Fix typos and grammar in code comments

Several mistakes have piled in the code comments over the time,
including incorrect grammar, function names and simple typos.  This
commit takes care of a portion of these.

No backpatch is done as this is only cosmetic.

Author: Justin Pryzby
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20210924215827.GS831@telsasoft.com

Author: michaelpq

contrib/tablefunc/tablefunc.c

@@ -1480,7 +1480,7 @@ validateConnectbyTupleDesc(TupleDesc td, bool show_branch, bool show_serial)
 						"fifth column must be type %s",
 						format_type_be(INT4OID))));
 
-	/* check that the type of the fifth column is INT4 */
+	/* check that the type of the fourth column is INT4 */
 	if (!show_branch && show_serial &&
 		TupleDescAttr(td, 3)->atttypid != INT4OID)
 		ereport(ERROR,

src/backend/commands/statscmds.c

@@ -213,14 +213,14 @@ CreateStatistics(CreateStatsStmt *stmt)
 	 * Convert the expression list to a simple array of attnums, but also keep
 	 * a list of more complex expressions.  While at it, enforce some
 	 * constraints - we don't allow extended statistics on system attributes,
-	 * and we require the data type to have less-than operator.
+	 * and we require the data type to have a less-than operator.
 	 *
-	 * There are many ways how to "mask" a simple attribute refenrece as an
+	 * There are many ways to "mask" a simple attribute reference as an
 	 * expression, for example "(a+0)" etc. We can't possibly detect all of
-	 * them, but we handle at least the simple case with attribute in parens.
-	 * There'll always be a way around this, if the user is determined (like
-	 * the "(a+0)" example), but this makes it somewhat consistent with how
-	 * indexes treat attributes/expressions.
+	 * them, but we handle at least the simple case with the attribute in
+	 * parens. There'll always be a way around this, if the user is determined
+	 * (like the "(a+0)" example), but this makes it somewhat consistent with
+	 * how indexes treat attributes/expressions.
 	 */
 	foreach(cell, stmt->exprs)
 	{

src/backend/executor/nodeTableFuncscan.c

@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
  */
 /*
  * INTERFACE ROUTINES
- *		ExecTableFuncscan		scans a function.
+ *		ExecTableFuncScan		scans a function.
  *		ExecFunctionNext		retrieve next tuple in sequential order.
- *		ExecInitTableFuncscan	creates and initializes a TableFuncscan node.
- *		ExecEndTableFuncscan		releases any storage allocated.
- *		ExecReScanTableFuncscan rescans the function
+ *		ExecInitTableFuncScan	creates and initializes a TableFuncscan node.
+ *		ExecEndTableFuncScan		releases any storage allocated.
+ *		ExecReScanTableFuncScan rescans the function
  */
 #include "postgres.h"
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ static void tfuncLoadRows(TableFuncScanState *tstate, ExprContext *econtext);
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
  *		TableFuncNext
  *
- *		This is a workhorse for ExecTableFuncscan
+ *		This is a workhorse for ExecTableFuncScan
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 static TupleTableSlot *
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ TableFuncRecheck(TableFuncScanState *node, TupleTableSlot *slot)
 }
 
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
- *		ExecTableFuncscan(node)
+ *		ExecTableFuncScan(node)
  *
  *		Scans the function sequentially and returns the next qualifying
  *		tuple.
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ ExecTableFuncScan(PlanState *pstate)
 }
 
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
- *		ExecInitTableFuncscan
+ *		ExecInitTableFuncScan
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 TableFuncScanState *
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ ExecInitTableFuncScan(TableFuncScan *node, EState *estate, int eflags)
 }
 
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
- *		ExecEndTableFuncscan
+ *		ExecEndTableFuncScan
  *
  *		frees any storage allocated through C routines.
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ ExecEndTableFuncScan(TableFuncScanState *node)
 }
 
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
- *		ExecReScanTableFuncscan
+ *		ExecReScanTableFuncScan
  *
  *		Rescans the relation.
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------

src/backend/optimizer/util/pathnode.c

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ compare_path_costs(Path *path1, Path *path2, CostSelector criterion)
 }
 
