... aqueous extracts of 14 medicinal plants used for liver ailments (Table 1). Few studies are re... more ... aqueous extracts of 14 medicinal plants used for liver ailments (Table 1). Few studies are reported for its formulation (Najmi et al., 2002), safety evaluation (Valecha et al., 1990), mechanism of hepatoprotective action ([Vivek et al., 1994], [Karunakar et al., 1997a] and [Aftab et al ...
To discuss the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of Mirabegron which is a first-in class novel β3 recep... more To discuss the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of Mirabegron which is a first-in class novel β3 receptor agonist drug recently approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). We conducted a computerized search of the MEDLINE/PUBMED databases with the word Mirabegron, β3 receptor agonist and overactive bladder. Effect of Mirabegron on β3 adrenergic receptor purportedly releases nitric oxide(NO) by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ through accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Along with NO which relaxes the detrusor muscle, it also releases an urothelial-derived inhibiting factor (UDIF) that inhibits contractions. It increases the bladder capacity by causing bladder relaxation during the storage phase. Mirabegron appears to be a promising treatment in OAB patients by shifting its management from reducing detrusor over-activity to inducing relaxation. Also it lacks the troublesome side effects associated with the standard antimuscarinic management.
Aim: The present study was investigated to evaluate, the In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol... more Aim: The present study was investigated to evaluate, the In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Stephania glabra (SGE) tubers using various antioxidant assay. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was evaluated by different assays, including 2, 2-diphenlyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, metal chelating activities, reducing power, beta-carotene bleaching assay and linoleic acid system using FTC. Results: Various antioxidant assays were compared to standard antioxidants such as, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). The SGE exhibited strong antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (IC 50 , 543.16 µg/mL), 10 µg/mL of extract exhibited 52.88% inhibition of Hydrogen peroxide, 150 µg/mL of extract exhibited 61.0% inhibition of nitric oxide, respectively and effective inhibition against linoleic acid system using FTC and TBARS. The extract of SG has effective reducing power, and ...
Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Stephania gla... more Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers tubers extract against Colchicine induced cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in mice. Methods and materials: Colchicine (3μg/10 μl), a microtubule disrupting agent when administered intracerebrally in mice resulted in poor memory retention in both Morris water maze, Passive avoidance paradigms and caused marked oxidative stress as indicated by significant increase in malondialdehyde, nitrite levels, depletion of Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels. It also caused a significant increase in the Acetylcholinesterase activity. Results: Chronic administration of Stephania glabra extract (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o.) for a period of 25 days, starting 4 days prior to Colchicine administration resulted, an improvement in memory retention, attenuation of oxidative damage indicated by significant decrease in malondialdehyde, nitrite levels, and signi...
Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993), Jan 24, 2015
Diabetic cardiomyopathy plays a major role in morbidity and mortality among cardiovascular disord... more Diabetic cardiomyopathy plays a major role in morbidity and mortality among cardiovascular disorder-related complications. This study was designed to explore long-term benefits of Levosimendan (LEVO) along with Ramipril and Insulin. Diabetic cardiomyopathy was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) at the dose of 25 mg/kg/body weight/day for three consecutive days in Wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into 10 groups and treatments were started after 2 weeks of STZ administration. A gradual but severe hyperglycemia ((§§§)p < 0.001) was observed in all STZ-treated groups except those received insulin (2 U/day). LEVO alone and in combination with Ramipril and Insulin normalized (**p < 0.01) mean arterial pressure and heart rate, restored catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione level and also attenuated (***p < 0.001) the raised serum levels of creatine kinase-heart type, lactate dehydrogenase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, and caspase-...
The matrix type transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) of metoprolol were prepared by film cast... more The matrix type transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) of metoprolol were prepared by film casting technique using a fabricated stainless steel film casting apparatus and characterized in vitro by drug release, skin permeation, skin irritation, and in vivo pharmacodynamic and stability studies. Four formulations were prepared that differed in the ratio of matrix forming polymers. Formulations M-1, M-2, M-3, and M-4 were composed of Eudragit RL-100 and polyvinyl acetate with the following ratios: 2:8, 4:6, 6:4, and 8:2, respectively. All the four formulations carried 10% (w/w) of metoprolol tartrate, 5% (w/w) of dibutylphthalate, and 5% (w/w) of (+/-) menthol in dichloromethane:isopropyl alcohol (80:20 v/v). Cumulative amount of drug released in 48 hr from the four formulations was 79.16%, 81.17%, 85.98%, and 95.04%. The corresponding values for cumulative amount of drug permeated for the said formulations were 59.72%, 66.52%, 77.36%, and 90.38%. On the basis of in vitro drug relea...
