臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

語障兒童口語能力指標之信度探究
中文摘要
英文的許多研究都指出語句平均長度、總詞數、相異詞數等指標，可以應用於診斷和監控語言發展以及判斷是否應結束語言治療。本研究針對中文「字」、「詞」的特性，將語句平均長度、總詞數，分成語句平均詞數、語句平均字數、總詞數、總字數。同時當兒童說出同音異義字時，無法判斷兒童是否瞭解其差異，因此只分析相異詞數，而未分析相異字數。因此最後共有五項口語指標：語句平均詞數、語句平均字數、總詞數、總字數、相異字數。
研究中以十五位正在臺南市境內所屬醫院接受口語治療的兒童為對象，其中六位女生、九位男生。年齡介於四歲八個月和七歲六個月，智商落在正常的範圍內，並且未伴隨其它的器質性障礙或嚴重行為問題。在兩週內透過訪談收集150句的口語樣本，分析這些指標在語句數量為50句、80句、100句、120句、150句時，是否具有良好的折半和重測信度。但是其有兩位僅參與一次錄音。研究中並以γ=.70和.90做為判斷信度為「可接受」和「優良」的標準。
結果發現：一、重測和折半信度均隨著語句數量增加而愈佳。二、各項口語指標的折半信度普遍較重測信度佳。三、當樣本為50時，五項口語指標的折半信度均達到「優良」的水準(γ=.90以上)。四、150句時除了相異詞數以外，各項口語指標的重測信度達到「可接受」(γ=.70以上)的程度。其信度值高低依序為語句平均詞數、總詞數、語句平均字數和總字數。最後，「詞」比「字」做為分析單位更能取得良好的重測信度。研究中並針對此結果提出可能的解釋。
關鍵詞：語言障礙、語句平均詞數、語句平均字數、相異詞數、總詞數、總字數

THE RELIABILIY OF PRODUCTION MEASURES ON
CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
In bulk of the literatures, the mean length of utterances (MLU), the number of different words (NDW) and the total number of words (TNW) have been documented as effective variables to identify, monitor and even determine the termination of intervention. In wake of the Chinese words'' characteristics, MLU and TNW were to be calculated by either words or characters, but NDW was not. That was because when the homonyms were spoken out, we couldn''t tell whether he (or) she knew their differences. As a result, five measures came out, the mean length of utterance-character (MLUC), the mean length of utterances-word (MLUW), the number of different words (NDW), the total number of words (TNW) and the total number of characters (TNC).
Of all Fifteen participants, nine boys and six girls, who aged 4:8 to7:6 now underwent production treatment in the hospitals or clinics in Tainan City, were employed to testify the test-retest and split-half reliabilities.α=.70 and.90 were set to determine reliability acceptable and excellent, respectively. Language production was collected twice in natural conversation within fourteen days, yet two of them only participated in the first one.
Some conclusions were proposed. First, split-half and test-retest reliabilities of all measures got better and better as the number of utterances got more and more. Second, the split-half reliability of all measures was consistently better than test-retest reliability. Third, when utterances were above 50, split-half reliability of all measures reached excellent criterion. Fourth, when the utterance numbers were up to 150, all measures except NDW could have acceptable test-retest reliability and ranked sequentially from high to low as MLUW, MLUC, TNW and TNC. Finally, "a word" served as a better analysis unit than did "a character ".
Keyword: SLI, the mean length of utterance-character, the mean length of utterance-word, the number of different words, the total number of words, the total number of characters.

