The other third-parties examined in this chapter comprise federal, state and local government age... more The other third-parties examined in this chapter comprise federal, state and local government agencies (including law enforcement), policy and professional organisations, and industry. Some third-parties were identified as having a direct role in the policing of methamphetamine precursor diversion (primarily law enforcement bodies), while others such as policy and professional organisations, play an indirect role. Local government authorities were included in the study for the purposes of examining the types of roles that the third tier of government presently plays in the policing of this problem, in addition to the better understood role of the federal and state tiers.
ABSTRACT The diversion of pseudoephedrine (PSE) into illicit drug markets is a major problem faci... more ABSTRACT The diversion of pseudoephedrine (PSE) into illicit drug markets is a major problem facing countries throughout the world. Domestic production of the illicit synthetic drug methamphetamine often relies on ‘drug runners’ obtaining PSE from community pharmacies that service the general public in a retail market. One approach to creating deterrence opportunities in this illicit market is the co-option of non-offending third parties to control or prevent diversion of PSE through Third-Party Policing (TPP). TPP relies on police partnerships with third parties, who use legal levers to target crime problems. In this paper, we describe a TPP partnership between police and pharmacies. The partnership draws on laws that require pharmacists to keep records and report retail sales of PSE to police. Using a survey of 620 community pharmacists from two Australian jurisdictions, we examine pharmacist observations of the regulations and the partnership, specifically their perceived ‘deterrent impact’ on preventing PSE diversion. We find that the TPP intervention enacted by pharmacists is a crucial mechanism to deter drug runners and prevent pharmaceutical diversion of PSE.
In this paper we capture and synthesize the unique knowledge of experts so that choices regarding... more In this paper we capture and synthesize the unique knowledge of experts so that choices regarding policy measures to address methamphetamine consumption and dependency in Australia can be strengthened. We examine perceptions of the: (1) influence of underlying factors that impact on the methamphetamine problem; (2) importance of various models of intervention that have the potential to affect the success of policies; and (3) efficacy of alternative pseudoephedrine policy options. We adopt a multi-criteria decision model to unpack factors that affect decisions made by experts and examine potential variations on weight/preference among groups. Seventy experts from five groups (i.e. academia (18.6%), government and policy (27.1%), health (18.6%), pharmaceutical (17.1%) and police (18.6%)) in Australia participated in the survey. Social characteristics are considered the most important underlying factor, prevention the most effective strategy and Project STOP the most preferred policy option with respect to reducing methamphetamine consumption and dependency in Australia. One-way repeated ANOVAs indicate a statistically significant difference with regards to the influence of underlying factors (F(2.3, 144.5)=11.256, p<.001), effectiveness of interventions (F(2.4, 153.1)=28.738, p<.001) and policy options (F(2.8, 175.5)=70.854, p<.001). A majority of respondents believed that genetic, biological, emotional, cognitive and social factors are the most influential explanatory variables in terms of methamphetamine consumption and dependency. Most experts support the use of preventative mechanisms to inhibit drug initiation and delayed drug uptake. Compared to other policies, Project STOP (which aims to disrupt the initial diversion of pseudoephedrine) appears to be a more preferable preventative mechanism to control the production and subsequent sale and use of methamphetamine. This regulatory civil law lever engages third parties in controlling drug-related crime. The literature supports third-party partnerships as it engages experts who have knowledge and expertise with respect to prevention and harm minimization.
Like other western legal systems, Australian law is based on notions of the rule of law, justice ... more Like other western legal systems, Australian law is based on notions of the rule of law, justice and equality. Legal formalistic ideology would have us believe that as long as the law as it appears 'on the books' is applied equally for all, justice will prevail. For Indigenous Australian people, formal equality means that their claims for land, compensation and the recognition of their culture must be assessed through the eyes of white judges in white courts. Even when those judges strive to apply the law equally, they will inevitably be applying Eurocentric beliefs and values. In two recent significant cases concerning Indigenous claims for their removal from their families as children, those beliefs and values have tended to invalidate not only the legal claims themselves, but also aspects of the Indigenous culture. This article argues that the formal application of legal principles to these claims by Australian courts and judges leads to the exclusion of Indigenous narratives, which ultimately can be construed as evidence of unconscious racism. Charles Lawrence's cultural meaning test is used to critique the reasoning of the judges in two leading Australian cases concerning the 'stolen generation' and to expose the unconscious racism that still exists in the Australian liberal legal system.
Marsley JA. The facts from which this appeal against sentence arises are unfortunately all too co... more Marsley JA. The facts from which this appeal against sentence arises are unfortunately all too common in Indigenous communities, and indeed in non-Indigenous Australian society as well. they involve violence against partners. The facts are outlined below. What makes this case particularly unsettling is the young ages of the people involved, which, although not necessarily uncommon for partner violence offences heard in Indigenous sentencing courts across the country, is indicative of a trend amongst teenagers and young adults to resolve disputes using violence. This trend is even more troubling wihen it involves situations of partner violence
The Queensland Government Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated P... more The Queensland Government Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct, commonly referred to as the Fitzgerald Inquiry, lasted for two years. Its findings and recommendations, tabled in Parliament in May 1989, continue to have a significant effect on many aspects of public life in Queensland and beyond. This edited collection recalls the events that led up to the Fitzgerald Inquiry and examines the extraordinary influence the 'watershed' inquiry has had on police and public sector reform at the state, national and international levels.
