<p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Kidney lysates 1 day and 7 day after RI were immunoblotted to det... more <p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Kidney lysates 1 day and 7 day after RI were immunoblotted to detect NF-κB-p50, -52, -65 and RelB (N = 6 per group). The specific bands were quantitated densitometrically. All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham; ^p<0.05 vs. RI, determined by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo.</p
<p><b>(A)</b> Bone marrow cells from femur were counted. <b>(B)</b>... more <p><b>(A)</b> Bone marrow cells from femur were counted. <b>(B)</b> Bone marrow cell lysates on day 1 were immunoblotted for detecting whole caspase-3 protein (N = 6 per group at each time point). <b>(C)</b> Bone marrow cell lysates on day 1 were assayed for measuring activated caspase-3 protein (N = 6 per group at each time point). All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham and Hemo; **p<0.05 vs. respective RI time point, determined by 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s inequality for panel A and Student’s <i>t</i>-test for panels B and C. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo.</p
<p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Bloods were collected at various time points after RI (N = 6 per ... more <p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Bloods were collected at various time points after RI (N = 6 per group at each time point) and hematological analysis was presented with samples on day 7 after RI. All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham and Hemo; ^p<0.05 vs. respective RI time point, determined by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo.</p
<p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Serum <b>(A)</b> and tissues <b>(B)</b> i... more <p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Serum <b>(A)</b> and tissues <b>(B)</b> including bone marrow cells, ileum, spleen, and kidney 1 day after RI and CI were assayed to measure IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-α concentrations (N = 6 per group). All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham; ^p<0.05 vs. RI, determined by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo; BM: bone marrow.</p
<p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. HIF-1α protein levels in kidney at various time points after RI w... more <p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. HIF-1α protein levels in kidney at various time points after RI were measured (N = 6 per group). All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham; ^p<0.05 vs. RI, determined by 2-way ANOVA and Student’s <i>t</i>-test. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo.</p
Stress-related sleep disturbances are distressing clinical symptoms in posttraumatic stress disor... more Stress-related sleep disturbances are distressing clinical symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Intensely stressful events and their memories change rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in animal models. REM sleep varies with individual differences of stress resilience or vulnerability. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a primary mediator of the effects of stress and fear memories on sleep. However, the molecular mechanisms in BLA regulating the effects of fear conditioning, shock training (ST) and context re-exposure (CTX) on REM sleep are not well known. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs and posttranscriptional gene regulators of diverse biological processes. The aim of this study is to investigate ST- and CTX-altered miRNAs in the BLA of resilience and vulnerable animals and on REM sleep regulation. MiRNAs expression profiles in BLA were generated following ST and CTX using the Taqman Low Density rodent microRNA array. The altered BLA miRNAs expression and RE...
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to mutations in the CFTR gene, and is characterized by hyper-secretio... more Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to mutations in the CFTR gene, and is characterized by hyper-secretion of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) into the airway lumen. Consequently this induces the highly inflammatory cellular phenotype typical of CF. Our initial studies revealed that IL-8 mRNA is relatively stable in CF cells compared to those that had been repaired with [WT]CFTR. Relevantly, the 3'-UTR of IL-8 mRNA contains AU-rich sequences (AREs) that have been shown to mediate post-transcriptional regulation of pro-inflammatory genes upon binding to ARE binding proteins including Tristetraprolin (TTP). We therefore hypothesized that very low endogenous levels of TTP in CF cells might be responsible for the relative stability of IL-8 mRNA. As predicted, increased expression of TTP in CF cells resulted in reduced stability of IL-8 mRNA. An in vitro analysis of IL-8 mRNA stability in CF cells also revealed a TTP-induced enhancement of deadenylation causing reduction o...