目 次
中文摘要‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧I
英文摘要‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧II
目次‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧IV
表目次‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧VI
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧1
第二節 研究目的‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧4
第三節 名詞釋義‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧5
第四節 研究限制‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧7
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 理論基礎‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧8
第二節 相關研究‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧12
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究對象‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧19
第二節 研究工具‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧21
第三節 實施程序‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧25
第四節 資料分析‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧25
第四章 研究結果與討論
第一節 重測信度分析結果‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧27
第二節 折半信度分析結果‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧31
第三節 綜合討論‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧34
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 結論‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧37
第二節 建議‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧38
參考書目
中文部分‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧39
英文部分‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧41
附件
附件一 各項口語指標第一、二次測驗之原始分數‧‧‧‧‧‧‧46
附件二各項口語指標單偶句之原始分數‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧49

參考書目
壹、中文部份
吳武典、林寶貴 (民81)：特殊兒童輔導手冊─第二次全國特殊兒童普查結果之應用。教育部第二次全國特殊教育兒童普查工作執行小組。
吳咨杏、李淑娥、鍾玉梅(民83)：載於中華民國聽力學會主編。語言與聽力障礙之評估(pp.364-389)。台北：心理。
吳武典、蔡崇建、胡致芬、王振德、林幸台、郭靜姿(1995) : 托尼非語文智力測驗。台北：心理。
林寶貴 (民83)：語言障礙與矯治。台北：五南。
林寶貴(民73) : 我國四至十四歲兒童語言障礙出現率調查研究。國立台灣教育學院學報，9，119-158。
林寶貴、黃瑞珍 (民86)：兒童書寫語言發展指標研究。國家會專題研究計畫成果報告編號：84-2421-H-003-028。台北：中華民國行政院國家科學委員會。
陳小芬（民88）：語言的發展與輔導幼兒發展與輔導（第三版）。台北：五南。
莊妙芬 (民86)：智能障礙兒童與自閉症兒童口表達能力之比較研究。特殊教育與復健學報，5，1-35。
林寶貴(民86)：特殊教育評量鑑定工具調查研究：評量工具彙編。國家會專題研究計畫成果報告編號：86-2418-H-003-006。台北：中華民國行政院國家科學委員會。
張顯達(民87)：平均語句長度在中文的應用。 聽語會刊，12，36-48。
林寶貴、錡寶香(民89)：兒童口語理解測驗之編製。特殊教育研究學刊，19，105-125。
貳、西文部份
Agerton,E. P. & Moran, M. J.(1995). Effects of race and dialect of examier on language samples elicited from southern african American preschoolers. Journal of Children with Communication Disorders, 16(2), 25-30.
Aram, D. M., Morris, R. & Hall, N. E.(1993). Clinical and research congruence in identifying children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,36(3),580-591.
Bain,B .A., Olswang, L. B. & Johnson, G. A.(1992). Language sampling for repeated measures with language-impaired preschoolers: Comparison of two procedures. Topics in Language Disorders,12(2), 13-27.
Baker, L. & Cantwell, D. P.(1987). Factors associated with development of psychiatric illness in children with early speech/language problems. Journal of Autism and Development Disorders,17, 499-510.
Beitchman, M. D. & Nair, R. & Clegg, M. A. & Ferguson, B. & Patel ,P. G.(1986). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with speech and language disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry,25, 528-535.
Branston,M.B.(1976). The use of language sampling as a means of assessing early productive language. Annual International Convention, The Council for Exceptional Children,54th,4-9, Chicago, Illinois.
Brookshire,R.H. & Nicholas,L.E.(1994). Speech sample size and test-retest stability of connected speech measures for adults with aphasia, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37(2), pp399. Retrieved Sep.20,2000 from EBSCO database Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web:http//www.ebsco.com
Dollaghan,C. A., Campbell, T. F. & Tomlin, R.(1990). Video narration as a language sampling context. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 55(3),582-590.
Dunn, M., Flax, J., Slivinski, M. & Aram, D.(1996). The use of spontaneous language measures as criteria for identifying children with special language impairment: as attempt to reconcile clinical and research incongruence. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,39(3), 643-654.
Evans, J. L. & Craig, H. K.(1992). Language sample collection and analysis :Interview compared to freeplay assessment contexts. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,35(2),343-353.
Gavin W. J. & Giles L.(1996). Sample size effects on temporal reliability of language sample measures of preschool children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,39(6),1258+. Retrieved Sep.20,2000 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web:http//www. ebsco.com
Gertner B. L. & Rice M. L.(1994). Influence of communicative competence on peer preferences in a preschool classroom. Journal of Speech , Language & Hearing Research,37,pp913. Retrieved Sep.12,2001 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web:http//www.ebsco.com
Hadley, M.(1998). Language Sampling Protocols for Eliciting Text-Level Discourse. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools,29,132-147.
