Emerging evidence suggests that there are long-term complications after recovery from COVID-19, w... more Emerging evidence suggests that there are long-term complications after recovery from COVID-19, which involve multiple systems and lead to deterioration of the quality of life. Among these different complications, male sexual dysfunction, in particular erectile dysfunction, is one of the complications being identified recently. It was initially hypothesized that due to the presence of Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS 2) in testes and Leydig cells, the male reproductive system is vulnerable to the infection of COVID-19, which may lead to a decrease in testosterone production and sexual dysfunction. However, evidence from a recent neurological study suggests that COVID-19 may be directly associated with dysregulation of the nervous systems at the central level in regions including the limbic system (e.g., hippocampus and amygdala), hypothalamus, brainstem, and the peripheral system (e.g., sympathetic nerves, olfactory bulb). As these affected regions are crucial for sexual behaviors, these observations may provide an alternate explanation for sexual dysfunction in COVID-19 survivors. To explore the potential involvement of the nervous system in sexual dysfunction induced by COVID-19, this review discusses the recent findings from the neurological perspective and states the possible research work that may be needed to delineate the underlying pathology.
Conceptualizations and operational definitions of psychological resilience vary across resilience... more Conceptualizations and operational definitions of psychological resilience vary across resilience neuroimaging studies. Data on the neural features of resilience among healthy individuals has been scarce. Furthermore, findings from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were inconsistent across studies. This systematic review summarized resting-state fMRI findings in different modalities from various operationally defined resilience in a mentally healthy population. The PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched. Articles that focused on resting-state fMRI in relation to resilience, and published before 2022, were targeted. Orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula and amygdala, were reported the most from the 19 included studies. Regions in emotional network was reported the most from the included studies. The involvement of regions like amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex indicated the relationships between emotional processing and resilienc...
Objectives Mindfulness skills have been shown to be an important attribute for mental and general... more Objectives Mindfulness skills have been shown to be an important attribute for mental and general well-being. The neurohormone oxytocin and resilience are established biological and psychological factors that are associated with mindfulness. This study aimed to elucidate the interaction of resilience and oxytocin levels as independent variables to predict mindfulness facets in university students. Method Participants (n = 96) were university students in Hong Kong who previously participated in a resilience study with no history of mental health disorders or substance abuse. Mindfulness and resilience were measured using the Chinese versions of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, respectively. Saliva samples were collected to measure oxytocin levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. A moderator analysis was conducted to assess the associations between oxytocin levels (predictor) and the five facets of mindfulness (outcomes)...
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to radical changes in social distancing ... more Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to radical changes in social distancing awareness and affected social relationships. Owing to large-scale lockdown, home quarantine and social distancing requirements, it was anticipated that sexual activities would be severely impacted. However, retrospective self-report studies showed that pornography use and autoerotism increased during the pandemic. Aim This study used big-data databases available on the Internet to investigate factors that modulated pornography use during the pandemic. Methods Daily relative search volume (RSV) data from Google Trends for the period from 24 February 2020 to 13 July 2020 were extracted. Pornhub traffic data were extracted from the Pornhub Insights website, for the period from 24 February 2020 to 13 July 2020. The parameter was defined as ‘percent change in traffic compared to an average day in 2019’. The number of daily new cases of COVID-19 was extracted from the database on Our World in ...