The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of edaravone on oxidati... more The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of edaravone on oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and ultrastructure changes in myocardial infarction (MI) induced by isoproterenol (ISO) in rats. Rats were pretreated with edaravone (1, 3, 10 mg/kg/body weight/day) intraperitoneally. MI was induced by subcutaneous administration of ISO (85 mg/kg/body weight) at two doses with a 24-hour interval. ISO-treated rats showed significant increases in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and decreased levels of reduced glutathione and activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase in the cardiac tissues. Moreover, significant increases in the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), C-reactive protein, and caspase-3 activity were observed in the ISO-treated group. Pretreatment of ISO-intoxicated rats with edaravone significantly attenuated the increases in TBARS, LDH, and CK-MB, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, edaravone treatment led to attenuated C-reactive protein level and caspase-3 activity and maintained the ultrastructure of the myocardial cells. Our study suggests that edaravone possesses strong cardioprotective potential. Edaravone may have exhibited cardioprotective effects by restoring antioxidant defense mechanisms and maintaining the integrity of myocardial cell membranes, thereby reducing apoptosis and inflammation in ISO-induced MI and its associated oxidative stress.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Objective: The objective of this study is to establish the quality standards of Safoof-e-Muhazzil... more Objective: The objective of this study is to establish the quality standards of Safoof-e-Muhazzil (SEMZ), a polyherbal Unani formulation for the treatment of overweight and obesity. Methods: The quality standards of SEMZ were established as per WHO guidelines including heavy metal residues, pesticides residue, aflatoxins, microbial load, GC-MS analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting analysis. Results: The results of standardization parameters showed total ash (10.73±1.23 %), acid-insoluble ash (1.47±0.21%), water-soluble ash (2.91±0.11%), alcohol-soluble extractive (24.95±1.47%), water-soluble extractive (37.46±2.14%), loss on drying (10.03±0.42 %), pH-value for 1% solution (6.01) and 10 % solution (5.3) at 25±2 ºC, fat content (14.13±0.10 %), resin content (9.475±1.2 %) and heavy metals residue, pesticides residue, aflatoxins, microbial load complies with official limits. Conclusion: Data’s evolved in this investigation may be used in laying down Pharmacopoeial standards for the formulat...
This study was carried out to evaluate the drug prescribing, utilization pattern and adverse drug... more This study was carried out to evaluate the drug prescribing, utilization pattern and adverse drug reactions recording associated with drugs prescribed to glaucoma patients. A total of 50 glaucoma patients were included in the study, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the observations were recorded in drug utilization and ADR recording documentation form. Out of 50 patients suffering from glaucoma, 38 patients (76%) were diagnosed open angle glaucoma, 4 patients (8%) closed angle glaucoma and 8 patients (16%) post-operative respectively. There were 19 patients (38%) males and 31 patients (62%) were females. The age range between 41-50 years had the maximum number of patients 15 (30%). A total of 17 patients (34%) had family history of glaucoma. Timolol was prescribed to 34 patients (68%), followed by dorzolamide 18 patients (36%) and acetazolamide 14 patients (28%). A total of 32 patients (64%) were prescribed single drug therapy whereas 18 patients (36%) were on multiple...
The objective of the present work was to fabricate Eudragit RL 100-polyvinyl acetate films and ev... more The objective of the present work was to fabricate Eudragit RL 100-polyvinyl acetate films and evaluate their potential for transdermal drug delivery in a quest to develop a suitable transdermal therapeutic system for pinacidil. The polymeric films (composed of Eudragit RL100 and polyvinyl acetate in 2:8, 4:6, 6:4, 8:2 ratios in films P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4 respectively, together with 5% w/w of pinacidil and 5% w/w of dibutylphthalate in all the films) were cast on a glass substrate and evaluated for physicochemical parameters viz. thickness, weight, folding endurance (a measure of fragility), percent elongation at break (a measure of flexibility), drug content uniformity, water absorption capacity, moisture vapour transmission, drug-polymer interaction, in vitro drug release and skin permeation profiles. The films were also evaluated for appearance, smoothness and transparency. The film finally selected was assessed for its skin irritation potential, and its stability on storage under ...
