The Sogdians were a people who inhabited the historical region in the Zarafshan and Kashkadarya b... more The Sogdians were a people who inhabited the historical region in the Zarafshan and Kashkadarya basins in the territory of modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and partly Turkmenistan. From the turn of the new era, the Sogdians actively traded along the Silk Road between Central Asia, China, and India, and from the 5th century they created their own unique highly developed culture that existed until the adoption of Islam in Transoxiana in the 8th century.
The coins of Central Asian historical region made in the Early Medieval Period (6-8th centuries A... more The coins of Central Asian historical region made in the Early Medieval Period (6-8th centuries A.D.) are valuable source for the political, economic, and cultural background of the region; they considerably supplement the poor data of written historical manuscripts of this time. Among them the coins of Chach (the territory of modern Tashkent oasis of Uzbekistan and Southern Kazakhstan) having a specific type are especially valuable.Specific coins of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. On the basis of numerous findings of coins with titles «Tardu qaghan», «Jabghu-qaghan», «Tun Jabghu-qaghan», «Jabghu», «Tuun/Ton qaghan» and etc. on the territory of Chach we can draw a conclusion that Chach was one of the earliest centers for the mintage of coins related to the Western Turkic Qaghanate.
The Sogdians were a people who inhabited the historical region in the Zarafshan and Kashkadarya b... more The Sogdians were a people who inhabited the historical region in the Zarafshan and Kashkadarya basins in the territory of modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and partly Turkmenistan. From the turn of the new era, the Sogdians actively traded along the Silk Road between Central Asia, China, and India, and from the 5th century they created their own unique highly developed culture that existed until the adoption of Islam in Transoxiana in the 8th century.
The coins of Central Asian historical region made in the Early Medieval Period (6-8th centuries A... more The coins of Central Asian historical region made in the Early Medieval Period (6-8th centuries A.D.) are valuable source for the political, economic, and cultural background of the region; they considerably supplement the poor data of written historical manuscripts of this time. Among them the coins of Chach (the territory of modern Tashkent oasis of Uzbekistan and Southern Kazakhstan) having a specific type are especially valuable.Specific coins of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. On the basis of numerous findings of coins with titles «Tardu qaghan», «Jabghu-qaghan», «Tun Jabghu-qaghan», «Jabghu», «Tuun/Ton qaghan» and etc. on the territory of Chach we can draw a conclusion that Chach was one of the earliest centers for the mintage of coins related to the Western Turkic Qaghanate.
Эфталийлар сулоласи (440-565) бошқарувида қайси дин – инонч тизими етакчилик
қилгани юзасидан изл... more Эфталийлар сулоласи (440-565) бошқарувида қайси дин – инонч тизими етакчилик қилгани юзасидан изланувчилар томонидан кўплаб қарашлар билдирилган. Улар орасида буддавийлик ва зардуштийликка кенг ёйилган инонч тизимлари ўлароқ қаралади. Кейинги йилларда олиб борилган изланишлар эса бошланғичда эфталийлар кўчманчи муҳити билан боғлиқ инонч тизими - “тангричилик”га сиғинганликлари тўғрисидаги қарашлар билдирила бошлади. Эфталийлар сулоласининг сўнгги бошқарувчиларидан бири – Миҳирагула (515-542 йй.) исмини кўпчилик изланувчилар эроний ва туркий негизда қараб, эски форс тилидаги “митра” (қуёш) сўзининг ўрта форсча кўриниши “миҳра” ва туркий “қул” (банда) сўзларидан ясалган атама деб очиқлайдилар [1: 277]. Эски ҳинд ёзма манбаларида Миҳирагула кўринишида учраб, шу йўсинда тарихшуносликда кенгроқ ёйилган ушбу атоқли исмга кўпчилик изланувчилар аслида Миҳирагул ёки Миҳирақул бўлган, ҳинд тили қоидалари негизида бу атама шундай кўриниш олган, деб қарайдилар. Унинг отаси Тораман (Тўруман – 490-515 йй.) исмининг ҳам ҳинд ёзма манбаларида Торамано кўринишида ёзилгани бу қарашни кучайтиради. Бошқа томондан эса Миҳирагула эски ҳинд топинчларидан бири – шиваизмга сиғингани тўғрисида ёзма билгилар учрайди. Чамаси, у бошланғичда ўз ота-боболари инончида бўлиб, кейинчалик ҳинд муҳитидан таъсирланган кўринади.