OBJECTIVES Cultivation of resilience is believed to ameliorate mental health problems. The impact... more OBJECTIVES Cultivation of resilience is believed to ameliorate mental health problems. The impact of mental health problems on resilience is however rarely discussed. This study investigated the reciprocal relationship of resilience with depression and anxiety symptoms using a three-wave cross-lagged design. METHODS Resilience level, depression, and anxiety symptoms were assessed at baseline, the third and the sixth month in 125 university students without psychiatric disorders (62 females). RESULTS No significant changes in resilience levels were observed across the six months. Depressive symptoms, but not anxiety symptoms significantly increased at the third and sixth months compared with baseline. The three-wave cross-lagged models revealed an unstable reciprocal relationship of resilience with depression and a stable reciprocal relationship between resilience and anxiety symptoms over time. CONCLUSIONS The reciprocal relationship between resilience and mental health problems indicates the importance of cultivating resilience for the prevention of mental illness as well as the importance of managing mental health symptoms at non-clinical levels for monitoring resilience. The unstable reciprocal relationship between resilience and depression symptoms across time suggests the existence of potential moderators that impact the relationship between resilience and depression. Our findings further support the notion that resilience is conceptualized as a dynamic process. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> <p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ha... more <sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> <p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to radical changes in social distancing awareness and affected social relationship. Due to the large-scale lockdown, home quarantine and maintaining social distance, it was anticipated that sexual activities would be severely impacted. In contrast, retrospective self-report studies showed that pornography use and autoerotism increased during the pandemic.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> <p>The current study used big-data databases available on internet to investigate factors that modulated the pornography use under the pandemic.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> <p>Daily relative search volume (RSV) data from Google Trends spanning from 24th Feb, 2020 to 13th Jul, 2020 were extracted. Traffic data of Pornhub was extracted from the website Pornhub Insights, spanning from 24th Feb, 2020 to 13th Jul, 2020. The parameter is defined as 'percent change in traffic compared to an average day in 2019'. Number of daily new case of COVID-19 was extracted from database on Our World in Data.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> <p>Google Trends showed that the relative search volume (RSV) for pornography increased after late March 2020, which was dated close to the announcement of the pandemic by the World Health Organization. The number of daily new cases of COVID-19 was positively correlated with the traffic of Pornhub, a popular pornography website, and the RSV of 'pornography'. Moderation analysis demonstrated a significant main effect of daily new case of COVID-19 and the RSV of 'social distancing' in predicting Pornhub traffic / RSV of 'pornography'. Furthermore, the RSV of 'social distancing' significantly moderated the relationship between daily new cases and Pornhub traffic / RSV of 'pornography'. A stronger COVID-pornography use association was observed in heightened social distancing awareness.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> <p>To conclude, increased pornography consumption during the pandemic was identified, which was associated with the severity of the pandemic. Social distancing awareness may be a key factor influencing interest and use of pornography. Further studies on the changes in sexual desire, and birth-rate control are worthwhile since the long-term public health may be affected by the changes in sexual behaviour during the pandemic.</p> </sec>
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share some similarities in terms of genetic-risk gen... more Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share some similarities in terms of genetic-risk genes and abnormalities of gray-matter structure in the brain, but white matter (WM) abnormalities have not been studied in depth. We undertook a comparative multimodal meta-analysis to identify common and disorder-specific abnormalities in WM structure between SZ and BD. Anisotropic effect size-signed differential mapping software was used to conduct a comparative meta-analysis of 68 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and 34 voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies comparing fractional anisotropy (FA) and white matter volume (WMV), respectively, between patients with SZ (DTI: N = 1543; VBM: N = 1068) and BD (DTI: N = 983; VBM: N = 518) and healthy controls (HCs). The bilateral corpus callosum (extending to the anterior and superior corona radiata) showed shared decreased WMV and FA in SZ and BD. Compared with BD patients, SZ patients showed remarkable disorder-specific WM abnormalities: decreased...
Recently, we have reported the dysregulation of circulating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)... more Recently, we have reported the dysregulation of circulating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) homeostasis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). An increase in metabolism of 5-HT has been reported to induce oxidative stress via monoamine oxidase (MAO)-dependent pathway. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on the systemic circulation and local airway 5-HT levels as well as MAO-mediated oxidative pathway using a cigarette smoke-exposed rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) were exposed to either sham air or 4% (v/v, smoke/air) cigarette smoke for 1 hour daily for 56 consecutive days. Sera, bronchoalveolar larvage (BAL) and lung tissues were collected 24 hours after the last exposure. We found a significant reduction in the reduced glutathione (rGSH) and an elevation in advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), a protein oxidation marker, in the lung of cigarette smoke-exposed group (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). A significant increase in 5-HT was found in serum (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05), but not in the BAL or lung, after cigarette smoke exposure. MAO-A activity was significantly elevated in the lung of cigarette smoke-exposed group (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, increased superoxide anion levels were found in lung homogenates of cigarette smoke-exposed rats after incubation with 5-HT (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05), which was positively associated with the increase in MAO-A activity (r = 0.639,…
Emerging evidence suggests that there are long-term complications after recovery from COVID-19, w... more Emerging evidence suggests that there are long-term complications after recovery from COVID-19, which involve multiple systems and lead to deterioration of the quality of life. Among these different complications, male sexual dysfunction, in particular erectile dysfunction, is one of the complications being identified recently. It was initially hypothesized that due to the presence of Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS 2) in testes and Leydig cells, the male reproductive system is vulnerable to the infection of COVID-19, which may lead to a decrease in testosterone production and sexual dysfunction. However, evidence from a recent neurological study suggests that COVID-19 may be directly associated with dysregulation of the nervous systems at the central level in regions including the limbic system (e.g., hippocampus and amygdala), hypothalamus, brainstem, and the peripheral system (e.g., sympathetic nerves, olfactory bulb). As these affected regions are crucial for sexual behaviors, these observations may provide an alternate explanation for sexual dysfunction in COVID-19 survivors. To explore the potential involvement of the nervous system in sexual dysfunction induced by COVID-19, this review discusses the recent findings from the neurological perspective and states the possible research work that may be needed to delineate the underlying pathology.