 /*
- * compare_path_fractional_costs
+ * compare_fractional_path_costs
  *	  Return -1, 0, or +1 according as path1 is cheaper, the same cost,
  *	  or more expensive than path2 for fetching the specified fraction
  *	  of the total tuples.

src/backend/statistics/README

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ hopefully improving the estimates and producing better plans.
 Types of statistics
 -------------------
 
-There are currently two kinds of extended statistics:
+There are currently several kinds of extended statistics:
 
     (a) ndistinct coefficients
 
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ it will do if:
 
 When the above conditions are met, clauselist_selectivity() first attempts to
 pass the clause list off to the extended statistics selectivity estimation
-function. This functions may not find any clauses which is can perform any
-estimations on. In such cases these clauses are simply ignored. When actual
+function. This function may not find any clauses which it can perform any
+estimations on. In such cases, these clauses are simply ignored. When actual
 estimation work is performed in these functions they're expected to mark which
 clauses they've performed estimations for so that any other function
 performing estimations knows which clauses are to be skipped.

src/backend/statistics/README.mcv

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ MCV lists
 =========
 
 Multivariate MCV (most-common values) lists are a straightforward extension of
-regular MCV list, tracking most frequent combinations of values for a group of
+regular MCV lists, tracking most frequent combinations of values for a group of
 attributes.
 
 This works particularly well for columns with a small number of distinct values,
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Estimates of some clauses (e.g. equality) based on MCV lists are more accurate
 than when using histograms.
 
 Also, MCV lists don't necessarily require sorting of the values (the fact that
-we use sorting when building them is implementation detail), but even more
+we use sorting when building them is an implementation detail), but even more
 importantly the ordering is not built into the approximation (while histograms
 are built on ordering). So MCV lists work well even for attributes where the
 ordering of the data type is disconnected from the meaning of the data. For
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Hashed MCV (not yet implemented)
 Regular MCV lists have to include actual values for each item, so if those items
 are large the list may be quite large. This is especially true for multivariate
 MCV lists, although the current implementation partially mitigates this by
-performing de-duplicating the values before storing them on disk.
+de-duplicating the values before storing them on disk.
 
 It's possible to only store hashes (32-bit values) instead of the actual values,
 significantly reducing the space requirements. Obviously, this would only make
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ to select the columns from pg_stats. The data is encoded as anyarrays, and
 all the items have the same data type, so anyarray provides a simple way to
 get a text representation.
 
-With multivariate MCV lists the columns may use different data types, making
+With multivariate MCV lists, the columns may use different data types, making
 it impossible to use anyarrays. It might be possible to produce a similar
 array-like representation, but that would complicate further processing and
 analysis of the MCV list.

src/backend/statistics/extended_stats.c

@@ -699,11 +699,11 @@ examine_expression(Node *expr, int stattarget)
 }
 
 /*
- * Using 'vacatts' of size 'nvacatts' as input data, return a newly built
+ * Using 'vacatts' of size 'nvacatts' as input data, return a newly-built
  * VacAttrStats array which includes only the items corresponding to
- * attributes indicated by 'stxkeys'. If we don't have all of the per column
- * stats available to compute the extended stats, then we return NULL to indicate
- * to the caller that the stats should not be built.
+ * attributes indicated by 'attrs'.  If we don't have all of the per-column
+ * stats available to compute the extended stats, then we return NULL to
+ * indicate to the caller that the stats should not be built.
  */
 static VacAttrStats **
 lookup_var_attr_stats(Relation rel, Bitmapset *attrs, List *exprs,

src/common/pg_lzcompress.c

@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ pglz_decompress(const char *source, int32 slen, char *dest,
 
 
 /* ----------
- * pglz_max_compressed_size -
+ * pglz_maximum_compressed_size -
  *
  *		Calculate the maximum compressed size for a given amount of raw data.
  *		Return the maximum size, or total compressed size if maximum size is