В статье рассматриваются вопросы датировки и принадлежности доисламских монет Средней Азии с согд... more В статье рассматриваются вопросы датировки и принадлежности доисламских монет Средней Азии с согдийскими надписями, найденных при археологических раскопках на нескольких раннесредневековых городищах Южного Казахстана. Эти монеты могут способствовать решению некоторых спорных вопросов по истории Средней Азии, особенно, касающихся древнетюркских монет VI – VIII вв. С согдийскими надписями. Среди этих нумизматических материалов найдены монеты, принадлежащие Западно-Тюркскому и Тюргешскому каганатам, которые проясняют многие вопросы, связанные с историей этих каганатов. Монеты были найдены в ходе археологических раскопок в доисламских культурных слоях, что дает возможность определить время чекана этих монет и их принадлежность.
Проблемы древней и средневековой истории Чача. Выпуск 10 История. Археология. Нумизматика, 2023
A NEW LOOK AT THE READING OF TURKIC-SOGDIAN COINS
WITH THE TITLE “FARN-BAGH”
Ghaybullah Babayarov... more A NEW LOOK AT THE READING OF TURKIC-SOGDIAN COINS WITH THE TITLE “FARN-BAGH” Ghaybullah Babayarov The article examines the question of the ownership of pre-Islamic coins of Central Asia with the title “Farn-bagh”. Although this type of coin was first introduced to the scientific world about 50 years ago, the question of when, where and by which ruling dynasty they were minted remained open. In a comparative study of several dozen recently discovered coins of this type, the Sogdian inscription on them was finally read as prn βγy pny “Coin of the divine farn (grace).” This, in turn, showed the fallacy of the reading of this inscription proposed under the question mark by O. I. Smirnova as prn βγy δ’r / N’R “Fiery Farn-Bagh”. Some features of these coins allow us to classify them as “ancient Turkic coins”, close to the coins of the Western Turkic Khaganate (568-744). This is clearly manifested in the fact that the tamgas on these coins are almost the same as on the coins of the Kaganate and related Turkic dynasties, as well as in the general similarity of their portraits.
The article focuses on the level of preservation of several dozen words mentioned in Mahmud Kashg... more The article focuses on the level of preservation of several dozen words mentioned in Mahmud Kashgari’s “Diwan Luγat at-Turk” (Dictionary of Turkic words) in the Uzbek language and dialects. The Uzbek language includes dialects such as Qarluq, Kipchak, and Oghuz, each of which has preserved the old Turkic words from “Diwan” to one degree or another. One of the unique aspects of the Uzbek language is that it has three main dialects, that these branches have been continuously mixed for many еars, and on the other hand, that it has had a written literary language for almost a thousand еars, the ancient words of our language motivated to preserve it somewhat better. Also, the fact that all three networks are somewhat far from their old core has led to the preservation of their old differences. Uzbek language is one of the languages with the most preserved words from “Divan” and there are many other factors, one of them is one of
ned in the work by Mahmud Kāshgarī, who lived in the 11th century, “Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk” (Diction... more ned in the work by Mahmud Kāshgarī, who lived in the 11th century, “Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk” (Dictionary of Turkic Languages, briefly – Dīwān). The Dīwān has been translated into Turkish, Uzbek, English, Kazakh, Russian, Uighur, Persian, Kyrgyz languages. And in a large part of them it is noticeable that some words were misread or wrong statements were made. This situation is especially prevalent in the Uzbek, Kazakh, and Uighur versions of the Dīwān. At the basis of such erroneous statements lies the drop of a dot or the displacement of some words in the Dīwān’s manuscript.
