Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects, 2024
Megillat Antiochus is an Aramaic text that narrates the story of Antiochus’s anti-Jewish decrees ... more Megillat Antiochus is an Aramaic text that narrates the story of Antiochus’s anti-Jewish decrees and the ensuing Hasmonean revolt. Its linguistic profile is a matter of dispute: for Kaddari, the absence of typically Eastern Aramaic words indicates a Palestinian origin, from between the second to fifth centuries CE, whereas for Kaufman, the vocabulary points to a medieval European origin. Like most of the research over the past one hundred and thirty years, Yemenite manuscripts formed the basis for these assessments, on the assumption that their accuracy was superior to western ones. Examination here of three words – פרכא pᵉ rakkâ (altar),אתכרי ʾitkᵉ rî (mourn), andאבולא ʾᵃ būllâ (city gate) – found only in European manuscripts, as well as in Genizah fragments, refutes this assumption. These Akkadian loanwords are only attested in Eastern Aramaic dialects, the word pᵉrakkâ being unattested in other known Jewish texts. The Yemenite version of the scroll introduced substitutions for these rare words, based on mistaken interpretations, showing that it cannot be relied upon when assessing the linguistic profile of the scroll. These findings suggest that Megillat Antiochus or its sources stem from Mesopotamia or Syria, when Aramaic was still in use. Final conclusions require preparation of a new critical edition, based on more reliable manuscripts.
A novel analysis of the Hebrew and Aramaic phrase מטעת אמת or נצבת קושטא - usually translated "p... more A novel analysis of the Hebrew and Aramaic phrase מטעת אמת or נצבת קושטא - usually translated "plant of righteousness" - and related phrases in Second Temple literature (1 Enoch, 2 Enoch, Genesis Apocryphon, Aramaic Levi Document, Jubilees, Damascus Document, Hodayot and Community Rule). This idiomatic phrase originally meant "rightful heir" and has equivalents in Akkadian, Phoenician, Biblical and Late Antique Hebrew. This common phrase was used creatively in early Second Temple traditions concerning the patriarchs and their progeny, eventually acquiring apocalyptic and sectarian connotations based on creative semantic reanalyses of its lexical components.
פרסום של יומן שואה מגטו נובוגרודק שבמערב בלארוס. המסמך נכתב בעברית יפה בידי אדם בלתי ידוע בשם ביי... more פרסום של יומן שואה מגטו נובוגרודק שבמערב בלארוס. המסמך נכתב בעברית יפה בידי אדם בלתי ידוע בשם בייניש ברקוביץ, מאפריל 1942 ועד ינואר 1943, שבועיים לפני חיסול הגטו. היומן הוברח מן הגטו בידי מכר לא יהודי של המחבר והגיע למכון ההיסטורי היהודי בוורשה. במרוצת הזמן אבד כתב היד המקורי, ונותר רק עותק משובש וקשה לקריאה. הטקסט הרואה אור כאן מבוסס על מחקר מדוקדק של המסמך, בתיקון שיבושיו והשמטותיו המרובות. הנוסח העברי של המאמר מכיל את המקור העברי (והיידי), והנוסח האנגלי מכיל את תרגומו. שני הנוסחים כוללים מבוא מקיף והערות על הטקסט.
A publication of a Holocaust diary from the Nowogródek ghetto in Western Belarus. The document wa... more A publication of a Holocaust diary from the Nowogródek ghetto in Western Belarus. The document was written in eloquent Hebrew by an unknown man named Beinish Berkowicz, from April 1942 until January 1943, two weeks before the liquidation of the ghetto. The diary was smuggled from the ghetto by a non-Jewish friend of the author and made its way to the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw. Over the years, the original has been lost, and only an error-ridden, barely legible copy survives. The text published here is based on a meticulous study of the document, with many of its errors and omissions corrected. The Hebrew version of the article contains the original Hebrew (and Yiddish) text, and the English version provides a translation. Both versions have an introduction and annotations to the text.
