Twenty seven clay-sized (<2 μm) separates from drill core samples of the Upper Oligocene maar ... more Twenty seven clay-sized (<2 μm) separates from drill core samples of the Upper Oligocene maar near Baruth, Saxony, were mineralogically and chemically characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis coupled with the Rietveld method, X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and stable isotope analysis. The predominant minerals in the clay fractions are kaolin minerals (kaolinite and halloysite) and opal-A. Abundant Fe- and smectite-rich illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals occur exclusively in the lower turbidites and debris flows. Illite and beidellites are minor components. Accessory phases are anatase, siderite, sanidine, quartz, albite-rich plagioclase, and pyrite. Four main detrital components were detected in the Upper Oligocene maar sediments: 1) biogenic opal-A as diatom fragments, 2) disordered kaolinite (and halloysite) + illite + beidellite + Zr-rich anatase from soils on granodioritic material, 3) Fe- and smectite-rich I-S from weathered basaltic volcanic material and 4) sporadic eolian input of sanidine-bearing, probably phonolithic, ashes. The Mid-Miocene kaolinite-rich clays that cover the maar sediments were derived from eroded saprolites on the Lausitz granodiorite. The δD and δ18O values of the kaolinite-rich clay fractions from various lithologies indicate kaolinization at temperatures of ~15 ± 5 °C from meteoric waters that were isotopically heavier than present-day meteoric waters. There is no evidence for hydrothermal clay formation in the maar.
Die relativen Mineralverhaltnisse in den Schwebstoffen, insbesondere das Quarz/Tonmineralverhaltn... more Die relativen Mineralverhaltnisse in den Schwebstoffen, insbesondere das Quarz/Tonmineralverhaltnis, in Verbindung mit der Erfassung verschiedener Begleitparameter (Feststoffkonzentration, POC, Korngrosenverteilung etc.) geben Informationen zur Herkunft der Schwebstoffe, zur Schwebstoffzusammensetzung und der damit einhergehenden Transportkraft der Schwebstoffflocken. Das Relief im Einzugsgebiet, der daraus resultierende Stromausbau, die hydrologische Situation sowie die saisonalen Veranderungen der biogenen Phasen zeichnen sich als die entscheidenden Einflusgrosen auf die Schwebstoffzusammensetzung ab.
Disposal of highly radioactive waste (HLW) can be environmentally acceptable if radionuclides are... more Disposal of highly radioactive waste (HLW) can be environmentally acceptable if radionuclides are kept isolated from the groundwater, which has inspired planners of repositories to work out multibarrier concepts that postulate defined functions of the host rock and engineered waste confinements. Assessment of the role of the host rock involves groundwater flow modelling and rock mechanical analysis, which are both highly speculative and ignore future changes in rock structure, stress conditions, and groundwater flow. Widening the perspective by considering the integrated physical performance of interacting geological strata respecting groundwater flow conditions can provide excellent isolation of HLW with a minimum of engineered barriers as illustrated by the principle of very deep boreholes (VDH) for which the very high salt content of deep water is the primary barrier by maintaining possibly contaminated groundwater at depth. Such isolation of groundwater regimes can also be obtained by constructing repositories in crystalline rock covered by clay-containing sedimentary rock in regions with no or very low hydraulic gradients, particularly if the two principles are combined. The paper describes a possible case of this type, showing that effective isolation of HLW in repositories of commonly discussed types, KBS-3H and VDH, can be achieved under present and foreseeable climatic conditions. The paper compares the short- and long-term functions of repositories located at the southern end of the Swedish island Gotland, being an example of desired geological conditions that are found also in other parts of Sweden and in Lithuania, Germany, Holland and the UK. Here, 500 m of sediment rock series cover gneiss bedrock in which a KBS-3H repository of SKB-type can be built under virtually “dry” conditions because of the tightness of the overlying sedimentary rock and lack of hydraulic gradients in the crystalline rock. Shafts leading down from the ground surface to the repository level are constructed by use of freezing technique and lined with low-pH concrete before installation of waste after which they have to be sealed with expanding clay. Use of initially largely water-saturated clay provides suitable physical properties of the embedment of waste containers. Alternatively, a VDH repository consisting of a number of steep 4 km deep boreholes with about 800 mm diameter can be driven for installing waste below 2 km depth, leaving the upper 2 km for sealing with clay. The geological conditions, which are also believed to provide acceptable rock pressure conditions for construction of a KBS-3H repository at about 600 m depth, are believed to be suitable for the construction and short- and long-term performance of either repository type.Upprättat; 2016; 20150726 (svek)</p