GTTAD, T.C.’nin 100. Yılı Özel Sayısı, Ekim 2023 , 2023
WALL PAINTINGS IN CENTRAL ASIAN PALACES AS SOURCES OF KOKTURK HISTORY ABSTRACT The territory of W... more WALL PAINTINGS IN CENTRAL ASIAN PALACES AS SOURCES OF KOKTURK HISTORY ABSTRACT The territory of West Turkestan is hosted by to many cities along the Silk Road between Iran and China. Especially in the 6th and 7th centuries, due to trade and political structure, there was an interaction between the western Kokturk Khaganate and Sogdian culture. With the religious influence showing itself, the development of art increased and wall paintings appeared in palaces and residences. One of the most beautiful examples of murals is the Afrasiab murals. They were found on the wall of a house during the construction of a road near Samarkand about a hundred years ago, and the paintings covering four walls of a single room were examined by various archaeologists, and archaeological excavations continue to be carried out until today. Excavations revealed various phases from the 7th to the 12th century. On the wall are scenes depicting the political environment of the 7th century. All four walls are quite opposite to each other in composition. Especially the western wall is very important for Turkish history. Turks are everywhere on the wall. But this is not the only wall that highlights the Turks. The Turkish elements found on the western wall of Afrasiab are not found in any Sogdian paintings. In the pictures, the symbol of the political power of the Turks and their representation in the international arena is very well depicted in the magnificent ceremony here. Another mural is on Acine-tepe. It is the ruins of a city in southern Tajikistan, dating back to the 7th and 8th centuries. Buddha temples were found as a result of excavations in the 1940s. There are depictions of people and symbols of Buddhism on the temple walls. It is known that the region was ruled by Toharistan yabgu of Köktürk origin in the 7th and 8th centuries. It is recorded by the sources that the majority of the population is Turkish, especially in Huttel. Balalık-tepe murals are located near the city of Termiz in southern Uzbekistan. It is also called "hill with children". During the studies carried out in the Balalık-tepe monument, a castle dating back to the 5th and 6th centuries was found and it was determined that this castle consisted of 16 rooms. Scientists associate Balalık-tepe with Eftalit and Köktürk Khaganate. The depictions in the paintings found resemble the Turkish type. Throughout history, the region was ruled by dynasties of Köktürk origin. Tavka-kale wall paintings are attributed by scholars to the 6th7th centuries. It shows very similar characteristics to other wall paintings. The human figures are reminiscent of depictions from the Köktürk Khaganate period. The paintings in the administrative center of Usrushana, an important historical center, are very important for Köktürk history. Especially the depictions of children sucking milk from a wolf, reminiscent of the Türeyiş epic, are noteworthy. Varakhsha is the name of the old city ruins of Bukhara. This is 5-8. It has been an important trade center for centuries. Varakhsha wall paintings appeared in the palace belonging to the ruler. It consists of 3 halls. Bukhara remained under Köktürk rule for more than a hundred years. The coins and stamps found prove that some figures in the palace paintings are specific to the Turks. Panjakent wall paintings are the most important works that have survived to this day. It has a special importance both in terms of its construction technique and the subjects it contains. In the study, it is aimed to analyze the wall paintings within the borders of the Western Turkic Khaganate, which are still in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan today, in terms of Kokturk history and to shed light on the period.
The Sır derya oğuz and theır place ın the ethnıc composıtıon of the uzbek turks
Abstract. Many Tu... more The Sır derya oğuz and theır place ın the ethnıc composıtıon of the uzbek turks Abstract. Many Turkish tribes and non-Turkic (Mongol et al., especially East Iranian) groups contributed to the ethnic formation of the Uzbeks, one of the most populous Turkish communities. As a matter of fact, it is a fact that the Turkish tribes that make up the body of the Uzbeks have diversity, and this situation finds its own determination among the Uzbek dialects even today, with Karluk (the other name is Hakani Turkish), Kipchak and Oghuz languages gaining weight. As it is known, Oghuzs played the main and most active role in the ethnic formation of Anatolian Turks, Turkmens and Gagauzs, many Turkish groups in Azerbaijan and Iran (Afşar, Kaşkay, Songur, Khorasan Turks, Halaç etc.) and Solors in China. Crimean Tatars contributed to one or another degree in the ethnic formation of Kumuk, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Nogay, Uyghur, Uzbek