The present study was carried out to evaluate whether the combined administration of sarcosine wi... more The present study was carried out to evaluate whether the combined administration of sarcosine with risperidone possess any advantageous effects on dopaminergic and NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmissions as compared to single drug administration in rats. The Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups each with different treatments. MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected as single dose on 14(th) day for inducing learning and memory deficits in animals. Sarcosine (300 and 600 mg/kg, i.p.) and risperidone (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered daily for 14 days. Spatial habituation learning and hole board tests were performed on 14(th) day followed by measurement of GABA and 5-HT levels in brain tissues of rats. Pretreatment of sarcosine (600 mg/kg, i.p.) non-significantly improved learning and memory deficits induced by non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, significantly increased the GABA and decreased the 5-HT levels (p<0.05). Combined administration of sarcos...
To discuss the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of Mirabegron which is a first-in class novel β3 recep... more To discuss the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of Mirabegron which is a first-in class novel β3 receptor agonist drug recently approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). We conducted a computerized search of the MEDLINE/PUBMED databases with the word Mirabegron, β3 receptor agonist and overactive bladder. Effect of Mirabegron on β3 adrenergic receptor purportedly releases nitric oxide(NO) by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ through accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Along with NO which relaxes the detrusor muscle, it also releases an urothelial-derived inhibiting factor (UDIF) that inhibits contractions. It increases the bladder capacity by causing bladder relaxation during the storage phase. Mirabegron appears to be a promising treatment in OAB patients by shifting its management from reducing detrusor over-activity to inducing relaxation. Also it lacks the troublesome side effects associated with the standard ...
The present study investigated the effect of silymarin, a flavonoid, on streptozotocin (STZ) -ind... more The present study investigated the effect of silymarin, a flavonoid, on streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetic dyslipidaemia in rats. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). Silymarin (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) was orally administered to diabetic rats for a period of 15 days. Blood glucose levels, serum lipid profile and liver glycogen levels were estimated following the established procedures. Biochemical observations were supplemented with histological examination of liver sections. Oral administration of silymarin to diabetic rats significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the blood glucose levels (259.99 ± 23.64 vs. 99.90 ± 2.62 [25 mg] & 89.17 ± 3.32 [50 mg]). The most interesting finding was the significant (p < 0.001) increase in HDL-cholesterol levels (26.99 ± 0.61 vs. 40.55 ± 0.52 [25 mg] & 41.12 ± 0.37 [50 mg]) whereas, there was a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol (TCh), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprote...
... aqueous extracts of 14 medicinal plants used for liver ailments (Table 1). Few studies are re... more ... aqueous extracts of 14 medicinal plants used for liver ailments (Table 1). Few studies are reported for its formulation (Najmi et al., 2002), safety evaluation (Valecha et al., 1990), mechanism of hepatoprotective action ([Vivek et al., 1994], [Karunakar et al., 1997a] and [Aftab et al ...
To discuss the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of Mirabegron which is a first-in class novel β3 recep... more To discuss the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of Mirabegron which is a first-in class novel β3 receptor agonist drug recently approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). We conducted a computerized search of the MEDLINE/PUBMED databases with the word Mirabegron, β3 receptor agonist and overactive bladder. Effect of Mirabegron on β3 adrenergic receptor purportedly releases nitric oxide(NO) by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ through accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Along with NO which relaxes the detrusor muscle, it also releases an urothelial-derived inhibiting factor (UDIF) that inhibits contractions. It increases the bladder capacity by causing bladder relaxation during the storage phase. Mirabegron appears to be a promising treatment in OAB patients by shifting its management from reducing detrusor over-activity to inducing relaxation. Also it lacks the troublesome side effects associated with the standard antimuscarinic management.
Aim: The present study was investigated to evaluate, the In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol... more Aim: The present study was investigated to evaluate, the In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Stephania glabra (SGE) tubers using various antioxidant assay. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was evaluated by different assays, including 2, 2-diphenlyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, metal chelating activities, reducing power, beta-carotene bleaching assay and linoleic acid system using FTC. Results: Various antioxidant assays were compared to standard antioxidants such as, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). The SGE exhibited strong antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (IC 50 , 543.16 µg/mL), 10 µg/mL of extract exhibited 52.88% inhibition of Hydrogen peroxide, 150 µg/mL of extract exhibited 61.0% inhibition of nitric oxide, respectively and effective inhibition against linoleic acid system using FTC and TBARS. The extract of SG has effective reducing power, and ...
Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Stephania gla... more Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers tubers extract against Colchicine induced cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in mice. Methods and materials: Colchicine (3μg/10 μl), a microtubule disrupting agent when administered intracerebrally in mice resulted in poor memory retention in both Morris water maze, Passive avoidance paradigms and caused marked oxidative stress as indicated by significant increase in malondialdehyde, nitrite levels, depletion of Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels. It also caused a significant increase in the Acetylcholinesterase activity. Results: Chronic administration of Stephania glabra extract (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o.) for a period of 25 days, starting 4 days prior to Colchicine administration resulted, an improvement in memory retention, attenuation of oxidative damage indicated by significant decrease in malondialdehyde, nitrite levels, and signi...
Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993), Jan 24, 2015
Diabetic cardiomyopathy plays a major role in morbidity and mortality among cardiovascular disord... more Diabetic cardiomyopathy plays a major role in morbidity and mortality among cardiovascular disorder-related complications. This study was designed to explore long-term benefits of Levosimendan (LEVO) along with Ramipril and Insulin. Diabetic cardiomyopathy was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) at the dose of 25 mg/kg/body weight/day for three consecutive days in Wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into 10 groups and treatments were started after 2 weeks of STZ administration. A gradual but severe hyperglycemia ((§§§)p < 0.001) was observed in all STZ-treated groups except those received insulin (2 U/day). LEVO alone and in combination with Ramipril and Insulin normalized (**p < 0.01) mean arterial pressure and heart rate, restored catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione level and also attenuated (***p < 0.001) the raised serum levels of creatine kinase-heart type, lactate dehydrogenase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, and caspase-...
The matrix type transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) of metoprolol were prepared by film cast... more The matrix type transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) of metoprolol were prepared by film casting technique using a fabricated stainless steel film casting apparatus and characterized in vitro by drug release, skin permeation, skin irritation, and in vivo pharmacodynamic and stability studies. Four formulations were prepared that differed in the ratio of matrix forming polymers. Formulations M-1, M-2, M-3, and M-4 were composed of Eudragit RL-100 and polyvinyl acetate with the following ratios: 2:8, 4:6, 6:4, and 8:2, respectively. All the four formulations carried 10% (w/w) of metoprolol tartrate, 5% (w/w) of dibutylphthalate, and 5% (w/w) of (+/-) menthol in dichloromethane:isopropyl alcohol (80:20 v/v). Cumulative amount of drug released in 48 hr from the four formulations was 79.16%, 81.17%, 85.98%, and 95.04%. The corresponding values for cumulative amount of drug permeated for the said formulations were 59.72%, 66.52%, 77.36%, and 90.38%. On the basis of in vitro drug relea...
The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of edaravone on oxidati... more The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of edaravone on oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and ultrastructure changes in myocardial infarction (MI) induced by isoproterenol (ISO) in rats. Rats were pretreated with edaravone (1, 3, 10 mg/kg/body weight/day) intraperitoneally. MI was induced by subcutaneous administration of ISO (85 mg/kg/body weight) at two doses with a 24-hour interval. ISO-treated rats showed significant increases in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and decreased levels of reduced glutathione and activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase in the cardiac tissues. Moreover, significant increases in the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), C-reactive protein, and caspase-3 activity were observed in the ISO-treated group. Pretreatment of ISO-intoxicated rats with edaravone significantly attenuated the increases in TBARS, LDH, and CK-MB, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, edaravone treatment led to attenuated C-reactive protein level and caspase-3 activity and maintained the ultrastructure of the myocardial cells. Our study suggests that edaravone possesses strong cardioprotective potential. Edaravone may have exhibited cardioprotective effects by restoring antioxidant defense mechanisms and maintaining the integrity of myocardial cell membranes, thereby reducing apoptosis and inflammation in ISO-induced MI and its associated oxidative stress.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Objective: The objective of this study is to establish the quality standards of Safoof-e-Muhazzil... more Objective: The objective of this study is to establish the quality standards of Safoof-e-Muhazzil (SEMZ), a polyherbal Unani formulation for the treatment of overweight and obesity. Methods: The quality standards of SEMZ were established as per WHO guidelines including heavy metal residues, pesticides residue, aflatoxins, microbial load, GC-MS analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting analysis. Results: The results of standardization parameters showed total ash (10.73±1.23 %), acid-insoluble ash (1.47±0.21%), water-soluble ash (2.91±0.11%), alcohol-soluble extractive (24.95±1.47%), water-soluble extractive (37.46±2.14%), loss on drying (10.03±0.42 %), pH-value for 1% solution (6.01) and 10 % solution (5.3) at 25±2 ºC, fat content (14.13±0.10 %), resin content (9.475±1.2 %) and heavy metals residue, pesticides residue, aflatoxins, microbial load complies with official limits. Conclusion: Data’s evolved in this investigation may be used in laying down Pharmacopoeial standards for the formulat...