Die Elbe im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ökologie und Ökonomie, 1994
Im Rahmen des DFG-Projektes „Mineralogisch-geochemisch-sedimentologische Untersuchungen der Schwe... more Im Rahmen des DFG-Projektes „Mineralogisch-geochemisch-sedimentologische Untersuchungen der Schwebstoffe und Sedimente in der deutschen Mittel- und Oberelbe“ (HENNING u.a. 1993) wurden Schwebstoff-Flocken phasenanalytisch untersucht: u.a. die Menge der anorganischen Schwebstoffe in den Flocken, der Mineralbestand im anorganischen Anteil, der Anteil an biogenem Opal, die Korngrosenverteilung, die Schwermineral- und Schwerepartikelassoziation und der Aufbau und das Gefuge der Schwebstoff-Flocken. In der folgenden kurzen Zusammenfassung werden einige vorlaufige Ergebnisse vorgestellt, wobei auf das Poster und die ubrigen Zusammenfassungen und Poster unserer Arbeitsgruppe zum „6. Magdeburger Gewasserschutzseminar“ in Cuxhaven verwiesen werden kann. Zur Untersuchung gelangten und gelangen Schwebstoff-Proben von ca. 25 Probenahmepunkten auf ca. 380 km Lange von Schmilka bis Geesthacht von 10 Bereisungen im Zeitraum von Februar 1989 bis Juli 1994. Dabei sollten sowohl saisonale jahreszeitliche Trends als auch besondere Ereignisse (z.B. Hochwasser-Beprobung April 1992) erfast werden.
Residual clays that developed on Permian and Carboniferous glass-rich silicic volcanic rocks (pit... more Residual clays that developed on Permian and Carboniferous glass-rich silicic volcanic rocks (pitchstones, ignimbrites) at the Seilitz and Kemmlitz kaolin deposits, Saxony, Eastern Germany, contain locally abundant lath-shaped illite-rich illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals (I-S). Analyses by XRD and TEM-AES reveal a large illite percentage (>∼90%) and R3 ordering in I-S from Seilitz (>∼90%) and smaller illite percentage (∼70%) and R1 ordering in I-S from Kemmlitz. The clays never suffered a deep burial and there is no geological, petrographic or fluid inclusion evidence for aeolian input or hydrothermal origin of I-S at either deposit. The I-S formed exclusively at the expense of volcanic glass and not from K-feldspar. Residual quartz phenocrysts in the clays still preserve primary glassy silicate melt inclusions and lack secondary aqueous fluid inclusion trails. The dD and δ18O values of kaolinite and I-S are suggestive of low formation temperatures (<40ºC). Rb-Sr and K-...
Die Elbe im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ökologie und Ökonomie, 1994
Seit 1989 sind in mehrmonatigen Abstanden an gleichen Mespunkten der Elbe im Flusabschnitt zwisch... more Seit 1989 sind in mehrmonatigen Abstanden an gleichen Mespunkten der Elbe im Flusabschnitt zwischen Schmilka und Wahrenberg bzw. Geesthacht (seit 1990) Schwebstoffe zur mineralogisch-phasenanalytischen Untersuchung entnommen worden. Die Proben wurden als Punktproben mit einem Volumen von jeweils 200 Litern Fluswasser aus einer Wassertiefe von ca. 1 m mittels Schopfern von Brukken, Fahren oder ausladenden Pontons entnommen. Die Feststoffanteile sind durch Sedimentation angereichert und mittels Vakuumfiltration uber Membranfilter der Porenweite 0,45 µm gewonnen und gefriergetrocknet worden.
One way to support the construction of waste water treatment plants in Vietnamese communes is to ... more One way to support the construction of waste water treatment plants in Vietnamese communes is to link these plants to the development of industrial zones Provided the underlying technical basis exists, such as in concept “NDcitylineiaks”, purified water, heat, electricity, gas and other resources can be provided at low cost near the production sites. This would serve to generate additional income for the operators,not only securing operational costs, but also allowing for a possible refinancing of the investment. This approach, however, needs a broader zoning strategy for industrial zone management. The capacities for waste water treatment and the needs of the industry must be adapted to each other. A very specific industry mix must be achieved. A developed resource management system along with targeted land management (development of city and suburbs), systematic communication between the stakeholders, support with GIS based decision support tools, which, in turn, are connected to ...