and others. In particular, the contribution of the Oghuzs to the Uzbek ethnic formation is more evident, and a similar effect is felt more in the Crimean Tatars and Kumuks than in the others. The fact that the Uzbek spoken language is called «Karluk dialect», «Kipchak dialect» and «Oghuz dialect» in scientific literature confirms this. Mostly Karluk Turkish and secondly Kipchak dialects are spoken more in Uzbekistan and neighboring regions, as well as the Uzbek Oghuz language in the north-western parts of the Bukhara province (Alat and Karaköl divisions), Çarcüy (Lebap), Taşavuz (North-East Turkmenistan), centered on Khwarezm. ), is used among the Uzbek population of Khorasan (North-East Iran) and partially in northern Afghanistan. In fact, the Oghuz tribes contributed more to the formation of the Uzbeks, but the fact that the founders of the Turkic states established in Central Asia in the middle ages were mostly Karluk / Hakani and their like (e.g. Karakhanids) and Kipchak nobles (e.g. Uzbek Khanates) caused the Oghuz influence to remain in the background. has opened. As a matter of fact, in many regions where the Uzbeks live, especially in Khwarezm, Southern Kazakhstan (Turkistan, Karnak, Ikan, Karabulak etc.), the Nurata mountains (today’s Nevai province), the south-western parts of the city of Samarkand, traces of Oghuz Turkish can be seen as well as the ethnotoponym of many Oghuz clan names. It confirms that it is protected. Again, it is interesting to see Oghuz elements in the language of the people of the Tashkent province, even if it is faint, and that Mahmud of Kashgar recorded the Benaket (Ahangeran) valley, which forms a part of this place, as the «Oghuz valley». The fact that a few Oghuz clan names are included in the traditional list of «92 Uzbek tribes with 92 tribes/boys» proves that the Oghuz contributed greatly to the formation of Uzbek Turks. Apart from these, there is also the opinion that the name «Uz», which is one of the Uzbek tribes and speaks in Uzbek Kipchak today, is a shortened form of the name «Oghuz». Keywords: Oghuz, Sirderya Oghuz, Uzbek Oghuz, Khorezm, Tashkent, South Kazakhstan, Bukhara, «Nurata Turkmens», Uz.
By getting acquainted with the Central Asian Muslim coins that have been used for more than a tho... more By getting acquainted with the Central Asian Muslim coins that have been used for more than a thousand years, we can see that some of the views about the Islamic believer, which have been widely accepted among the researchers until now, are not one-sided. Relying on the various images, symbolic signs and other indicators on the coins, it is possible to shed light on the dark sides of the past of the peoples of Central Asia, especially the Turks, who have been able to show themselves as the leaders of this belief system for almost a thousand years, who fought tirelessly on this path and became the flag bearers of the Islamic world.
Уструшана –один из крупных очагов оседлой культуры Средней Азии периода средних веков, включавший... more Уструшана –один из крупных очагов оседлой культуры Средней Азии периода средних веков, включавший расположенные между реками Амударья и Сырдарья десятки княжеств, в том числе Чач, Отрар, Исфиджаб (Сайрам), Фергану, Согд, Тохаристан, Хорезм, Мерв, каждое из которых располагало своим правлением, центром – столицей, войском, денежной системой и рядом других элементов власти. Найденные в настоящее время на этих территориях и в городских развалинах в соседних областях медные монеты с различными надписями, рисунками и символами проливают свет на некоторые вопросы, связанные с правлением Уструшаны той эпохи.
―Beruniy va Ibn Sino – Ikkinchi ming yillikning taqdirini oʻzgartirgan daholar: Maʼmun akademiyasining jahon fani taraqqiyotida tutgan oʻrni‖ mavzusidagi XALQARO ILMIY KONFERENSIYASI MATERIALLARI, 2023
Кўплаб уруғ ва элатларни ўз ичига олган туркийлар илк ва ривожланган ўрта асрлардаѐқ Ўрта Осиѐ ва... more Кўплаб уруғ ва элатларни ўз ичига олган туркийлар илк ва ривожланган ўрта асрлардаѐқ Ўрта Осиѐ ва унга қўшни ўлкаларнинг кенг тарқалган йирик элатларидан бири ўлароқ билинган. Буни Х – ХI юзйилликларда яшаган Абу Райҳон Беруний (973-1048) асарларида туркий элатлар тўғрисида кўплаб билги – маълумотлар учраши ҳам кўрсатиб турибди. Ўша кезлардаги бошқа араб, форс, туркий ва бошқа муаллифларнинг кўпчилигидан фарқли ўлароқ Беруний туркий элатларни яқиндан билган, улар орасида яшаган ва туркий бошқарувчилар қўл остида илмий фаолият юритган олим бўлиб, шунинг учун у ѐзиб қолдирган билгилар ўзининг бирламчи ва анчагина тўғрилиги билан айрича ажралиб туради. Беруний асарлари орқали туркий элатларнинг бундан минг йиллар илгари қайси ўлкаларда яшаганликлари, инонч тизими қандай бўлгани, уларнинг қайси хусусиятлари алломанинг эътиборини ўзига тортгани каби масалалар биз учун қизиқарлидир. Бунга аллома келтириб ўтган биргина Кашмир ва теграсидаги турклар тўғрисидаги билгилар ўрнак бўла олади.