In this article I suggest that the Hebrew noun ḥq (law, portion, measure) and the verb ḥqq (carve... more In this article I suggest that the Hebrew noun ḥq (law, portion, measure) and the verb ḥqq (carve, write) are etymologically unrelated homonyms. The noun, as well as a rare verb (Pro 8:15) and a rare participle (Pro 31:5), are from the root *ḥqq, and are cognate to the corresponding root in Arabic, South Arabian and Ethiopic languages. Other verbal and participle usages of ḥqq, as well as a rare noun (Jud 5:15, Isa 10:1) are from *ḫqq, which is cognate to the corresponding root in Aramaic and Phoenician and has a rare attestation in Arabic. This root belongs to a family of Semitic geminate roots with an initial ḫ that mean “using a tool to make a cavity in hard material”: ḫbb, ḫdd, ḫṭṭ, ḫll and ḫrr.
Hebrew Title: נוסחאות חוק במגילת אסתר ובחגי ספר היובלים.
English Abstract:
There are certain si... more Hebrew Title: נוסחאות חוק במגילת אסתר ובחגי ספר היובלים.
English Abstract:
There are certain similarities between the legal formulae used to institute the festival of Purim in Esther 9 and those used to institute festivals in the book of Jubilees and in 1 Maccabees. The Passover legislation in Jubilees 49:7-8 uses the same terms as Esther 9:27-28: ולא יעבור ‘and it shall not pass’; כתב ‘written’; עשה ‘to do’; בכל שנה ושנה ‘every year’; בכל דור ודור ‘for all generations’; אין סוף ‘no end’.
The establishment of the Festival of Weeks in Jubilees 6:17, the Festival of Booths in Jubilees 16:29, and the Festival of Unleavened Bread in Jubilees 18:19 all contain a shared formula. This formula appears also in Esther 9:19, Esther 9:21 and Esther 9:26-27. Another parallel is the constitution of Hanukkah in 1 Maccabees 4:59; of Nikanor Day (13th of Adar) in 1 Maccabees 7:49; and of the Hakra day (23rd of Iyyar) in 1 Maccabees 13:52. The common phrases are: על כן ‘Therefore’; קיים ‘established/ordained’; להיות עושים בכל שנה ושנה ‘to celebrate every year’; בשמחה ‘with joy.’
The use of shared terminology in these three books has two possible explanations. The first is that Jubilees and 1 Maccabees drew inspiration from Esther 9, and used it as a model for establishing festivals. The second (preferable) explanation is that all three sources reflect technical phraseology commonly used in the Second Temple period to establish festivals. We know of many festivals established during this period, and one may suppose that they had etiological stories much like those in the books under discussion.
Tuesday, 14 September, 2021, 10:00–16:30 (GMT +3)
Open poster for links.
10:00–10:30 (GMT +... more Tuesday, 14 September, 2021, 10:00–16:30 (GMT +3)
Open poster for links.
10:00–10:30 (GMT +3) Introduction
Michael Segal (Professor of Biblical Studies, Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, HUJI): Greetings
Itai Kagan (Research Student, HUJI, Workshop Leader): Opening Remarks
10:30–12:00 (GMT +3) Aramaic Language Contact
Chair: Steven Fassberg (Professor of Ancient Semitic Languages, Head of the Institute for Jewish Studies, HUJI)
– Jaroslav Mudron (Research Student, HUJI): “The Prestige Language of Arameans in the Bukān Stele”
– Benjamin Suchard (Research Associate, Leiden University): “Judean Influence on Nabataean Aramaic”
– Ivri Bunis (Research Associate, Cambridge University): “The Western Aramaic Heritage of Western Neo-Aramaic in light of its Extensive Contact with Syrian Arabic”
12:00–12:30 Break
12:30–13:30 (GMT +3) Syriac Exegetical Traditions
Chair: Yakir Paz (Lecturer in the Departments of Classics and Talmud, HUJI)
– Yael Krämer (Graduate Student, HUJI): “Typological Exegesis of the Maccabean Martyrs in Early Syriac Christianity”
– Arye Zoref (Research Associate, Tel Aviv University): “King David’s Portrayal in Daniel of Ṣalaḥ’s Psalms Commentary”
13:30–14:15 Break
14:15–15:45 (GMT +3) Lexical Studies across Aramaic Dialects
Chair: Menahem Kister (Professor Emeritus of Bible and Talmud, HUJI)
– Shlomi Efrati (Research Associate, KU Leuven): “Filth and Worms: New Readings in the Aramaic Levi Document from Qumran”
– Chagai Emanuel (Graduate Student, HUJI): “The Term Rāzā (Mystery) in Syriac and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic”