WWT-plants can produce energy for local market by thermal processing of biowaste like sludge and ... more WWT-plants can produce energy for local market by thermal processing of biowaste like sludge and other organic waste resources. The presented example "NDcityline iaks " offers biomass energy potential from biowaste in dimension of 26 MW. This represents about 60% of total energy demand of residents in Nam Dinh city, Nam Dinh province. The keys for these options are (i) to find an intersectoral approach to identify the energy resources linking wastewater & sanitation sector, waste sector, energy sector and agricultural sector; (ii) to approach co-generation techniques to produce simultaneously power and heat/cold increasing drastically the efficiency of energy production as well as (iii) to identify sufficient local applications and consumers especially for heat/cold by-products. Furthermore, a specialized program supporting innovative entrepreneurs by networking of business centers can promote additionally the application of suitable technologies. The economic, environment...
A complex system for Nam Dinh in the Red River delta for future treatment of household waste wate... more A complex system for Nam Dinh in the Red River delta for future treatment of household waste water has been developed. The need for action becomes more apparent, taking into account the fact that the number of inhabitants in Nam Dinh is likely to grow from approximately 250,000 today to 950,000 inhabitants within the next 10 years. The developed “NDcitylineiaks” concept is based on modular trickling filters. While waste water treatment is to be carried out decentralized, treatment of sludge is to be carried out centrally, The consistent use of side products (e.g. service water, heat, gas, electricity) from the treatment of waste water and sewage sludge should both facilitate the setup of new production sites and also generate a new source of income for the operators of the treatment plant. This should not only cover running operation costs, but may also refinance the investment. An overall high degree of sustainability is achieved. The necessary preliminary examinations have been co...
13 Summary and conclusion Bentonite is intensively investigated from many institutes for its prop... more 13 Summary and conclusion Bentonite is intensively investigated from many institutes for its properties and feasibil-ity as engineering barrier material for many environmental facilities like landfill, under-ground landfill for chemotoxic waste and also HLW repositories. A summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the origin of bentonites and different processes through bentonite is provided together with the potential further research and develop-ment needs. Diffusion experiments with gas (CO2, H2, CH4 and SF6) and heavy metals Pb, Cd and Cs in highly saline solution (50 % and 90 % NaCl solutions, 90 % IP21 solution) at room temperature and atmosphere pressure conditions through compacted MX-80 bentonite with three different bulk dry densities (1,400 kg/m3,1,600 kg/m3 and/or 1,800 kg/m3) were performed. Numerical simulations of some experiments were undertaken. 13.1 Laboratory experiments on heavy metal diffusion A new through-diffusion experiment method was developed on ...
Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management, 2015
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is an approach enjoying wide international acceptanc... more Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is an approach enjoying wide international acceptance and is considered a contribution to sustainable development. The governments of the vast majority of countries are in the process of implementing it or preparing to do so with the support of intergovernmental organizations and of numerous NGOs. However, the vision of what IWRM comprises and where it leads might not be clear to stakeholders and practitioners. This chapter reviews the concepts and evolution of IWRM; it points out that the historical and even the formal precursors go farther back than described in usual treatises on the matter. The chapter focuses on the related intergovernmental processes, primarily those in the UN system, as they have proved of fundamental importance in lending thrust to IWRM. It examines the principles and definitions of IWRM and points out that the IWRM platform is considered by many authors and practitioners not a blueprint, but more of a guide or philosophy that has to be adapted to the particular settings and needs – that is, IWRM could be a normative guide but not an implementation plan. The status of the adoption and application of IWRM at an international scale is examined, and the most common objections to IWRM are noted and discussed. The practical utility of IWRM as a provider of a common platform for discussing water resources management issues and sharing experiences is noted.
Page 1. Short and long-term behavior of compacted bentonites in contact with solutions of differe... more Page 1. Short and long-term behavior of compacted bentonites in contact with solutions of different salinities: a safety issue fort he long-term closure of repositories for radioactive waste? Horst-Juergen Herbert*, Joern Kasbohm ...
Vietnam has decided to establish nuclear power as further energy option. In order to develop a Vi... more Vietnam has decided to establish nuclear power as further energy option. In order to develop a Vietnamese reference bentonite as potential barrier in a final repository for high radioactive waste, ...