In this article it was identified that the Western Türkic Qaghanate (568 - 740) had
ts specific ... more In this article it was identified that the Western Türkic Qaghanate (568 - 740) had ts specific fiscal system, where the rulers minted their own coins (with the titles of zpyw Jabghu", cpyw x'y'n "Jabghu-qaghan" and x’y'n "Qaghan", the ethno-political name of twrk r'y'n "Türk-Qaghan" and with the rulers' names of tr6w x'y'n "Tardu qaghan", twn cpyw ı'v'n "Tun Jabghu-qaghan") in Chach (Tashkent) region and gained state symbols relatively to Oaghanate. On the base of written and numismatic sources, it has shown that the Western Turkic Qaghanate passed three steps as Yabghu (the last quarter of 6th century-beginning of 7th century), Yabghu-Qaghanate (the beginning of 7th century - 630's years) and Qaghanate 630-740).
COINS OF CHACH WITH A SOGDIAN LEGEND CONTAINING THE TITLE “TÜRK-QAGHAN”
Gaybulla Babayarov
... more COINS OF CHACH WITH A SOGDIAN LEGEND CONTAINING THE TITLE “TÜRK-QAGHAN”
Gaybulla Babayarov
This article shows that the Western Türkic Qaghanate (568 – 740) had its own fiscal system, whith the rulers minting their own coins – with the titles of żpγw “Jabghu”, cpγw x’γ’n “Jabghu-Qaghan” and x’γ’n “Qaghan”, the ethno-political name of twrk x’γ’n “Türk-Qaghan” and the rulers’ names of trδw x’γ’n “Tardu Qaghan” and twn cpγw x’γ’n “Tun Jabghu-Qaghan” – in the Chach (Tashkent) region, coins which featured state symbols relative to the Qaghanate. The similarity between tamgas also indicates that in pre-Islamic Central Asia ruling dynasties could originate from one tribe or kindred groups. Thus, from the late sixth century to the first quarter of the seventh century, there were coins in Chach with the tamga and a legend containing the Turkic Qaghanate-specific titles of żpγw (‘Yabghu’) or twrk x’γ’n (‘Turk Qaghan / Turkic Qaghan’). In the seventh century in Ferghana some coins had the tamga and the ancient runic inscription ‘kŋm qġn’ “my Qaghan / my lord the Qaghan”. Interestingly, coins from these two regions have portraits on them of typical Turkic rulers (with a beardless round face, narrow eyes and hair dropping onto the shoulders).
Annotation
The article examines the level of preservation of Old Turkic words in Uzbek and Az... more Annotation
The article examines the level of preservation of Old Turkic words in Uzbek and Azerbaijani Turkic languages, each of which has almost 40 million speakers. While both languages have a commonality typical of all Turkic languages, their mutual similarities that are somewhat different from other Turkic languages are noticeable. This is shown by the preservation of many similar words found in Mahmud Kashgari’s “Diwan Lughat at-Turk” and Alisher Nawai’s works in the modern Uzbek and Azerbaijani languages.
ON THE ATTRIBUTES OF “NATIONALITY” AND LEGITIMACY IN THE MONUMENTS OF THE ANCIENT TURKIC RUNIC ... more ON THE ATTRIBUTES OF “NATIONALITY” AND LEGITIMACY IN THE MONUMENTS OF THE ANCIENT TURKIC RUNIC SCRIPT OF THE ORKHON AREAL
Gaybullah B. Babayarov, Eldar E. Asanov
The article focuses on the Turkic Qaghanates (552-744), mainly on the attributes of “nationality” and legitimacy in the monuments of the Old Turkic runic script of the Orkhon areal. Judging by the frequency of use of certain formulas and formulations in the ancient Turkic Orkhon inscriptions, as well as terms and concepts describing certain components, the ancient Turkic statehood relied more on the loyalty of the elites and the broad masses, as well as on a strong state and social structure, and rarely resorted to religious and historical symbols, which is somewhat anomalous for the “royal” edicts of antiquity.