– Alon Brand (Graduate Student, HUJI): “The Mythic Background of Yāltā and Other Jewish Babylonian Feminine Names”
15:45–16:00 Break
16:00–16:30 (GMT +3) Concluding Lecture and Thanks
– Itai Kagan (Research Student, HUJI): “Yiššar Ḥaylāḵ—The History of an Aramaic and Hebrew Congratulation
Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects, 2024
Megillat Antiochus is an Aramaic text that narrates the story of Antiochus’s anti-Jewish decrees ... more Megillat Antiochus is an Aramaic text that narrates the story of Antiochus’s anti-Jewish decrees and the ensuing Hasmonean revolt. Its linguistic profile is a matter of dispute: for Kaddari, the absence of typically Eastern Aramaic words indicates a Palestinian origin, from between the second to fifth centuries CE, whereas for Kaufman, the vocabulary points to a medieval European origin. Like most of the research over the past one hundred and thirty years, Yemenite manuscripts formed the basis for these assessments, on the assumption that their accuracy was superior to western ones. Examination here of three words – פרכא pᵉ rakkâ (altar),אתכרי ʾitkᵉ rî (mourn), andאבולא ʾᵃ būllâ (city gate) – found only in European manuscripts, as well as in Genizah fragments, refutes this assumption. These Akkadian loanwords are only attested in Eastern Aramaic dialects, the word pᵉrakkâ being unattested in other known Jewish texts. The Yemenite version of the scroll introduced substitutions for these rare words, based on mistaken interpretations, showing that it cannot be relied upon when assessing the linguistic profile of the scroll. These findings suggest that Megillat Antiochus or its sources stem from Mesopotamia or Syria, when Aramaic was still in use. Final conclusions require preparation of a new critical edition, based on more reliable manuscripts.
A novel analysis of the Hebrew and Aramaic phrase מטעת אמת or נצבת קושטא - usually translated "p... more A novel analysis of the Hebrew and Aramaic phrase מטעת אמת or נצבת קושטא - usually translated "plant of righteousness" - and related phrases in Second Temple literature (1 Enoch, 2 Enoch, Genesis Apocryphon, Aramaic Levi Document, Jubilees, Damascus Document, Hodayot and Community Rule). This idiomatic phrase originally meant "rightful heir" and has equivalents in Akkadian, Phoenician, Biblical and Late Antique Hebrew. This common phrase was used creatively in early Second Temple traditions concerning the patriarchs and their progeny, eventually acquiring apocalyptic and sectarian connotations based on creative semantic reanalyses of its lexical components.
פרסום של יומן שואה מגטו נובוגרודק שבמערב בלארוס. המסמך נכתב בעברית יפה בידי אדם בלתי ידוע בשם ביי... more פרסום של יומן שואה מגטו נובוגרודק שבמערב בלארוס. המסמך נכתב בעברית יפה בידי אדם בלתי ידוע בשם בייניש ברקוביץ, מאפריל 1942 ועד ינואר 1943, שבועיים לפני חיסול הגטו. היומן הוברח מן הגטו בידי מכר לא יהודי של המחבר והגיע למכון ההיסטורי היהודי בוורשה. במרוצת הזמן אבד כתב היד המקורי, ונותר רק עותק משובש וקשה לקריאה. הטקסט הרואה אור כאן מבוסס על מחקר מדוקדק של המסמך, בתיקון שיבושיו והשמטותיו המרובות. הנוסח העברי של המאמר מכיל את המקור העברי (והיידי), והנוסח האנגלי מכיל את תרגומו. שני הנוסחים כוללים מבוא מקיף והערות על הטקסט.
A publication of a Holocaust diary from the Nowogródek ghetto in Western Belarus. The document wa... more A publication of a Holocaust diary from the Nowogródek ghetto in Western Belarus. The document was written in eloquent Hebrew by an unknown man named Beinish Berkowicz, from April 1942 until January 1943, two weeks before the liquidation of the ghetto. The diary was smuggled from the ghetto by a non-Jewish friend of the author and made its way to the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw. Over the years, the original has been lost, and only an error-ridden, barely legible copy survives. The text published here is based on a meticulous study of the document, with many of its errors and omissions corrected. The Hebrew version of the article contains the original Hebrew (and Yiddish) text, and the English version provides a translation. Both versions have an introduction and annotations to the text.