Twenty seven clay-sized (<2 μm) separates from drill core samples of the Upper Oligocene maar ... more Twenty seven clay-sized (<2 μm) separates from drill core samples of the Upper Oligocene maar near Baruth, Saxony, were mineralogically and chemically characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis coupled with the Rietveld method, X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and stable isotope analysis. The predominant minerals in the clay fractions are kaolin minerals (kaolinite and halloysite) and opal-A. Abundant Fe- and smectite-rich illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals occur exclusively in the lower turbidites and debris flows. Illite and beidellites are minor components. Accessory phases are anatase, siderite, sanidine, quartz, albite-rich plagioclase, and pyrite. Four main detrital components were detected in the Upper Oligocene maar sediments: 1) biogenic opal-A as diatom fragments, 2) disordered kaolinite (and halloysite) + illite + beidellite + Zr-rich anatase from soils on granodioritic material, 3) Fe- and smectite-rich I-S from weathered basaltic volcanic material and 4) sporadic eolian input of sanidine-bearing, probably phonolithic, ashes. The Mid-Miocene kaolinite-rich clays that cover the maar sediments were derived from eroded saprolites on the Lausitz granodiorite. The δD and δ18O values of the kaolinite-rich clay fractions from various lithologies indicate kaolinization at temperatures of ~15 ± 5 °C from meteoric waters that were isotopically heavier than present-day meteoric waters. There is no evidence for hydrothermal clay formation in the maar.
Die relativen Mineralverhaltnisse in den Schwebstoffen, insbesondere das Quarz/Tonmineralverhaltn... more Die relativen Mineralverhaltnisse in den Schwebstoffen, insbesondere das Quarz/Tonmineralverhaltnis, in Verbindung mit der Erfassung verschiedener Begleitparameter (Feststoffkonzentration, POC, Korngrosenverteilung etc.) geben Informationen zur Herkunft der Schwebstoffe, zur Schwebstoffzusammensetzung und der damit einhergehenden Transportkraft der Schwebstoffflocken. Das Relief im Einzugsgebiet, der daraus resultierende Stromausbau, die hydrologische Situation sowie die saisonalen Veranderungen der biogenen Phasen zeichnen sich als die entscheidenden Einflusgrosen auf die Schwebstoffzusammensetzung ab.
Disposal of highly radioactive waste (HLW) can be environmentally acceptable if radionuclides are... more Disposal of highly radioactive waste (HLW) can be environmentally acceptable if radionuclides are kept isolated from the groundwater, which has inspired planners of repositories to work out multibarrier concepts that postulate defined functions of the host rock and engineered waste confinements. Assessment of the role of the host rock involves groundwater flow modelling and rock mechanical analysis, which are both highly speculative and ignore future changes in rock structure, stress conditions, and groundwater flow. Widening the perspective by considering the integrated physical performance of interacting geological strata respecting groundwater flow conditions can provide excellent isolation of HLW with a minimum of engineered barriers as illustrated by the principle of very deep boreholes (VDH) for which the very high salt content of deep water is the primary barrier by maintaining possibly contaminated groundwater at depth. Such isolation of groundwater regimes can also be obtained by constructing repositories in crystalline rock covered by clay-containing sedimentary rock in regions with no or very low hydraulic gradients, particularly if the two principles are combined. The paper describes a possible case of this type, showing that effective isolation of HLW in repositories of commonly discussed types, KBS-3H and VDH, can be achieved under present and foreseeable climatic conditions. The paper compares the short- and long-term functions of repositories located at the southern end of the Swedish island Gotland, being an example of desired geological conditions that are found also in other parts of Sweden and in Lithuania, Germany, Holland and the UK. Here, 500 m of sediment rock series cover gneiss bedrock in which a KBS-3H repository of SKB-type can be built under virtually “dry” conditions because of the tightness of the overlying sedimentary rock and lack of hydraulic gradients in the crystalline rock. Shafts leading down from the ground surface to the repository level are constructed by use of freezing technique and lined with low-pH concrete before installation of waste after which they have to be sealed with expanding clay. Use of initially largely water-saturated clay provides suitable physical properties of the embedment of waste containers. Alternatively, a VDH repository consisting of a number of steep 4 km deep boreholes with about 800 mm diameter can be driven for installing waste below 2 km depth, leaving the upper 2 km for sealing with clay. The geological conditions, which are also believed to provide acceptable rock pressure conditions for construction of a KBS-3H repository at about 600 m depth, are believed to be suitable for the construction and short- and long-term performance of either repository type.Upprättat; 2016; 20150726 (svek)</p