The number of Old Turkish inscriptions found in various parts of the world is increasing day by d... more The number of Old Turkish inscriptions found in various parts of the world is increasing day by day. It is possible to trace the Old Turkish inscriptions as far as Eastern Europe, especially the Orkhon-Yenisey inscriptions. However, since each inscription has its own unique writing style, there exist some that cannot be resolved. Recently, large-scale ceramic pots were found in Karabagh village of Chartak district, Nemengan Province, Fergana region of Uzbekistan. Among the pots found in the finds we call the Karabakh inscription, the most striking one is a ceramic goblet. There is an inscription consisting of 4 signs on the back of the goblet. The inscription in question resembles those used in ancient Turkish inscriptions. However, it has been determined that some letters are written differently. Fergana region has a special place in terms of Old Turkish written works. The works in the writing group, also called the "Fergana group", consist of small-scale finds. The writings in the Fergana region were introduced to the scientific world almost in the second half of the 20th century, long after the Orkhon-Yenisey inscriptions. The fact that the region is located between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is the most important reason for the late start of the works. Terenojkin, Malov, Masson are the first scientists to introduce the old Turkish writings in Fergana to the scientific world. Furthermore, the work of Klyashtorniy on this subject is quite remarkable. Today, it is observed that the studies of Uzbek scientists on Fergana inscriptions have increased considerably. Epigraphic studies were carried out on the Ceramics found as a result of archaeological excavations in the old city ruins in Munçak-tepe (Nemengan), Kuva, Aval (Fergana), Lombi-tepe (Andican), Şora-başar, Şamirza-tepe, Oş, Celalabad, Ast and Isfara in the Fergana valley. The inscription in question resembles those used in ancient Turkish inscriptions. However, it has been determined that some letters are written differently. Fergana region has a special place in terms of Old Turkish written works. The works in the writing group also called the "Fergana group", consist of small-scale finds. The writings in the Fergana region were introduced to the scientific world almost in the second half of the 20th century, long after the Orkhon-Yenisey inscriptions. The fact that the region is located between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan is the most important reason for the late start of the works. Terenojkin, Malov, Masson are the first scientists to introduce the old Turkish writings in Fergana to the scientific world. Furthermore, the work of Klyashtorniy on this subject is quite remarkable. Today, it is observed that the studies of Uzbek scientists on Fergana inscriptions have increased considerably. Epigraphic studies were carried out on the Ceramics found as a result of archaeological excavations in the old city ruins in Munçak-tepe (Nemengan), Kuva, Aval (Fergana), Lombi-tepe (Andijan), Şora-başar, Şamirza-tepe, Oş, Celalabad, Ast and Isfara in the Fergana valley.
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Books by Gaybullah Babayar
қилгани юзасидан изланувчилар томонидан кўплаб қарашлар билдирилган. Улар орасида
буддавийлик ва зардуштийликка кенг ёйилган инонч тизимлари ўлароқ қаралади. Кейинги
йилларда олиб борилган изланишлар эса бошланғичда эфталийлар кўчманчи муҳити билан
боғлиқ инонч тизими - “тангричилик”га сиғинганликлари тўғрисидаги қарашлар билдирила
бошлади.
Эфталийлар сулоласининг сўнгги бошқарувчиларидан бири – Миҳирагула (515-542 йй.)
исмини кўпчилик изланувчилар эроний ва туркий негизда қараб, эски форс тилидаги “митра”
(қуёш) сўзининг ўрта форсча кўриниши “миҳра” ва туркий “қул” (банда) сўзларидан ясалган
атама деб очиқлайдилар [1: 277]. Эски ҳинд ёзма манбаларида Миҳирагула кўринишида
учраб, шу йўсинда тарихшуносликда кенгроқ ёйилган ушбу атоқли исмга кўпчилик
изланувчилар аслида Миҳирагул ёки Миҳирақул бўлган, ҳинд тили қоидалари негизида бу
атама шундай кўриниш олган, деб қарайдилар. Унинг отаси Тораман (Тўруман – 490-515 йй.)
