This report demonstrates the presence of the neutral glycosphingolipid, globoside, on the villous... more This report demonstrates the presence of the neutral glycosphingolipid, globoside, on the villous trophoblast layer of human placenta. Immunoreactivity for globoside which is the receptor used by human parvovirus B19 was strongest in villous trophoblast cells of first trimester placentae, with diminished reactivity in second trimester placentae, and a near lack of staining for the antigen in those of third trimester. This relative reduction in globoside-specific immunoreactivity in placentae of increasing gestational ages was confirmed using thin-layer chromatographic analyses of extracted neutral glycolipids from the syncytiotrophoblast layer and cytotrophoblast cells of first and third trimester placental villi. The presence of globoside on the protective trophoblast layer of the villi provides a potential pathway whereby B19 may be transmitted from an infected mother to the fetus. The virus once across the placental barrier, may gain access to its erythroid precursor target cells within fetal villus capillaries. The observed change found in globoside immunoreactivity correlates well with the observation that fetal outcome is worse when maternal infection occurs during first or second trimester as compared to an infection occurring near term. The reason for this observed difference in fetal outcome may be due not only to the presence of more target cells potentially to infect during the first and second trimesters, but also to the greater number of viral receptors present on the villous trophoblast layer.
Human parvovirus B19 is the cause of a common childhood disease that usually has a mild and self-... more Human parvovirus B19 is the cause of a common childhood disease that usually has a mild and self-limited course. Complete viral replication and subsequent cell lysis are limited to early erythroid precursor cells expressing the globoside receptor. Individuals with shortened red blood cell half-lives and immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients, as well as pregnant women and developing fetuses, are at risk for severe anemia and/or persistent infection from human parvovirus B19. Selection of the diagnostic test(s) to use to detect parvovirus B19 is patient dependent. Serological testing is most appropriate in immunocompetent individuals, including children and pregnant women, who have symptoms consistent with parvovirus B19 infection or a history of recent exposure. Conversely, a molecular amplification assay should be chosen to detect parvovirus B19 DNA in individuals lacking an adequate antibody-mediated immune response. In summary, it is critical that clinicians are educated about the most appropriate diagnostic test to detect parvovirus B19 infection in their patients because selecting an inappropriate or inaccurate test for parvovirus B19 can lead to misinformation and/or misdiagnosis.
This report demonstrates the presence of the neutral glycosphingolipid, globoside, on the villous... more This report demonstrates the presence of the neutral glycosphingolipid, globoside, on the villous trophoblast layer of human placenta. Immunoreactivity for globoside which is the receptor used by human parvovirus B19 was strongest in villous trophoblast cells of first trimester placentae, with diminished reactivity in second trimester placentae, and a near lack of staining for the antigen in those of third trimester. This relative reduction in globoside-specific immunoreactivity in placentae of increasing gestational ages was confirmed using thin-layer chromatographic analyses of extracted neutral glycolipids from the syncytiotrophoblast layer and cytotrophoblast cells of first and third trimester placental villi. The presence of globoside on the protective trophoblast layer of the villi provides a potential pathway whereby B19 may be transmitted from an infected mother to the fetus. The virus once across the placental barrier, may gain access to its erythroid precursor target cells within fetal villus capillaries. The observed change found in globoside immunoreactivity correlates well with the observation that fetal outcome is worse when maternal infection occurs during first or second trimester as compared to an infection occurring near term. The reason for this observed difference in fetal outcome may be due not only to the presence of more target cells potentially to infect during the first and second trimesters, but also to the greater number of viral receptors present on the villous trophoblast layer.
Human parvovirus B19 is the cause of a common childhood disease that usually has a mild and self-... more Human parvovirus B19 is the cause of a common childhood disease that usually has a mild and self-limited course. Complete viral replication and subsequent cell lysis are limited to early erythroid precursor cells expressing the globoside receptor. Individuals with shortened red blood cell half-lives and immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients, as well as pregnant women and developing fetuses, are at risk for severe anemia and/or persistent infection from human parvovirus B19. Selection of the diagnostic test(s) to use to detect parvovirus B19 is patient dependent. Serological testing is most appropriate in immunocompetent individuals, including children and pregnant women, who have symptoms consistent with parvovirus B19 infection or a history of recent exposure. Conversely, a molecular amplification assay should be chosen to detect parvovirus B19 DNA in individuals lacking an adequate antibody-mediated immune response. In summary, it is critical that clinicians are educated about the most appropriate diagnostic test to detect parvovirus B19 infection in their patients because selecting an inappropriate or inaccurate test for parvovirus B19 can lead to misinformation and/or misdiagnosis.
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