The other third-parties examined in this chapter comprise federal, state and local government age... more The other third-parties examined in this chapter comprise federal, state and local government agencies (including law enforcement), policy and professional organisations, and industry. Some third-parties were identified as having a direct role in the policing of methamphetamine precursor diversion (primarily law enforcement bodies), while others such as policy and professional organisations, play an indirect role. Local government authorities were included in the study for the purposes of examining the types of roles that the third tier of government presently plays in the policing of this problem, in addition to the better understood role of the federal and state tiers.
ABSTRACT The diversion of pseudoephedrine (PSE) into illicit drug markets is a major problem faci... more ABSTRACT The diversion of pseudoephedrine (PSE) into illicit drug markets is a major problem facing countries throughout the world. Domestic production of the illicit synthetic drug methamphetamine often relies on ‘drug runners’ obtaining PSE from community pharmacies that service the general public in a retail market. One approach to creating deterrence opportunities in this illicit market is the co-option of non-offending third parties to control or prevent diversion of PSE through Third-Party Policing (TPP). TPP relies on police partnerships with third parties, who use legal levers to target crime problems. In this paper, we describe a TPP partnership between police and pharmacies. The partnership draws on laws that require pharmacists to keep records and report retail sales of PSE to police. Using a survey of 620 community pharmacists from two Australian jurisdictions, we examine pharmacist observations of the regulations and the partnership, specifically their perceived ‘deterrent impact’ on preventing PSE diversion. We find that the TPP intervention enacted by pharmacists is a crucial mechanism to deter drug runners and prevent pharmaceutical diversion of PSE.
In this paper we capture and synthesize the unique knowledge of experts so that choices regarding... more In this paper we capture and synthesize the unique knowledge of experts so that choices regarding policy measures to address methamphetamine consumption and dependency in Australia can be strengthened. We examine perceptions of the: (1) influence of underlying factors that impact on the methamphetamine problem; (2) importance of various models of intervention that have the potential to affect the success of policies; and (3) efficacy of alternative pseudoephedrine policy options. We adopt a multi-criteria decision model to unpack factors that affect decisions made by experts and examine potential variations on weight/preference among groups. Seventy experts from five groups (i.e. academia (18.6%), government and policy (27.1%), health (18.6%), pharmaceutical (17.1%) and police (18.6%)) in Australia participated in the survey. Social characteristics are considered the most important underlying factor, prevention the most effective strategy and Project STOP the most preferred policy option with respect to reducing methamphetamine consumption and dependency in Australia. One-way repeated ANOVAs indicate a statistically significant difference with regards to the influence of underlying factors (F(2.3, 144.5)=11.256, p<.001), effectiveness of interventions (F(2.4, 153.1)=28.738, p<.001) and policy options (F(2.8, 175.5)=70.854, p<.001). A majority of respondents believed that genetic, biological, emotional, cognitive and social factors are the most influential explanatory variables in terms of methamphetamine consumption and dependency. Most experts support the use of preventative mechanisms to inhibit drug initiation and delayed drug uptake. Compared to other policies, Project STOP (which aims to disrupt the initial diversion of pseudoephedrine) appears to be a more preferable preventative mechanism to control the production and subsequent sale and use of methamphetamine. This regulatory civil law lever engages third parties in controlling drug-related crime. The literature supports third-party partnerships as it engages experts who have knowledge and expertise with respect to prevention and harm minimization.
Like other western legal systems, Australian law is based on notions of the rule of law, justice ... more Like other western legal systems, Australian law is based on notions of the rule of law, justice and equality. Legal formalistic ideology would have us believe that as long as the law as it appears 'on the books' is applied equally for all, justice will prevail. For Indigenous Australian people, formal equality means that their claims for land, compensation and the recognition of their culture must be assessed through the eyes of white judges in white courts. Even when those judges strive to apply the law equally, they will inevitably be applying Eurocentric beliefs and values. In two recent significant cases concerning Indigenous claims for their removal from their families as children, those beliefs and values have tended to invalidate not only the legal claims themselves, but also aspects of the Indigenous culture. This article argues that the formal application of legal principles to these claims by Australian courts and judges leads to the exclusion of Indigenous narratives, which ultimately can be construed as evidence of unconscious racism. Charles Lawrence's cultural meaning test is used to critique the reasoning of the judges in two leading Australian cases concerning the 'stolen generation' and to expose the unconscious racism that still exists in the Australian liberal legal system.
Marsley JA. The facts from which this appeal against sentence arises are unfortunately all too co... more Marsley JA. The facts from which this appeal against sentence arises are unfortunately all too common in Indigenous communities, and indeed in non-Indigenous Australian society as well. they involve violence against partners. The facts are outlined below. What makes this case particularly unsettling is the young ages of the people involved, which, although not necessarily uncommon for partner violence offences heard in Indigenous sentencing courts across the country, is indicative of a trend amongst teenagers and young adults to resolve disputes using violence. This trend is even more troubling wihen it involves situations of partner violence
The Queensland Government Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated P... more The Queensland Government Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct, commonly referred to as the Fitzgerald Inquiry, lasted for two years. Its findings and recommendations, tabled in Parliament in May 1989, continue to have a significant effect on many aspects of public life in Queensland and beyond. This edited collection recalls the events that led up to the Fitzgerald Inquiry and examines the extraordinary influence the 'watershed' inquiry has had on police and public sector reform at the state, national and international levels.
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Papers by Janet Ransley