исмининг ҳам ҳинд ёзма манбаларида Торамано кўринишида ёзилгани бу қарашни
кучайтиради. Бошқа томондан эса Миҳирагула эски ҳинд топинчларидан бири – шиваизмга
сиғингани тўғрисида ёзма билгилар учрайди. Чамаси, у бошланғичда ўз ота-боболари
инончида бўлиб, кейинчалик ҳинд муҳитидан таъсирланган кўринади.
WITH THE TITLE “FARN-BAGH”
Ghaybullah Babayarov
The article examines the question of the ownership of pre-Islamic coins of Central Asia with the title “Farn-bagh”. Although this type of coin was first introduced to the scientific world about 50 years ago, the question of when, where and by which ruling dynasty they were minted remained open. In a comparative study of several dozen recently discovered coins of this type, the Sogdian inscription on them was finally read as prn βγy pny “Coin of the divine farn (grace).” This, in turn, showed the fallacy of the reading of this inscription proposed under the question mark by O. I. Smirnova as prn βγy δ’r / N’R “Fiery Farn-Bagh”. Some features of these coins allow us to classify them as “ancient Turkic coins”, close to the coins of the Western Turkic Khaganate (568-744). This is clearly manifested in the fact that the tamgas on these coins are almost the same as on the coins of the Kaganate and related Turkic dynasties, as well as in the general similarity of their portraits.
Abstract. Many Turkish tribes and non-Turkic (Mongol et al., especially East Iranian) groups
contributed to the ethnic formation of the Uzbeks, one of the most populous Turkish communities. As a
matter of fact, it is a fact that the Turkish tribes that make up the body of the Uzbeks have diversity, and
this situation finds its own determination among the Uzbek dialects even today, with Karluk (the other
name is Hakani Turkish), Kipchak and Oghuz languages gaining weight. As it is known, Oghuzs played
the main and most active role in the ethnic formation of Anatolian Turks, Turkmens and Gagauzs, many
Turkish groups in Azerbaijan and Iran (Afşar, Kaşkay, Songur, Khorasan Turks, Halaç etc.) and Solors in
China. Crimean Tatars contributed to one or another degree in the ethnic formation of Kumuk, Karakalpak,
Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Nogay, Uyghur, Uzbek and others. In particular, the contribution of the Oghuzs to the
Uzbek ethnic formation is more evident, and a similar effect is felt more in the Crimean Tatars and Kumuks
than in the others. The fact that the Uzbek spoken language is called «Karluk dialect», «Kipchak dialect»
and «Oghuz dialect» in scientific literature confirms this.
Mostly Karluk Turkish and secondly Kipchak dialects are spoken more in Uzbekistan and neighboring
regions, as well as the Uzbek Oghuz language in the north-western parts of the Bukhara province (Alat
and Karaköl divisions), Çarcüy (Lebap), Taşavuz (North-East Turkmenistan), centered on Khwarezm. ), is used among the Uzbek population of Khorasan (North-East Iran) and partially in northern Afghanistan.
In fact, the Oghuz tribes contributed more to the formation of the Uzbeks, but the fact that the founders
of the Turkic states established in Central Asia in the middle ages were mostly Karluk / Hakani and their
like (e.g. Karakhanids) and Kipchak nobles (e.g. Uzbek Khanates) caused the Oghuz influence to remain
in the background. has opened. As a matter of fact, in many regions where the Uzbeks live, especially
in Khwarezm, Southern Kazakhstan (Turkistan, Karnak, Ikan, Karabulak etc.), the Nurata mountains
(today’s Nevai province), the south-western parts of the city of Samarkand, traces of Oghuz Turkish can
be seen as well as the ethnotoponym of many Oghuz clan names. It confirms that it is protected. Again,
it is interesting to see Oghuz elements in the language of the people of the Tashkent province, even if it is
faint, and that Mahmud of Kashgar recorded the Benaket (Ahangeran) valley, which forms a part of this
place, as the «Oghuz valley». The fact that a few Oghuz clan names are included in the traditional list of
«92 Uzbek tribes with 92 tribes/boys» proves that the Oghuz contributed greatly to the formation of Uzbek
Turks. Apart from these, there is also the opinion that the name «Uz», which is one of the Uzbek tribes and
speaks in Uzbek Kipchak today, is a shortened form of the name «Oghuz».