Exposure to high-dose radiation results in detrimental effects on survival. The effects of combin... more Exposure to high-dose radiation results in detrimental effects on survival. The effects of combined trauma, such as radiation in combination with hemorrhage, the typical injury of victims exposed to a radiation blast, on survival and hematopoietic effects have yet to be understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of radiation injury (RI) combined with hemorrhage (i.e., combined injury, CI) on survival and hematopoietic effects, and to investigate whether hemorrhage (Hemo) enhanced RI-induced mortality and hematopoietic syndrome. Male CD2F1 mice (10 weeks old) were given one single exposure of γ- radiation (60Co) at various doses (0.6 Gy/min). Within 2 hr after RI, animals under anes-thesia were bled 0 % (Sham) or 20 % (Hemo) of total blood volume via the submandibular vein. In these mice, Hemo reduced the LD50/30 for 30-day survival from 9.1 Gy (RI) to 8.75 Gy (CI) with a DMF of 1.046. RI resulted in leukocytopenia, thrombopenia, erythropenia,
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, including tr... more Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neuroinflammation results in the activation of glial cells which exacerbates the neuroinflammatory process by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and results in disruption of glial transmission networks. The glial cells, including astrocytes, play a critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis in the brain. Activated astrocytes release several factors as part of the inflammatory process including cytokines, proteins, and microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are noncoding RNA molecules involved in normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. MiRNAs have been implicated as important cell signaling molecules, and they are potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various diseases, including neurological disorders. Exosomal miRNAs released by astrocytic response to neuroinflammation is not yet studied. In this study, primary human astroc...
To investigate the effect of heterogeneity in mTBI on miRNA expression in mouse brain and to iden... more To investigate the effect of heterogeneity in mTBI on miRNA expression in mouse brain and to identify molecular pathways targeted by the modulated miRNAs. A weight drop device was used to induce four increasing grades of mTBI. MiRNA expression was evaluated using TaqMan rodent miRNA arrays. Bioinformatics analysis was done using the DIANA miRPath tool and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Histology of brain sections was evaluated using H&E staining. No histologic lesions were observed in the brains of injured mice; however, significant modulation in miRNA expression profile was observed. Global miRNA profiling indicated a trend of decrease in the number of modulated miRNAs from 24 hours to day 7 post-injury, except for the most severe grade of mTBI. Canonical pathways like calcium signalling, synaptic pathways and axon guidance pathway were the major targets of the modulated miRNAs. Network correlation analyses indicated an interaction between the modulated miRNAs and putative pr...
MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are small endogenous RNA molecules and have emerged as novel serum diagnostic ... more MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are small endogenous RNA molecules and have emerged as novel serum diagnostic biomarkers for several diseases due to their stability and detection at minute quantities. In this study, we have identified a serum miRNA signature in human serum samples of mild to severe TBI, which can be used for diagnosis of mild and moderate TBI (MMTBI). Human serum samples of MMTBI, severe TBI (STBI), orthopedic injury and healthy controls were used and miRNA profiling was done using taqman real time PCR. The real time PCR data for the MMTBI, STBI and orthopedic injury was normalized to the control samples which showed upregulation of 39, 37 and 33 miRNAs in MMTBI, STBI and orthopedic injury groups respectively. TBI groups were compared to orthopedic injury group and an up-regulation of 18 and 20 miRNAs in MMTBI and STBI groups was observed. Among these, a signature of 10 miRNAs was found to be present in both MMTBI and STBI groups. These 10 miRNAs were validated in cerebrospinal ...
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2010
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNA (approximately 22nts) molecules that are expressed endogenously i... more MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNA (approximately 22nts) molecules that are expressed endogenously in cells and play an important role in regulating gene expression. Recent studies have shown that cellular miRNA plays a very important role in the pathogenesis of viral infection. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an RNA virus and is a member of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae. VEEV is infectious in aerosol form and is a potential biothreat agent. In this study, we report for the first time that VEEV infection in mice brain causes modulation of miRNA expression. Pathway analyses showed that majority of these miRNAs are involved in the neuronal development and function. Target gene prediction of the modulated miRNAs correlates with our recently reported mRNA expression in VEEV infected mice brain.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to mutations in the CFTR gene and is characterized by hypersecretion ... more Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to mutations in the CFTR gene and is characterized by hypersecretion of the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 into the airway lumen. Consequently, this induces the highly inflammatory cellular phenotype typical of CF. Our initial studies revealed that IL-8 mRNA is relatively stable in CF cells compared with those that had been repaired with [WT]CFTR (wild-type CFTR). Relevantly, the 3′-UTR of IL-8 mRNA contains AU-rich sequences (AREs) that have been shown to mediate posttranscriptional regulation of proinflammatory genes upon binding to ARE-binding proteins including Tristetraprolin (TTP). We therefore hypothesized that very low endogenous levels of TTP in CF cells might be responsible for the relative stability of IL-8 mRNA. As predicted, increased expression of TTP in CF cells resulted in reduced stability of IL-8 mRNA. An in vitro analysis of IL-8 mRNA stability in CF cells also revealed a TTP-induced enhancement of deadenylation causing reduction of IL-...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently considered one of the major causes of disability and de... more Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently considered one of the major causes of disability and death worldwide. The cellular and molecular changes of TBI pathology are dynamic and complex in nature. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small endogenous RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Several studies have shown a critical role of miRNAs in the development of long- and short-term TBI pathology. Circulating miRNAs are of great interest as blood-based biomarkers in TBI diagnosis. In this chapter, the authors review recent reports that aim to understand the role of miRNAs in TBI pathophysiology and their potential use as a therapeutic target. Additionally, the authors discuss the potential use of miRNAs as blood-based diagnostic markers for TBI and their possible association with other neurodegenerative diseases.