Conceptualizations and operational definitions of psychological resilience vary across resilience... more Conceptualizations and operational definitions of psychological resilience vary across resilience neuroimaging studies. Data on the neural features of resilience among healthy individuals has been scarce. Furthermore, findings from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were inconsistent across studies. This systematic review summarized resting-state fMRI findings in different modalities from various operationally defined resilience in a mentally healthy population. The PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched. Articles that focused on resting-state fMRI in relation to resilience, and published before 2022, were targeted. Orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula and amygdala, were reported the most from the 19 included studies. Regions in emotional network was reported the most from the included studies. The involvement of regions like amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex indicated the relationships between emotional processing and resilienc...
Objectives Mindfulness skills have been shown to be an important attribute for mental and general... more Objectives Mindfulness skills have been shown to be an important attribute for mental and general well-being. The neurohormone oxytocin and resilience are established biological and psychological factors that are associated with mindfulness. This study aimed to elucidate the interaction of resilience and oxytocin levels as independent variables to predict mindfulness facets in university students. Method Participants (n = 96) were university students in Hong Kong who previously participated in a resilience study with no history of mental health disorders or substance abuse. Mindfulness and resilience were measured using the Chinese versions of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, respectively. Saliva samples were collected to measure oxytocin levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. A moderator analysis was conducted to assess the associations between oxytocin levels (predictor) and the five facets of mindfulness (outcomes)...
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to radical changes in social distancing ... more Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to radical changes in social distancing awareness and affected social relationships. Owing to large-scale lockdown, home quarantine and social distancing requirements, it was anticipated that sexual activities would be severely impacted. However, retrospective self-report studies showed that pornography use and autoerotism increased during the pandemic. Aim This study used big-data databases available on the Internet to investigate factors that modulated pornography use during the pandemic. Methods Daily relative search volume (RSV) data from Google Trends for the period from 24 February 2020 to 13 July 2020 were extracted. Pornhub traffic data were extracted from the Pornhub Insights website, for the period from 24 February 2020 to 13 July 2020. The parameter was defined as ‘percent change in traffic compared to an average day in 2019’. The number of daily new cases of COVID-19 was extracted from the database on Our World in ...