In this article I suggest that the Hebrew noun ḥq (law, portion, measure) and the verb ḥqq (carve... more In this article I suggest that the Hebrew noun ḥq (law, portion, measure) and the verb ḥqq (carve, write) are etymologically unrelated homonyms. The noun, as well as a rare verb (Pro 8:15) and a rare participle (Pro 31:5), are from the root *ḥqq, and are cognate to the corresponding root in Arabic, South Arabian and Ethiopic languages. Other verbal and participle usages of ḥqq, as well as a rare noun (Jud 5:15, Isa 10:1) are from *ḫqq, which is cognate to the corresponding root in Aramaic and Phoenician and has a rare attestation in Arabic. This root belongs to a family of Semitic geminate roots with an initial ḫ that mean “using a tool to make a cavity in hard material”: ḫbb, ḫdd, ḫṭṭ, ḫll and ḫrr.
Hebrew Title: נוסחאות חוק במגילת אסתר ובחגי ספר היובלים.
English Abstract:
There are certain si... more Hebrew Title: נוסחאות חוק במגילת אסתר ובחגי ספר היובלים.
English Abstract:
There are certain similarities between the legal formulae used to institute the festival of Purim in Esther 9 and those used to institute festivals in the book of Jubilees and in 1 Maccabees. The Passover legislation in Jubilees 49:7-8 uses the same terms as Esther 9:27-28: ולא יעבור ‘and it shall not pass’; כתב ‘written’; עשה ‘to do’; בכל שנה ושנה ‘every year’; בכל דור ודור ‘for all generations’; אין סוף ‘no end’.
The establishment of the Festival of Weeks in Jubilees 6:17, the Festival of Booths in Jubilees 16:29, and the Festival of Unleavened Bread in Jubilees 18:19 all contain a shared formula. This formula appears also in Esther 9:19, Esther 9:21 and Esther 9:26-27. Another parallel is the constitution of Hanukkah in 1 Maccabees 4:59; of Nikanor Day (13th of Adar) in 1 Maccabees 7:49; and of the Hakra day (23rd of Iyyar) in 1 Maccabees 13:52. The common phrases are: על כן ‘Therefore’; קיים ‘established/ordained’; להיות עושים בכל שנה ושנה ‘to celebrate every year’; בשמחה ‘with joy.’
The use of shared terminology in these three books has two possible explanations. The first is that Jubilees and 1 Maccabees drew inspiration from Esther 9, and used it as a model for establishing festivals. The second (preferable) explanation is that all three sources reflect technical phraseology commonly used in the Second Temple period to establish festivals. We know of many festivals established during this period, and one may suppose that they had etiological stories much like those in the books under discussion.
Tuesday, 14 September, 2021, 10:00–16:30 (GMT +3)
Open poster for links.
10:00–10:30 (GMT +... more Tuesday, 14 September, 2021, 10:00–16:30 (GMT +3)
Open poster for links.