Die Elbe im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ökologie und Ökonomie, 1994
Im Rahmen des DFG-Projektes „Mineralogisch-geochemisch-sedimentologische Untersuchungen der Schwe... more Im Rahmen des DFG-Projektes „Mineralogisch-geochemisch-sedimentologische Untersuchungen der Schwebstoffe und Sedimente in der deutschen Mittel- und Oberelbe“ (HENNING u.a. 1993) wurden Schwebstoff-Flocken phasenanalytisch untersucht: u.a. die Menge der anorganischen Schwebstoffe in den Flocken, der Mineralbestand im anorganischen Anteil, der Anteil an biogenem Opal, die Korngrosenverteilung, die Schwermineral- und Schwerepartikelassoziation und der Aufbau und das Gefuge der Schwebstoff-Flocken. In der folgenden kurzen Zusammenfassung werden einige vorlaufige Ergebnisse vorgestellt, wobei auf das Poster und die ubrigen Zusammenfassungen und Poster unserer Arbeitsgruppe zum „6. Magdeburger Gewasserschutzseminar“ in Cuxhaven verwiesen werden kann. Zur Untersuchung gelangten und gelangen Schwebstoff-Proben von ca. 25 Probenahmepunkten auf ca. 380 km Lange von Schmilka bis Geesthacht von 10 Bereisungen im Zeitraum von Februar 1989 bis Juli 1994. Dabei sollten sowohl saisonale jahreszeitliche Trends als auch besondere Ereignisse (z.B. Hochwasser-Beprobung April 1992) erfast werden.
Residual clays that developed on Permian and Carboniferous glass-rich silicic volcanic rocks (pit... more Residual clays that developed on Permian and Carboniferous glass-rich silicic volcanic rocks (pitchstones, ignimbrites) at the Seilitz and Kemmlitz kaolin deposits, Saxony, Eastern Germany, contain locally abundant lath-shaped illite-rich illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals (I-S). Analyses by XRD and TEM-AES reveal a large illite percentage (>∼90%) and R3 ordering in I-S from Seilitz (>∼90%) and smaller illite percentage (∼70%) and R1 ordering in I-S from Kemmlitz. The clays never suffered a deep burial and there is no geological, petrographic or fluid inclusion evidence for aeolian input or hydrothermal origin of I-S at either deposit. The I-S formed exclusively at the expense of volcanic glass and not from K-feldspar. Residual quartz phenocrysts in the clays still preserve primary glassy silicate melt inclusions and lack secondary aqueous fluid inclusion trails. The dD and δ18O values of kaolinite and I-S are suggestive of low formation temperatures (<40ºC). Rb-Sr and K-...
Die Elbe im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ökologie und Ökonomie, 1994
Seit 1989 sind in mehrmonatigen Abstanden an gleichen Mespunkten der Elbe im Flusabschnitt zwisch... more Seit 1989 sind in mehrmonatigen Abstanden an gleichen Mespunkten der Elbe im Flusabschnitt zwischen Schmilka und Wahrenberg bzw. Geesthacht (seit 1990) Schwebstoffe zur mineralogisch-phasenanalytischen Untersuchung entnommen worden. Die Proben wurden als Punktproben mit einem Volumen von jeweils 200 Litern Fluswasser aus einer Wassertiefe von ca. 1 m mittels Schopfern von Brukken, Fahren oder ausladenden Pontons entnommen. Die Feststoffanteile sind durch Sedimentation angereichert und mittels Vakuumfiltration uber Membranfilter der Porenweite 0,45 µm gewonnen und gefriergetrocknet worden.
One way to support the construction of waste water treatment plants in Vietnamese communes is to ... more One way to support the construction of waste water treatment plants in Vietnamese communes is to link these plants to the development of industrial zones Provided the underlying technical basis exists, such as in concept “NDcitylineiaks”, purified water, heat, electricity, gas and other resources can be provided at low cost near the production sites. This would serve to generate additional income for the operators,not only securing operational costs, but also allowing for a possible refinancing of the investment. This approach, however, needs a broader zoning strategy for industrial zone management. The capacities for waste water treatment and the needs of the industry must be adapted to each other. A very specific industry mix must be achieved. A developed resource management system along with targeted land management (development of city and suburbs), systematic communication between the stakeholders, support with GIS based decision support tools, which, in turn, are connected to ...