Keywords: Oghuz, Sirderya Oghuz, Uzbek Oghuz, Khorezm, Tashkent, South Kazakhstan, Bukhara,
«Nurata Turkmens», Uz.
ts specific fiscal system, where the rulers minted their own coins (with the titles of zpyw
Jabghu", cpyw x'y'n "Jabghu-qaghan" and x’y'n "Qaghan", the ethno-political name of twrk
r'y'n "Türk-Qaghan" and with the rulers' names of tr6w x'y'n "Tardu qaghan", twn cpyw
ı'v'n "Tun Jabghu-qaghan") in Chach (Tashkent) region and gained state symbols relatively to
Oaghanate. On the base of written and numismatic sources, it has shown that the Western Turkic Qaghanate passed three steps as Yabghu (the last quarter of 6th century-beginning of
7th century), Yabghu-Qaghanate (the beginning of 7th century - 630's years) and Qaghanate
630-740).
Gaybulla Babayarov
This article shows that the Western Türkic Qaghanate (568 – 740) had its own fiscal system, whith the rulers minting their own coins – with the titles of żpγw “Jabghu”, cpγw x’γ’n “Jabghu-Qaghan” and x’γ’n “Qaghan”, the ethno-political name of twrk x’γ’n “Türk-Qaghan” and the rulers’ names of trδw x’γ’n “Tardu Qaghan” and twn cpγw x’γ’n “Tun Jabghu-Qaghan” – in the Chach (Tashkent) region, coins which featured state symbols relative to the Qaghanate. The similarity between tamgas also indicates that in pre-Islamic Central Asia ruling dynasties could originate from one tribe or kindred groups. Thus, from the late sixth century to the first quarter of the seventh century, there were coins in Chach with the tamga and a legend containing the Turkic Qaghanate-specific titles of żpγw (‘Yabghu’) or twrk x’γ’n (‘Turk Qaghan / Turkic Qaghan’). In the seventh century in Ferghana some coins had the tamga and the ancient runic inscription ‘kŋm qġn’ “my Qaghan / my lord the Qaghan”. Interestingly, coins from these two regions have portraits on them of typical Turkic rulers (with a beardless round face, narrow eyes and hair dropping onto the shoulders).
The article examines the level of preservation of Old Turkic words in Uzbek and Azerbaijani Turkic languages, each of which has almost 40 million speakers. While both languages have a commonality typical of all Turkic languages, their mutual similarities that are somewhat different from other Turkic languages are noticeable. This is shown by the preservation of many similar words found in Mahmud Kashgari’s “Diwan Lughat at-Turk” and Alisher Nawai’s works in the modern Uzbek and Azerbaijani languages.
Gaybullah B. Babayarov, Eldar E. Asanov
The article focuses on the Turkic Qaghanates (552-744), mainly on the attributes of “nationality” and legitimacy in the monuments of the Old Turkic runic script of the Orkhon areal. Judging by the frequency of use of certain formulas and formulations in the ancient Turkic Orkhon inscriptions, as well as terms and concepts describing certain components, the ancient Turkic statehood relied more on the loyalty of the elites and the broad masses, as well as on a strong state and social structure, and rarely resorted to religious and historical symbols, which is somewhat anomalous for the “royal” edicts of antiquity.
The inscription in question resembles those used in ancient Turkish inscriptions. However, it has been determined that some letters are written differently. Fergana region has a special place in terms of Old Turkish written works. The works in the writing group also called the "Fergana group", consist of small-scale finds. The writings in the Fergana region were introduced to the scientific world almost in the second half of the 20th century, long after the Orkhon-Yenisey inscriptions. The fact that the region is located between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan is the most important reason for the late start of the works. Terenojkin, Malov, Masson are the first scientists to introduce the old Turkish writings in Fergana to the scientific world. Furthermore, the work of Klyashtorniy on this subject is quite remarkable. Today, it is observed that the studies of Uzbek scientists on Fergana inscriptions have increased considerably. Epigraphic studies were carried out on the Ceramics found as a result of archaeological excavations in the old city ruins in Munçak-tepe (Nemengan), Kuva, Aval (Fergana), Lombi-tepe (Andijan), Şora-başar, Şamirza-tepe, Oş, Celalabad, Ast and Isfara in the Fergana valley.