10:00–10:30 (GMT +3) Introduction
Michael Segal (Professor of Biblical Studies, Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, HUJI): Greetings
Itai Kagan (Research Student, HUJI, Workshop Leader): Opening Remarks
10:30–12:00 (GMT +3) Aramaic Language Contact
Chair: Steven Fassberg (Professor of Ancient Semitic Languages, Head of the Institute for Jewish Studies, HUJI)
– Jaroslav Mudron (Research Student, HUJI): “The Prestige Language of Arameans in the Bukān Stele”
– Benjamin Suchard (Research Associate, Leiden University): “Judean Influence on Nabataean Aramaic”
– Ivri Bunis (Research Associate, Cambridge University): “The Western Aramaic Heritage of Western Neo-Aramaic in light of its Extensive Contact with Syrian Arabic”
12:00–12:30 Break
12:30–13:30 (GMT +3) Syriac Exegetical Traditions
Chair: Yakir Paz (Lecturer in the Departments of Classics and Talmud, HUJI)
– Yael Krämer (Graduate Student, HUJI): “Typological Exegesis of the Maccabean Martyrs in Early Syriac Christianity”
– Arye Zoref (Research Associate, Tel Aviv University): “King David’s Portrayal in Daniel of Ṣalaḥ’s Psalms Commentary”
13:30–14:15 Break
14:15–15:45 (GMT +3) Lexical Studies across Aramaic Dialects
Chair: Menahem Kister (Professor Emeritus of Bible and Talmud, HUJI)
– Shlomi Efrati (Research Associate, KU Leuven): “Filth and Worms: New Readings in the Aramaic Levi Document from Qumran”
– Chagai Emanuel (Graduate Student, HUJI): “The Term Rāzā (Mystery) in Syriac and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic”
– Alon Brand (Graduate Student, HUJI): “The Mythic Background of Yāltā and Other Jewish Babylonian Feminine Names”
15:45–16:00 Break
16:00–16:30 (GMT +3) Concluding Lecture and Thanks
– Itai Kagan (Research Student, HUJI): “Yiššar Ḥaylāḵ—The History of an Aramaic and Hebrew Congratulation
Uploads
English Abstract:
There are certain similarities between the legal formulae used to institute the festival of Purim in Esther 9 and those used to institute festivals in the book of Jubilees and in 1 Maccabees. The Passover legislation in Jubilees 49:7-8 uses the same terms as Esther 9:27-28: ולא יעבור ‘and it shall not pass’; כתב ‘written’; עשה ‘to do’; בכל שנה ושנה ‘every year’; בכל דור ודור ‘for all generations’; אין סוף ‘no end’.
The establishment of the Festival of Weeks in Jubilees 6:17, the Festival of Booths in Jubilees 16:29, and the Festival of Unleavened Bread in Jubilees 18:19 all contain a shared formula. This formula appears also in Esther 9:19, Esther 9:21 and Esther 9:26-27. Another parallel is the constitution of Hanukkah in 1 Maccabees 4:59; of Nikanor Day (13th of Adar) in 1 Maccabees 7:49; and of the Hakra day (23rd of Iyyar) in 1 Maccabees 13:52. The common phrases are: על כן ‘Therefore’; קיים ‘established/ordained’; להיות עושים בכל שנה ושנה ‘to celebrate every year’; בשמחה ‘with joy.’
The use of shared terminology in these three books has two possible explanations. The first is that Jubilees and 1 Maccabees drew inspiration from Esther 9, and used it as a model for establishing festivals. The second (preferable) explanation is that all three sources reflect technical phraseology commonly used in the Second Temple period to establish festivals. We know of many festivals established during this period, and one may suppose that they had etiological stories much like those in the books under discussion.
Open poster for links.
10:00–10:30 (GMT +3) Introduction
Michael Segal (Professor of Biblical Studies, Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, HUJI): Greetings
Itai Kagan (Research Student, HUJI, Workshop Leader): Opening Remarks
10:30–12:00 (GMT +3) Aramaic Language Contact
Chair: Steven Fassberg (Professor of Ancient Semitic Languages, Head of the Institute for Jewish Studies, HUJI)
– Jaroslav Mudron (Research Student, HUJI): “The Prestige Language of Arameans in the Bukān Stele”
– Benjamin Suchard (Research Associate, Leiden University): “Judean Influence on Nabataean Aramaic”
– Ivri Bunis (Research Associate, Cambridge University): “The Western Aramaic Heritage of Western Neo-Aramaic in light of its Extensive Contact with Syrian Arabic”
12:00–12:30 Break
12:30–13:30 (GMT +3) Syriac Exegetical Traditions
Chair: Yakir Paz (Lecturer in the Departments of Classics and Talmud, HUJI)
– Yael Krämer (Graduate Student, HUJI): “Typological Exegesis of the Maccabean Martyrs in Early Syriac Christianity”
– Arye Zoref (Research Associate, Tel Aviv University): “King David’s Portrayal in Daniel of Ṣalaḥ’s Psalms Commentary”
13:30–14:15 Break
14:15–15:45 (GMT +3) Lexical Studies across Aramaic Dialects
Chair: Menahem Kister (Professor Emeritus of Bible and Talmud, HUJI)
– Shlomi Efrati (Research Associate, KU Leuven): “Filth and Worms: New Readings in the Aramaic Levi Document from Qumran”
– Chagai Emanuel (Graduate Student, HUJI): “The Term Rāzā (Mystery) in Syriac and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic”
– Alon Brand (Graduate Student, HUJI): “The Mythic Background of Yāltā and Other Jewish Babylonian Feminine Names”
15:45–16:00 Break
16:00–16:30 (GMT +3) Concluding Lecture and Thanks
– Itai Kagan (Research Student, HUJI): “Yiššar Ḥaylāḵ—The History of an Aramaic and Hebrew Congratulation
English Abstract:
There are certain similarities between the legal formulae used to institute the festival of Purim in Esther 9 and those used to institute festivals in the book of Jubilees and in 1 Maccabees. The Passover legislation in Jubilees 49:7-8 uses the same terms as Esther 9:27-28: ולא יעבור ‘and it shall not pass’; כתב ‘written’; עשה ‘to do’; בכל שנה ושנה ‘every year’; בכל דור ודור ‘for all generations’; אין סוף ‘no end’.