WWT-plants can produce energy for local market by thermal processing of biowaste like sludge and ... more WWT-plants can produce energy for local market by thermal processing of biowaste like sludge and other organic waste resources. The presented example "NDcityline iaks " offers biomass energy potential from biowaste in dimension of 26 MW. This represents about 60% of total energy demand of residents in Nam Dinh city, Nam Dinh province. The keys for these options are (i) to find an intersectoral approach to identify the energy resources linking wastewater & sanitation sector, waste sector, energy sector and agricultural sector; (ii) to approach co-generation techniques to produce simultaneously power and heat/cold increasing drastically the efficiency of energy production as well as (iii) to identify sufficient local applications and consumers especially for heat/cold by-products. Furthermore, a specialized program supporting innovative entrepreneurs by networking of business centers can promote additionally the application of suitable technologies. The economic, environment...
A complex system for Nam Dinh in the Red River delta for future treatment of household waste wate... more A complex system for Nam Dinh in the Red River delta for future treatment of household waste water has been developed. The need for action becomes more apparent, taking into account the fact that the number of inhabitants in Nam Dinh is likely to grow from approximately 250,000 today to 950,000 inhabitants within the next 10 years. The developed “NDcitylineiaks” concept is based on modular trickling filters. While waste water treatment is to be carried out decentralized, treatment of sludge is to be carried out centrally, The consistent use of side products (e.g. service water, heat, gas, electricity) from the treatment of waste water and sewage sludge should both facilitate the setup of new production sites and also generate a new source of income for the operators of the treatment plant. This should not only cover running operation costs, but may also refinance the investment. An overall high degree of sustainability is achieved. The necessary preliminary examinations have been co...
13 Summary and conclusion Bentonite is intensively investigated from many institutes for its prop... more 13 Summary and conclusion Bentonite is intensively investigated from many institutes for its properties and feasibil-ity as engineering barrier material for many environmental facilities like landfill, under-ground landfill for chemotoxic waste and also HLW repositories. A summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the origin of bentonites and different processes through bentonite is provided together with the potential further research and develop-ment needs. Diffusion experiments with gas (CO2, H2, CH4 and SF6) and heavy metals Pb, Cd and Cs in highly saline solution (50 % and 90 % NaCl solutions, 90 % IP21 solution) at room temperature and atmosphere pressure conditions through compacted MX-80 bentonite with three different bulk dry densities (1,400 kg/m3,1,600 kg/m3 and/or 1,800 kg/m3) were performed. Numerical simulations of some experiments were undertaken. 13.1 Laboratory experiments on heavy metal diffusion A new through-diffusion experiment method was developed on ...
Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management, 2015
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is an approach enjoying wide international acceptanc... more Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is an approach enjoying wide international acceptance and is considered a contribution to sustainable development. The governments of the vast majority of countries are in the process of implementing it or preparing to do so with the support of intergovernmental organizations and of numerous NGOs. However, the vision of what IWRM comprises and where it leads might not be clear to stakeholders and practitioners. This chapter reviews the concepts and evolution of IWRM; it points out that the historical and even the formal precursors go farther back than described in usual treatises on the matter. The chapter focuses on the related intergovernmental processes, primarily those in the UN system, as they have proved of fundamental importance in lending thrust to IWRM. It examines the principles and definitions of IWRM and points out that the IWRM platform is considered by many authors and practitioners not a blueprint, but more of a guide or philosophy that has to be adapted to the particular settings and needs – that is, IWRM could be a normative guide but not an implementation plan. The status of the adoption and application of IWRM at an international scale is examined, and the most common objections to IWRM are noted and discussed. The practical utility of IWRM as a provider of a common platform for discussing water resources management issues and sharing experiences is noted.
Page 1. Short and long-term behavior of compacted bentonites in contact with solutions of differe... more Page 1. Short and long-term behavior of compacted bentonites in contact with solutions of different salinities: a safety issue fort he long-term closure of repositories for radioactive waste? Horst-Juergen Herbert*, Joern Kasbohm ...
Vietnam has decided to establish nuclear power as further energy option. In order to develop a Vi... more Vietnam has decided to establish nuclear power as further energy option. In order to develop a Vietnamese reference bentonite as potential barrier in a final repository for high radioactive waste, ...
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