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging virus of significant importance that has caused large-s... more Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging virus of significant importance that has caused large-scale outbreaks in the countries with a temperate climate. CHIKV causes debilitating arthralgia which can persist for weeks and up to a year. Fibroblast cells are the main target of CHIKV infection. In this study, we analyzed microRNA (miRNA) modulation in the fibroblast cells infected with CHIKV at an early stage of infection. 760 miRNAs were analyzed for modulation following infection with CHIKV at 6 h after infection. Bioinformatic analysis was done to identify the signaling pathway that may be targeted by the significantly modulated miRNAs. Validation of the miRNAs was done using a singleplex miRNA assay and protein target validation of modulated miRNAs was done by Western blot analysis. Computational analysis of the significantly modulated miRNAs indicated their involvement in signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor, mTOR, JAK-STAT and Pi3-Akt pathways, which have been shown to...
<p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Kidney lysates 1 day and 7 day after RI were immunoblotted to det... more <p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Kidney lysates 1 day and 7 day after RI were immunoblotted to detect NF-κB-p50, -52, -65 and RelB (N = 6 per group). The specific bands were quantitated densitometrically. All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham; ^p<0.05 vs. RI, determined by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo.</p
<p><b>(A)</b> Bone marrow cells from femur were counted. <b>(B)</b>... more <p><b>(A)</b> Bone marrow cells from femur were counted. <b>(B)</b> Bone marrow cell lysates on day 1 were immunoblotted for detecting whole caspase-3 protein (N = 6 per group at each time point). <b>(C)</b> Bone marrow cell lysates on day 1 were assayed for measuring activated caspase-3 protein (N = 6 per group at each time point). All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham and Hemo; **p<0.05 vs. respective RI time point, determined by 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s inequality for panel A and Student’s <i>t</i>-test for panels B and C. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo.</p
<p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Bloods were collected at various time points after RI (N = 6 per ... more <p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Bloods were collected at various time points after RI (N = 6 per group at each time point) and hematological analysis was presented with samples on day 7 after RI. All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham and Hemo; ^p<0.05 vs. respective RI time point, determined by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo.</p
<p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Serum <b>(A)</b> and tissues <b>(B)</b> i... more <p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. Serum <b>(A)</b> and tissues <b>(B)</b> including bone marrow cells, ileum, spleen, and kidney 1 day after RI and CI were assayed to measure IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-α concentrations (N = 6 per group). All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham; ^p<0.05 vs. RI, determined by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo; BM: bone marrow.</p
<p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. HIF-1α protein levels in kidney at various time points after RI w... more <p>Mice received 8.75 Gy. HIF-1α protein levels in kidney at various time points after RI were measured (N = 6 per group). All values are means ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs. sham; ^p<0.05 vs. RI, determined by 2-way ANOVA and Student’s <i>t</i>-test. Sham: free of any injury; Hemo: 20% bleeding; RI: radiation injury; CI: RI+Hemo.</p
Stress-related sleep disturbances are distressing clinical symptoms in posttraumatic stress disor... more Stress-related sleep disturbances are distressing clinical symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Intensely stressful events and their memories change rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in animal models. REM sleep varies with individual differences of stress resilience or vulnerability. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a primary mediator of the effects of stress and fear memories on sleep. However, the molecular mechanisms in BLA regulating the effects of fear conditioning, shock training (ST) and context re-exposure (CTX) on REM sleep are not well known. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs and posttranscriptional gene regulators of diverse biological processes. The aim of this study is to investigate ST- and CTX-altered miRNAs in the BLA of resilience and vulnerable animals and on REM sleep regulation. MiRNAs expression profiles in BLA were generated following ST and CTX using the Taqman Low Density rodent microRNA array. The altered BLA miRNAs expression and RE...