The establishment of the Festival of Weeks in Jubilees 6:17, the Festival of Booths in Jubilees 16:29, and the Festival of Unleavened Bread in Jubilees 18:19 all contain a shared formula. This formula appears also in Esther 9:19, Esther 9:21 and Esther 9:26-27. Another parallel is the constitution of Hanukkah in 1 Maccabees 4:59; of Nikanor Day (13th of Adar) in 1 Maccabees 7:49; and of the Hakra day (23rd of Iyyar) in 1 Maccabees 13:52. The common phrases are: על כן ‘Therefore’; קיים ‘established/ordained’; להיות עושים בכל שנה ושנה ‘to celebrate every year’; בשמחה ‘with joy.’
The use of shared terminology in these three books has two possible explanations. The first is that Jubilees and 1 Maccabees drew inspiration from Esther 9, and used it as a model for establishing festivals. The second (preferable) explanation is that all three sources reflect technical phraseology commonly used in the Second Temple period to establish festivals. We know of many festivals established during this period, and one may suppose that they had etiological stories much like those in the books under discussion.
Open poster for links.
10:00–10:30 (GMT +3) Introduction
Michael Segal (Professor of Biblical Studies, Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, HUJI): Greetings
Itai Kagan (Research Student, HUJI, Workshop Leader): Opening Remarks
10:30–12:00 (GMT +3) Aramaic Language Contact
Chair: Steven Fassberg (Professor of Ancient Semitic Languages, Head of the Institute for Jewish Studies, HUJI)
– Jaroslav Mudron (Research Student, HUJI): “The Prestige Language of Arameans in the Bukān Stele”
– Benjamin Suchard (Research Associate, Leiden University): “Judean Influence on Nabataean Aramaic”
– Ivri Bunis (Research Associate, Cambridge University): “The Western Aramaic Heritage of Western Neo-Aramaic in light of its Extensive Contact with Syrian Arabic”
12:00–12:30 Break
12:30–13:30 (GMT +3) Syriac Exegetical Traditions
Chair: Yakir Paz (Lecturer in the Departments of Classics and Talmud, HUJI)
– Yael Krämer (Graduate Student, HUJI): “Typological Exegesis of the Maccabean Martyrs in Early Syriac Christianity”
– Arye Zoref (Research Associate, Tel Aviv University): “King David’s Portrayal in Daniel of Ṣalaḥ’s Psalms Commentary”
13:30–14:15 Break
14:15–15:45 (GMT +3) Lexical Studies across Aramaic Dialects
Chair: Menahem Kister (Professor Emeritus of Bible and Talmud, HUJI)
– Shlomi Efrati (Research Associate, KU Leuven): “Filth and Worms: New Readings in the Aramaic Levi Document from Qumran”
– Chagai Emanuel (Graduate Student, HUJI): “The Term Rāzā (Mystery) in Syriac and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic”
– Alon Brand (Graduate Student, HUJI): “The Mythic Background of Yāltā and Other Jewish Babylonian Feminine Names”
15:45–16:00 Break
16:00–16:30 (GMT +3) Concluding Lecture and Thanks
– Itai Kagan (Research Student, HUJI): “Yiššar Ḥaylāḵ—The History of an Aramaic and Hebrew Congratulation