This study was carried out to evaluate the drug prescribing, utilization pattern and adverse drug... more This study was carried out to evaluate the drug prescribing, utilization pattern and adverse drug reactions recording associated with drugs prescribed to glaucoma patients. A total of 50 glaucoma patients were included in the study, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the observations were recorded in drug utilization and ADR recording documentation form. Out of 50 patients suffering from glaucoma, 38 patients (76%) were diagnosed open angle glaucoma, 4 patients (8%) closed angle glaucoma and 8 patients (16%) post-operative respectively. There were 19 patients (38%) males and 31 patients (62%) were females. The age range between 41-50 years had the maximum number of patients 15 (30%). A total of 17 patients (34%) had family history of glaucoma. Timolol was prescribed to 34 patients (68%), followed by dorzolamide 18 patients (36%) and acetazolamide 14 patients (28%). A total of 32 patients (64%) were prescribed single drug therapy whereas 18 patients (36%) were on multiple...
The objective of the present work was to fabricate Eudragit RL 100-polyvinyl acetate films and ev... more The objective of the present work was to fabricate Eudragit RL 100-polyvinyl acetate films and evaluate their potential for transdermal drug delivery in a quest to develop a suitable transdermal therapeutic system for pinacidil. The polymeric films (composed of Eudragit RL100 and polyvinyl acetate in 2:8, 4:6, 6:4, 8:2 ratios in films P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4 respectively, together with 5% w/w of pinacidil and 5% w/w of dibutylphthalate in all the films) were cast on a glass substrate and evaluated for physicochemical parameters viz. thickness, weight, folding endurance (a measure of fragility), percent elongation at break (a measure of flexibility), drug content uniformity, water absorption capacity, moisture vapour transmission, drug-polymer interaction, in vitro drug release and skin permeation profiles. The films were also evaluated for appearance, smoothness and transparency. The film finally selected was assessed for its skin irritation potential, and its stability on storage under ...
The present study was carried out to evaluate whether the combined administration of sarcosine wi... more The present study was carried out to evaluate whether the combined administration of sarcosine with risperidone possess any advantageous effects on dopaminergic and NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmissions as compared to single drug administration in rats. The Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups each with different treatments. MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected as single dose on 14(th) day for inducing learning and memory deficits in animals. Sarcosine (300 and 600 mg/kg, i.p.) and risperidone (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered daily for 14 days. Spatial habituation learning and hole board tests were performed on 14(th) day followed by measurement of GABA and 5-HT levels in brain tissues of rats. Pretreatment of sarcosine (600 mg/kg, i.p.) non-significantly improved learning and memory deficits induced by non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, significantly increased the GABA and decreased the 5-HT levels (p<0.05). Combined administration of sarcos...
To discuss the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of Mirabegron which is a first-in class novel β3 recep... more To discuss the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of Mirabegron which is a first-in class novel β3 receptor agonist drug recently approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). We conducted a computerized search of the MEDLINE/PUBMED databases with the word Mirabegron, β3 receptor agonist and overactive bladder. Effect of Mirabegron on β3 adrenergic receptor purportedly releases nitric oxide(NO) by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ through accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Along with NO which relaxes the detrusor muscle, it also releases an urothelial-derived inhibiting factor (UDIF) that inhibits contractions. It increases the bladder capacity by causing bladder relaxation during the storage phase. Mirabegron appears to be a promising treatment in OAB patients by shifting its management from reducing detrusor over-activity to inducing relaxation. Also it lacks the troublesome side effects associated with the standard ...
The present study investigated the effect of silymarin, a flavonoid, on streptozotocin (STZ) -ind... more The present study investigated the effect of silymarin, a flavonoid, on streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetic dyslipidaemia in rats. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). Silymarin (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) was orally administered to diabetic rats for a period of 15 days. Blood glucose levels, serum lipid profile and liver glycogen levels were estimated following the established procedures. Biochemical observations were supplemented with histological examination of liver sections. Oral administration of silymarin to diabetic rats significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the blood glucose levels (259.99 ± 23.64 vs. 99.90 ± 2.62 [25 mg] & 89.17 ± 3.32 [50 mg]). The most interesting finding was the significant (p < 0.001) increase in HDL-cholesterol levels (26.99 ± 0.61 vs. 40.55 ± 0.52 [25 mg] & 41.12 ± 0.37 [50 mg]) whereas, there was a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol (TCh), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprote...
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