Haynes,W. O. & Shulman,B. B.(1994). Communication development : foundations, processes, and clinical application. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hess, C. W., Ritchie, K. P. & Landry, R. G.(1984). The type-token ratio and vocabulary performance. Psychological Reports,55(1),51-57.
Hux, K., Morris- Friehe, M. & Sanger, D. D.(1993). Language sampling practices: A survey of nine states. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools,24(2),84-91.
Johnston, J. R. & Miller, J. F.(1993). Conversation with children who are language—impaired:Asking questions. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36(5),pp.973. Retrieved Sep.20,2000 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web:http//www.ebsco.com
Kaderavek J. N. & Sulzby E.(2000). Narrative Production by Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment: Oral Narratives and Emergent Readings. Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research, 43,pp34. Retrieved Sep.12, 2001 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web: http//www.ebsco.com
Klee, T. & Fitzgerald, M. (1985). The relation between grammatical development and mean length of utterance in morphemes. Journal of Child Language, 12,251-269.
Lahey, M. (1988). Language disorders and language development. New York: MacMillan.
Leadholm, B. J. & Miller, J. F.(1994). Language sample analysis: The Wisconsin guide(2nd ed.). Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. Madison. Wisconsin.
Liles,B. Z., Duffy, R. J., Merritt, D. D. & Purcell, L.(1995). Measurement of narrative discourse ability in children with language disorders. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,38(2), pp415. Retrieved Sep.20,2000 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web:http//www.ebsco.com
Masterson, J. J. & Kamhi, A. G.(1991). The effects of sampling conditions on sentence production in normal, reading—disabled and language disabled children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,34, 549-558.
McLeod, S., Hand, L. , Rosenthal, J. B. & Hayes, B. (1994). The effect of sampling condition on children productions of consonant clusters. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,37(4), 868-882.
Menyuk P.(1995). Language Development and Education. Journal of Education,177, pp39. Retrieved Sep.12,2001 from EBSCO database(Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web:http//www.ebsco.com
Miller, J. F., Freiberg, C., Rolland, M. B. & Reeves, M. A.(1992). Implementing computerized language sample analysis in the public school. Topics in Language Disorders,12(2), 69-82.
Robertson,S. B. & Weimer, S. E. (1999). Effects of treatment on linguistic and social skills in toddlers with delayed language development. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,42(5), pp1234. Retrieved Sep.20,2000 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web:http//www.ebsco.com
Scott, C. M. & Windsor, J. (2000). General language performance measures in spoken and written narrative and expository discourse of school-age children with language learning disabilities. Journal of Speech ,Language and Hearing Research,43, 324-339.
Shriberg, L. D. & Tomblin, J. B. & McSweeny, J. L.(1999). Prevalence of Speech Delay in 6-Year-Old Children and Commodity With Language Impairment. Journal of Speech , Language & Hearing Research, 42,pp1461. Retrieved Sep.12,2001 from EBSCO database(Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web:http//www.ebsco.com
Shulman, B. B., Katz, K. B. & Sherman, T.(1995). Language assessment: courrent Issues and Anticipated Trends. Diagnostique, 20(1-4),53-69.
Taylor R. L.(1997). Assessment of exceptional students: Educational and Psychological Procedures(4th ed.). MJ:Ruttle, Shau and Wetherill.
Tomblin, J. B. & Recorders, N. L.(1997).Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research, 40, pp1245. Retrieved Sep.12,2001 from EBSCO database(Masterfile) on the Word Wide Web:http//www.ebsco.com
Washington, J. A. & Craig, H. K. (1998). Variable use of African American English across two language sampling contexts. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research,41(5),1115-1124.
Watkins, R., Kelly, D., Harbers, H. & Hollis, W.(1995). Measuring children lexical diversity: Differentiating typical and impaired language learners. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,38(6), 1349-1355.