PARTITION_BUFFERS)
 	{

src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c

@@ -1790,7 +1790,7 @@ ExecuteTruncateGuts(List *explicit_rels, List *relids, List *relids_logged,
 	 *
 	 * We put the ResultRelInfos in the es_opened_result_relations list, even
 	 * though we don't have a range table and don't populate the
-	 * es_result_relations array.  That's a big bogus, but it's enough to make
+	 * es_result_relations array.  That's a bit bogus, but it's enough to make
 	 * ExecGetTriggerResultRel() find them.
 	 */
 	estate = CreateExecutorState();

src/backend/executor/execExpr.c

@@ -3266,7 +3266,7 @@ ExecBuildAggTransCall(ExprState *state, AggState *aggstate,
 	 *
 	 * For ordered aggregates:
 	 *
-	 * Only need to choose between the faster path for a single orderred
+	 * Only need to choose between the faster path for a single ordered
 	 * column, and the one between multiple columns. Checking strictness etc
 	 * is done when finalizing the aggregate. See
 	 * process_ordered_aggregate_{single, multi} and

src/backend/executor/nodeIncrementalSort.c

@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ ExecEndIncrementalSort(IncrementalSortState *node)
 	ExecClearTuple(node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot);
 	/* must drop pointer to sort result tuple */
 	ExecClearTuple(node->ss.ps.ps_ResultTupleSlot);
-	/* must drop stanalone tuple slots from outer node */
+	/* must drop standalone tuple slots from outer node */
 	ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(node->group_pivot);
 	ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(node->transfer_tuple);
 

src/backend/executor/nodeLimit.c

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ ExecLimit(PlanState *pstate)
 				}
 
 				/*
-				 * Tuple at limit is needed for comparation in subsequent
+				 * Tuple at limit is needed for comparison in subsequent
 				 * execution to detect ties.
 				 */
 				if (node->limitOption == LIMIT_OPTION_WITH_TIES &&

src/backend/optimizer/path/allpaths.c

@@ -2915,7 +2915,7 @@ generate_useful_gather_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, bool override_r
 
 			/*
 			 * If the path has no ordering at all, then we can't use either
-			 * incremental sort or rely on implict sorting with a gather
+			 * incremental sort or rely on implicit sorting with a gather
 			 * merge.
 			 */
 			if (subpath->pathkeys == NIL)

src/backend/optimizer/plan/analyzejoins.c

@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ remove_rel_from_query(PlannerInfo *root, int relid, Relids joinrelids)
 	 * Likewise remove references from PlaceHolderVar data structures,
 	 * removing any no-longer-needed placeholders entirely.
 	 *
-	 * Removal is a bit tricker than it might seem: we can remove PHVs that
+	 * Removal is a bit trickier than it might seem: we can remove PHVs that
 	 * are used at the target rel and/or in the join qual, but not those that
 	 * are used at join partner rels or above the join.  It's not that easy to
 	 * distinguish PHVs used at partner rels from those used in the join qual,

src/backend/partitioning/partbounds.c

@@ -1783,7 +1783,7 @@ merge_matching_partitions(PartitionMap *outer_map, PartitionMap *inner_map,
 	if (outer_merged_index >= 0 && inner_merged_index >= 0)
 	{
 		/*
-		 * If the mereged partitions are the same, no need to do anything;
+		 * If the merged partitions are the same, no need to do anything;
 		 * return the index of the merged partitions.  Otherwise, if each of
 		 * the given partitions has been merged with a dummy partition on the
 		 * other side, re-map them to either of the two merged partitions.

src/backend/postmaster/interrupt.c

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ SignalHandlerForCrashExit(SIGNAL_ARGS)
  * Simple signal handler for triggering a long-running background process to
  * shut down and exit.
  *
- * Typically, this handler would be used for SIGTERM, but some procesess use
+ * Typically, this handler would be used for SIGTERM, but some processes use
  * other signals. In particular, the checkpointer exits on SIGUSR2, the
  * stats collector on SIGQUIT, and the WAL writer exits on either SIGINT
  * or SIGTERM.

src/backend/statistics/dependencies.c

@@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ dependencies_clauselist_selectivity(PlannerInfo *root,
 
 	/*
 	 * Work out which dependencies we can apply, starting with the
-	 * widest/stongest ones, and proceeding to smaller/weaker ones.
+	 * widest/strongest ones, and proceeding to smaller/weaker ones.
 	 */
 	dependencies = (MVDependency **) palloc(sizeof(MVDependency *) *
 											total_ndeps);

src/backend/statistics/extended_stats.c

@@ -1403,7 +1403,7 @@ statext_mcv_clauselist_selectivity(PlannerInfo *root, List *clauses, int varReli
 		stat_sel = mcv_sel + other_sel;
 		CLAMP_PROBABILITY(stat_sel);
 
-		/* Factor the estimate from this MCV to the oveall estimate. */
+		/* Factor the estimate from this MCV to the overall estimate. */
 		sel *= stat_sel;
 	}
 

src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c

@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ PrefetchSharedBuffer(SMgrRelation smgr_reln,
  * could be used by the caller to avoid the need for a later buffer lookup, but
  * it's not pinned, so the caller must recheck it.
  *
- * 2.  If the kernel has been asked to initiate I/O, the initated_io member is
+ * 2.  If the kernel has been asked to initiate I/O, the initiated_io member is
  * true.  Currently there is no way to know if the data was already cached by
  * the kernel and therefore didn't really initiate I/O, and no way to know when
  * the I/O completes other than using synchronous ReadBuffer().

src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c

@@ -6180,7 +6180,7 @@ unicode_normalize_func(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
  * Check whether the string is in the specified Unicode normalization form.
  *
- * This is done by convering the string to the specified normal form and then
+ * This is done by converting the string to the specified normal form and then
  * comparing that to the original string.  To speed that up, we also apply the
  * "quick check" algorithm specified in UAX #15, which can give a yes or no
  * answer for many strings by just scanning the string once.

src/bin/pg_rewind/parsexlog.c

@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ findLastCheckpoint(const char *datadir, XLogRecPtr forkptr, int tliIndex,
 		/*
 		 * Check if it is a checkpoint record. This checkpoint record needs to
 		 * be the latest checkpoint before WAL forked and not the checkpoint
-		 * where the primary has been stopped to be rewinded.
+		 * where the primary has been stopped to be rewound.
 		 */
 		info = XLogRecGetInfo(xlogreader) & ~XLR_INFO_MASK;
 		if (searchptr < forkptr &&

src/bin/pgbench/pgbench.c

@@ -4185,7 +4185,7 @@ runInitSteps(const char *initialize_steps)
 }
 
 /*
- * Extract pgbench table informations into global variables scale,
+ * Extract pgbench table information into global variables scale,
  * partition_method and partitions.
  */
 static void

src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c

@@ -7088,7 +7088,7 @@ pgpassfileWarning(PGconn *conn)
 }
 
 /*
- * Check if the SSL procotol value given in input is valid or not.
+ * Check if the SSL protocol value given in input is valid or not.
  * This is used as a sanity check routine for the connection parameters
  * ssl_min_protocol_version and ssl_max_protocol_version.
  */

src/test/modules/dummy_index_am/dummy_index_am.c

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ dibuild(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo)
 }
 
 /*
- * Build an empty index for the initialiation fork.
+ * Build an empty index for the initialization fork.
  */
 static void
 dibuildempty(Relation index)