OBJECTIVES Cultivation of resilience is believed to ameliorate mental health problems. The impact... more OBJECTIVES Cultivation of resilience is believed to ameliorate mental health problems. The impact of mental health problems on resilience is however rarely discussed. This study investigated the reciprocal relationship of resilience with depression and anxiety symptoms using a three-wave cross-lagged design. METHODS Resilience level, depression, and anxiety symptoms were assessed at baseline, the third and the sixth month in 125 university students without psychiatric disorders (62 females). RESULTS No significant changes in resilience levels were observed across the six months. Depressive symptoms, but not anxiety symptoms significantly increased at the third and sixth months compared with baseline. The three-wave cross-lagged models revealed an unstable reciprocal relationship of resilience with depression and a stable reciprocal relationship between resilience and anxiety symptoms over time. CONCLUSIONS The reciprocal relationship between resilience and mental health problems indicates the importance of cultivating resilience for the prevention of mental illness as well as the importance of managing mental health symptoms at non-clinical levels for monitoring resilience. The unstable reciprocal relationship between resilience and depression symptoms across time suggests the existence of potential moderators that impact the relationship between resilience and depression. Our findings further support the notion that resilience is conceptualized as a dynamic process. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> <p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ha... more <sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> <p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to radical changes in social distancing awareness and affected social relationship. Due to the large-scale lockdown, home quarantine and maintaining social distance, it was anticipated that sexual activities would be severely impacted. In contrast, retrospective self-report studies showed that pornography use and autoerotism increased during the pandemic.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> <p>The current study used big-data databases available on internet to investigate factors that modulated the pornography use under the pandemic.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> <p>Daily relative search volume (RSV) data from Google Trends spanning from 24th Feb, 2020 to 13th Jul, 2020 were extracted. Traffic data of Pornhub was extracted from the website Pornhub Insights, spanning from 24th Feb, 2020 to 13th Jul, 2020. The parameter is defined as 'percent change in traffic compared to an average day in 2019'. Number of daily new case of COVID-19 was extracted from database on Our World in Data.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> <p>Google Trends showed that the relative search volume (RSV) for pornography increased after late March 2020, which was dated close to the announcement of the pandemic by the World Health Organization. The number of daily new cases of COVID-19 was positively correlated with the traffic of Pornhub, a popular pornography website, and the RSV of 'pornography'. Moderation analysis demonstrated a significant main effect of daily new case of COVID-19 and the RSV of 'social distancing' in predicting Pornhub traffic / RSV of 'pornography'. Furthermore, the RSV of 'social distancing' significantly moderated the relationship between daily new cases and Pornhub traffic / RSV of 'pornography'. A stronger COVID-pornography use association was observed in heightened social distancing awareness.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> <p>To conclude, increased pornography consumption during the pandemic was identified, which was associated with the severity of the pandemic. Social distancing awareness may be a key factor influencing interest and use of pornography. Further studies on the changes in sexual desire, and birth-rate control are worthwhile since the long-term public health may be affected by the changes in sexual behaviour during the pandemic.</p> </sec>
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share some similarities in terms of genetic-risk gen... more Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share some similarities in terms of genetic-risk genes and abnormalities of gray-matter structure in the brain, but white matter (WM) abnormalities have not been studied in depth. We undertook a comparative multimodal meta-analysis to identify common and disorder-specific abnormalities in WM structure between SZ and BD. Anisotropic effect size-signed differential mapping software was used to conduct a comparative meta-analysis of 68 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and 34 voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies comparing fractional anisotropy (FA) and white matter volume (WMV), respectively, between patients with SZ (DTI: N = 1543; VBM: N = 1068) and BD (DTI: N = 983; VBM: N = 518) and healthy controls (HCs). The bilateral corpus callosum (extending to the anterior and superior corona radiata) showed shared decreased WMV and FA in SZ and BD. Compared with BD patients, SZ patients showed remarkable disorder-specific WM abnormalities: decreased...
Recently, we have reported the dysregulation of circulating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)... more Recently, we have reported the dysregulation of circulating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) homeostasis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). An increase in metabolism of 5-HT has been reported to induce oxidative stress via monoamine oxidase (MAO)-dependent pathway. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on the systemic circulation and local airway 5-HT levels as well as MAO-mediated oxidative pathway using a cigarette smoke-exposed rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) were exposed to either sham air or 4% (v/v, smoke/air) cigarette smoke for 1 hour daily for 56 consecutive days. Sera, bronchoalveolar larvage (BAL) and lung tissues were collected 24 hours after the last exposure. We found a significant reduction in the reduced glutathione (rGSH) and an elevation in advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), a protein oxidation marker, in the lung of cigarette smoke-exposed group (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). A significant increase in 5-HT was found in serum (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05), but not in the BAL or lung, after cigarette smoke exposure. MAO-A activity was significantly elevated in the lung of cigarette smoke-exposed group (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, increased superoxide anion levels were found in lung homogenates of cigarette smoke-exposed rats after incubation with 5-HT (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05), which was positively associated with the increase in MAO-A activity (r = 0.639,…
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