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to mutations in the CFTR gene, and is characterized by hyper-secretio... more Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to mutations in the CFTR gene, and is characterized by hyper-secretion of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) into the airway lumen. Consequently this induces the highly inflammatory cellular phenotype typical of CF. Our initial studies revealed that IL-8 mRNA is relatively stable in CF cells compared to those that had been repaired with [WT]CFTR. Relevantly, the 3'-UTR of IL-8 mRNA contains AU-rich sequences (AREs) that have been shown to mediate post-transcriptional regulation of pro-inflammatory genes upon binding to ARE binding proteins including Tristetraprolin (TTP). We therefore hypothesized that very low endogenous levels of TTP in CF cells might be responsible for the relative stability of IL-8 mRNA. As predicted, increased expression of TTP in CF cells resulted in reduced stability of IL-8 mRNA. An in vitro analysis of IL-8 mRNA stability in CF cells also revealed a TTP-induced enhancement of deadenylation causing reduction o...
Exposure to high-dose radiation results in detrimental effects on survival. The effects of combin... more Exposure to high-dose radiation results in detrimental effects on survival. The effects of combined trauma, such as radiation in combination with hemorrhage, the typical injury of victims exposed to a radiation blast, on survival and hematopoietic effects have yet to be understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of radiation injury (RI) combined with hemorrhage (i.e., combined injury, CI) on survival and hematopoietic effects, and to investigate whether hemorrhage (Hemo) enhanced RI-induced mortality and hematopoietic syndrome. Male CD2F1 mice (10 weeks old) were given one single exposure of γ- radiation (60Co) at various doses (0.6 Gy/min). Within 2 hr after RI, animals under anes-thesia were bled 0 % (Sham) or 20 % (Hemo) of total blood volume via the submandibular vein. In these mice, Hemo reduced the LD50/30 for 30-day survival from 9.1 Gy (RI) to 8.75 Gy (CI) with a DMF of 1.046. RI resulted in leukocytopenia, thrombopenia, erythropenia,
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, including tr... more Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neuroinflammation results in the activation of glial cells which exacerbates the neuroinflammatory process by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and results in disruption of glial transmission networks. The glial cells, including astrocytes, play a critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis in the brain. Activated astrocytes release several factors as part of the inflammatory process including cytokines, proteins, and microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are noncoding RNA molecules involved in normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. MiRNAs have been implicated as important cell signaling molecules, and they are potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various diseases, including neurological disorders. Exosomal miRNAs released by astrocytic response to neuroinflammation is not yet studied. In this study, primary human astroc...
To investigate the effect of heterogeneity in mTBI on miRNA expression in mouse brain and to iden... more To investigate the effect of heterogeneity in mTBI on miRNA expression in mouse brain and to identify molecular pathways targeted by the modulated miRNAs. A weight drop device was used to induce four increasing grades of mTBI. MiRNA expression was evaluated using TaqMan rodent miRNA arrays. Bioinformatics analysis was done using the DIANA miRPath tool and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Histology of brain sections was evaluated using H&E staining. No histologic lesions were observed in the brains of injured mice; however, significant modulation in miRNA expression profile was observed. Global miRNA profiling indicated a trend of decrease in the number of modulated miRNAs from 24 hours to day 7 post-injury, except for the most severe grade of mTBI. Canonical pathways like calcium signalling, synaptic pathways and axon guidance pathway were the major targets of the modulated miRNAs. Network correlation analyses indicated an interaction between the modulated miRNAs and putative pr...
MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are small endogenous RNA molecules and have emerged as novel serum diagnostic ... more MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are small endogenous RNA molecules and have emerged as novel serum diagnostic biomarkers for several diseases due to their stability and detection at minute quantities. In this study, we have identified a serum miRNA signature in human serum samples of mild to severe TBI, which can be used for diagnosis of mild and moderate TBI (MMTBI). Human serum samples of MMTBI, severe TBI (STBI), orthopedic injury and healthy controls were used and miRNA profiling was done using taqman real time PCR. The real time PCR data for the MMTBI, STBI and orthopedic injury was normalized to the control samples which showed upregulation of 39, 37 and 33 miRNAs in MMTBI, STBI and orthopedic injury groups respectively. TBI groups were compared to orthopedic injury group and an up-regulation of 18 and 20 miRNAs in MMTBI and STBI groups was observed. Among these, a signature of 10 miRNAs was found to be present in both MMTBI and STBI groups. These 10 miRNAs were validated in cerebrospinal ...
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2010
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNA (approximately 22nts) molecules that are expressed endogenously i... more MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNA (approximately 22nts) molecules that are expressed endogenously in cells and play an important role in regulating gene expression. Recent studies have shown that cellular miRNA plays a very important role in the pathogenesis of viral infection. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an RNA virus and is a member of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae. VEEV is infectious in aerosol form and is a potential biothreat agent. In this study, we report for the first time that VEEV infection in mice brain causes modulation of miRNA expression. Pathway analyses showed that majority of these miRNAs are involved in the neuronal development and function. Target gene prediction of the modulated miRNAs correlates with our recently reported mRNA expression in VEEV infected mice brain.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to mutations in the CFTR gene and is characterized by hypersecretion ... more Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to mutations in the CFTR gene and is characterized by hypersecretion of the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 into the airway lumen. Consequently, this induces the highly inflammatory cellular phenotype typical of CF. Our initial studies revealed that IL-8 mRNA is relatively stable in CF cells compared with those that had been repaired with [WT]CFTR (wild-type CFTR). Relevantly, the 3′-UTR of IL-8 mRNA contains AU-rich sequences (AREs) that have been shown to mediate posttranscriptional regulation of proinflammatory genes upon binding to ARE-binding proteins including Tristetraprolin (TTP). We therefore hypothesized that very low endogenous levels of TTP in CF cells might be responsible for the relative stability of IL-8 mRNA. As predicted, increased expression of TTP in CF cells resulted in reduced stability of IL-8 mRNA. An in vitro analysis of IL-8 mRNA stability in CF cells also revealed a TTP-induced enhancement of deadenylation causing reduction of IL-...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently considered one of the major causes of disability and de... more Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently considered one of the major causes of disability and death worldwide. The cellular and molecular changes of TBI pathology are dynamic and complex in nature. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small endogenous RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Several studies have shown a critical role of miRNAs in the development of long- and short-term TBI pathology. Circulating miRNAs are of great interest as blood-based biomarkers in TBI diagnosis. In this chapter, the authors review recent reports that aim to understand the role of miRNAs in TBI pathophysiology and their potential use as a therapeutic target. Additionally, the authors discuss the potential use of miRNAs as blood-based diagnostic markers for TBI and their possible association with other neurodegenerative diseases.
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging virus of significant importance that has caused large-s... more Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging virus of significant importance that has caused large-scale outbreaks in the countries with a temperate climate. CHIKV causes debilitating arthralgia which can persist for weeks and up to a year. Fibroblast cells are the main target of CHIKV infection. In this study, we analyzed microRNA (miRNA) modulation in the fibroblast cells infected with CHIKV at an early stage of infection. 760 miRNAs were analyzed for modulation following infection with CHIKV at 6 h after infection. Bioinformatic analysis was done to identify the signaling pathway that may be targeted by the significantly modulated miRNAs. Validation of the miRNAs was done using a singleplex miRNA assay and protein target validation of modulated miRNAs was done by Western blot analysis. Computational analysis of the significantly modulated miRNAs indicated their involvement in signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor, mTOR, JAK-STAT and Pi3-Akt pathways, which have been shown to...
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Papers by Nagaraja Balakathiresan