Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insulitis and islet β-cell loss. ... more Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insulitis and islet β-cell loss. At the onset of T1D, more than 70% of β-cells are destroyed, whereas the residual β-cells most likely represent the only reservoir for the regeneration of islet β-cell mass. Indeed, an effective therapy of T1D requires suppression of the autoimmune process and restoration of islet β-cells. GABA can be a potential target for Type-1 diabetes mellitus. GABA is inhibitory neurotransmitter and released from pancreatic β-cell. It acts on GABA A R in the αcells, causing membrane hyper polarization and hence suppressing glucagon secretion. GABA treatment can reduce lymphocytic islet infiltration, restore the βcell mass, and completely reverses hyperglycemia. This is associated with increased insulin, decreased glucagon levels in the circulation, and improved metabolic conditions. So, GABA or GABA-mimic drugs may be utilized as potential therapeutic option in the prevention and treatment of Type-1 Diabetes mellitus.
Metformin is an-old‖ drug, mainly used to lower blood sugar in NIDDM. Its mechanism of action is ... more Metformin is an-old‖ drug, mainly used to lower blood sugar in NIDDM. Its mechanism of action is still not entirely understood. Reversible gastrointestinal side effects occur in about 30% of patients taking metformin. These effects include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, and a metallic taste in the mouth. These effects are not severe and can be avoided by taking metformin with food or by commencing therapy with a low dose. Due to insulin lowering effect of metformin it is most popularly used in hyperandrogenism like, acne, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans and menstrual irregularity related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Use of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is becoming increasingly accepted and widespread, but clinical practice is ahead of the evidence. Our aim in this descriptive review is not to define practice guidelines but to improve clinicians' knowledge of the available published clinical evidence, concentrating on the few trials. We also highlight other issues, including hirsutism, acne, pregnancy, and neonatal outcome, that require more attention before clinical recommendations for the use of metformin in PCOS can be formalised.
Acne is one of the major manifestations in patient with PCOS. Although acne is detected only in a... more Acne is one of the major manifestations in patient with PCOS. Although acne is detected only in about 23-35% of patients with PCOS, some studies show a high prevalence of PCOS in acne patients. Acne has an overall prevalence in women of about 12%, tends to persist till menopause, and then declines with age.Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia are some endocrine findings in adults with PCOS.Hyperandrogenism characterized clinically as Acne, Hirsutism, Androgenic alopecia and/or chronic anovulation in the absence of specific adrenal and/or pituitary disease. Clinically, diagnosed woman with PCOS has higher risk for infertility, dysfunctional bleeding, endometrial carcinoma, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and possibly cardiovascular disease. So to prevent risk factors associated with PCOS,it has to be diagnosed and treated earlier. Female with Acne are unaware that they may suffer from PCOS. So Acne patients coming to dermatologist ...
Metformin is an ―old‖ drug, mainly used to lower blood sugar in NIDDM. Its mechanism of action is... more Metformin is an ―old‖ drug, mainly used to lower blood sugar in NIDDM. Its mechanism of action is still not entirely understood. Reversible gastrointestinal side effects occur in about 30% of patients taking metformin. These effects include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, and a metallic taste in the mouth. These effects are not severe and can be avoided by taking metformin with food or by commencing therapy with a low dose. Due to insulin lowering effect of metformin it is most popularly used in hyperandrogenism like, acne, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans and menstrual irregularity related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Use of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is becoming increasingly accepted and widespread, but clinical practice is ahead of the evidence. Our aim in this descriptive review is not to define practice guidelines but to improve clinicians' knowledge of the available published clinical evidence, concentrating on the few trials. We...
Terminalia chebula RETZ. (Combretaceae), a native plant in India and Southeast Asia commonly know... more Terminalia chebula RETZ. (Combretaceae), a native plant in India and Southeast Asia commonly known as Haritaki has been reported to exhibit a variety of biological activities. In the present study, aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula and its combination with Gaumutra were investigated for anti-hyperlipidemic activity in Sprague-dawley rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced by giving high cholesterol diet (2% cholesterol, 1% sodium cholate and 2% coconut oil) for thirty days in standard rat chow diet. Rats on high cholesterol diet showed significant increase (p<0.05) in serum and tissue cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, triglyceride, atherogenic index and decrease HDL-C levels. Treatment with Terminalia chebula (300mg/kg, p.o) and its combination with Gaumutra (30mg/kg, p.o) showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum and tissue serum and tissue cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, triglyceride, atherogenic index and increase HDL-C levels. Histological study showed that Terminalia. chebula caused decrease in aortic plaque and fatty liver formation but its combination with Gaumutra showed no significant effect in aorta and liver as compared to high cholesterol diet fed rats. Thus Terminalia. chebula and its combination with Gaumutra both are effective as an antihyperlipidemic agent.
Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insulitis and islet β-cell loss. ... more Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insulitis and islet β-cell loss. At the onset of T1D, more than 70% of β-cells are destroyed, whereas the residual β-cells most likely represent the only reservoir for the regeneration of islet β-cell mass. Indeed, an effective therapy of T1D requires suppression of the autoimmune process and restoration of islet β-cells. GABA can be a potential target for Type-1 diabetes mellitus. GABA is inhibitory neurotransmitter and released from pancreatic β-cell. It acts on GABA A R in the αcells, causing membrane hyper polarization and hence suppressing glucagon secretion. GABA treatment can reduce lymphocytic islet infiltration, restore the βcell mass, and completely reverses hyperglycemia. This is associated with increased insulin, decreased glucagon levels in the circulation, and improved metabolic conditions. So, GABA or GABA-mimic drugs may be utilized as potential therapeutic option in the prevention and treatment of Type-1 Diabetes mellitus.
Metformin is an-old‖ drug, mainly used to lower blood sugar in NIDDM. Its mechanism of action is ... more Metformin is an-old‖ drug, mainly used to lower blood sugar in NIDDM. Its mechanism of action is still not entirely understood. Reversible gastrointestinal side effects occur in about 30% of patients taking metformin. These effects include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, and a metallic taste in the mouth. These effects are not severe and can be avoided by taking metformin with food or by commencing therapy with a low dose. Due to insulin lowering effect of metformin it is most popularly used in hyperandrogenism like, acne, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans and menstrual irregularity related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Use of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is becoming increasingly accepted and widespread, but clinical practice is ahead of the evidence. Our aim in this descriptive review is not to define practice guidelines but to improve clinicians' knowledge of the available published clinical evidence, concentrating on the few trials. We also highlight other issues, including hirsutism, acne, pregnancy, and neonatal outcome, that require more attention before clinical recommendations for the use of metformin in PCOS can be formalised.
Acne is one of the major manifestations in patient with PCOS. Although acne is detected only in a... more Acne is one of the major manifestations in patient with PCOS. Although acne is detected only in about 23-35% of patients with PCOS, some studies show a high prevalence of PCOS in acne patients. Acne has an overall prevalence in women of about 12%, tends to persist till menopause, and then declines with age.Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia are some endocrine findings in adults with PCOS.Hyperandrogenism characterized clinically as Acne, Hirsutism, Androgenic alopecia and/or chronic anovulation in the absence of specific adrenal and/or pituitary disease. Clinically, diagnosed woman with PCOS has higher risk for infertility, dysfunctional bleeding, endometrial carcinoma, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and possibly cardiovascular disease. So to prevent risk factors associated with PCOS,it has to be diagnosed and treated earlier. Female with Acne are unaware that they may suffer from PCOS. So Acne patients coming to dermatologist ...
Metformin is an ―old‖ drug, mainly used to lower blood sugar in NIDDM. Its mechanism of action is... more Metformin is an ―old‖ drug, mainly used to lower blood sugar in NIDDM. Its mechanism of action is still not entirely understood. Reversible gastrointestinal side effects occur in about 30% of patients taking metformin. These effects include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, and a metallic taste in the mouth. These effects are not severe and can be avoided by taking metformin with food or by commencing therapy with a low dose. Due to insulin lowering effect of metformin it is most popularly used in hyperandrogenism like, acne, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans and menstrual irregularity related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Use of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is becoming increasingly accepted and widespread, but clinical practice is ahead of the evidence. Our aim in this descriptive review is not to define practice guidelines but to improve clinicians' knowledge of the available published clinical evidence, concentrating on the few trials. We...
Terminalia chebula RETZ. (Combretaceae), a native plant in India and Southeast Asia commonly know... more Terminalia chebula RETZ. (Combretaceae), a native plant in India and Southeast Asia commonly known as Haritaki has been reported to exhibit a variety of biological activities. In the present study, aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula and its combination with Gaumutra were investigated for anti-hyperlipidemic activity in Sprague-dawley rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced by giving high cholesterol diet (2% cholesterol, 1% sodium cholate and 2% coconut oil) for thirty days in standard rat chow diet. Rats on high cholesterol diet showed significant increase (p<0.05) in serum and tissue cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, triglyceride, atherogenic index and decrease HDL-C levels. Treatment with Terminalia chebula (300mg/kg, p.o) and its combination with Gaumutra (30mg/kg, p.o) showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum and tissue serum and tissue cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, triglyceride, atherogenic index and increase HDL-C levels. Histological study showed that Terminalia. chebula caused decrease in aortic plaque and fatty liver formation but its combination with Gaumutra showed no significant effect in aorta and liver as compared to high cholesterol diet fed rats. Thus Terminalia. chebula and its combination with Gaumutra both are effective as an antihyperlipidemic agent.
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