Modernise pg_hba.conf token processing

The previous coding was ugly, as it marked special tokens as such in the
wrong stage, relying on workarounds to figure out if they had been
quoted in the original or not.  This made it impossible to have specific
keywords be recognized as such only in certain positions in HBA lines,
for example.  Fix by restructuring the parser code so that it remembers
whether tokens were quoted or not.  This eliminates widespread knowledge
of possible known keywords for all fields.

Also improve memory management in this area, to use memory contexts that
are reset as a whole instead of using retail pfrees; this removes a
whole lotta crufty (and probably slow) code.

Instead of calling strlen() three times in next_field_expand on the
returned token to find out whether there was a comma (and strip it),
pass back the info directly from the callee, which is simpler.

In passing, update historical artifacts in hba.c API.

Authors: Brendan Jurd, Alvaro Herrera
Reviewed by Pavel Stehule

Author: alvherre

src/backend/libpq/auth.c

@@ -315,15 +315,11 @@ ClientAuthentication(Port *port)
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the authentication method to use for this frontend/database
-	 * combination.  Note: a failure return indicates a problem with the hba
-	 * config file, not with the request.  hba.c should have dropped an error
-	 * message into the postmaster logfile if it failed.
+	 * combination.  Note: we do not parse the file at this point; this has
+	 * already been done elsewhere.  hba.c dropped an error message
+	 * into the server logfile if parsing the hba config file failed.
 	 */
-	if (hba_getauthmethod(port) != STATUS_OK)
-		ereport(FATAL,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONFIG_FILE_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("missing or erroneous pg_hba.conf file"),
-				 errhint("See server log for details.")));
+	hba_getauthmethod(port);
 
 	/*
 	 * Enable immediate response to SIGTERM/SIGINT/timeout interrupts. (We