Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-cpx-10.1177_21677026211009886 for Inferences Training Affects Mem... more Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-cpx-10.1177_21677026211009886 for Inferences Training Affects Memory, Rumination, and Mood by Baruch Perlman, Nilly Mor, Yael Wisney Jacobinski, Adi Doron Zakon, Noa Avirbach and Paula Hertel in Clinical Psychological Science
The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences, 2009
Major Depressive Disorder is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders. Cognitive ... more Major Depressive Disorder is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression has received ample empirical support and is considered one of the most effective modes of treatment for depression. In this article, we review the theoretical underpinnings of this approach, whereby biased cognition and maladaptive behavioral patterns are thought to be core factors contributing to the development and maintenance of depression. We describe cognitive and behavioral strategies and techniques used in the treatment of depression. We conclude with an updated review of outcome research comparing the effectiveness of CBT as a whole and its specific cognitive and behavioral components with a standard treatment of anti-depressant medication.
The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences, 2009
Anxiety disorders are the most common childhood disorders. They tend to be chronic and to cause s... more Anxiety disorders are the most common childhood disorders. They tend to be chronic and to cause significant impairment. In this article, we review the scientific basis of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating childhood anxiety disorders. We describe the assessment process and its use throughout the treatment. An outline of the central principles of applying cognitive behavioral interventions in the treatment of children is provided and the main treatment components are reviewed. These components include psycho-education, coping skills and exposure. Finally, we discuss the role that parents play in the implementation of cognitive behavioral therapy with anxious children.
Rumination about negative experiences is widely viewed as a transdiagnostic process underlying va... more Rumination about negative experiences is widely viewed as a transdiagnostic process underlying various forms of psychopathology that involve emotion dysregulation. Cognitive models highlight the role of attentional control and emotional biases in the development and maintenance of rumination. We suggest that the temporality of the attentional blink paradigm may make it especially relevant for studying rumination-related biases and designing bias modification interventions for rumination. In this paper, we examine the association between brooding, a maladaptive form of rumination, and emotional biases in the attentional blink paradigm. We show that brooding is associated with biased disengagement from positive stimuli. Our findings support the Attentional Scope Model of rumination (Whitmer and Gotlib, Psychol Bull 139:1036, 2013) in suggesting that rumination is associated with a narrow temporal attentional scope.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, Jan 24, 2015
Whereas the association between depression and the perception of emotions has been widely studied... more Whereas the association between depression and the perception of emotions has been widely studied, only few studies have examined the association between depression and the ability to discriminate genuine (Duchenne) from fake (non-Duchenne) smiles. The present study examined this by comparing currently depressed, previously depressed, and healthy control individuals. Guided by recent theory, the present study also investigated the effect of depression recurrence on smile identification. Participants were 27 healthy controls, 33 with past depression (51% with recurrent depression), and 22 with current depression (77% with recurrent depression). Participants were presented with a series of 20 videos depicting smiling individuals, and were asked to indicate whether each smile was genuine or fake. Having (or having had) a first episode of depression was associated with more mistakes in categorizing smiles as genuine or fake compared to having recurrent depression or to having no history...
Making negative inferences for negative events, ruminating about them, and retrieving negative as... more Making negative inferences for negative events, ruminating about them, and retrieving negative aspects of memories have all been associated with depression. However, the causal mechanisms that link...
In this study, we developed a cognitive bias modification procedure that targets inferential styl... more In this study, we developed a cognitive bias modification procedure that targets inferential style, and tested its effect on hope, mood, and self-esteem. Participants were randomly assigned to training conditions intended to encourage either a negative or a positive inferential style. Participants' inferences for their failure on a cognitive challenge were congruent with their training condition. Moreover, compared to participants in the positive training condition, those in the negative condition reported less hope and exhibited lower mood and self-esteem following the failure. Finally, the training affected mood and self-esteem indirectly via its effect on participants' inferences for their failure. These findings provide support for the causal role of inferential style in depressed affect.
Reappraisal is a multifaceted construct associated with a wide range of proximal (e.g., affective... more Reappraisal is a multifaceted construct associated with a wide range of proximal (e.g., affective responses) and distal (e.g., psychopathology) consequences. To date, our understanding of use of reappraisal is based either on self-reports of tendencies to use a specific strategy in general or in the last week or on performance on lab-based tasks. There has been little effort to measure use of reappraisal immediately following an emotionally evocative situation (i.e., state-reappraisal). To close this gap, we developed the State-Reappraisal Inventory (SRI) that ascertains use of reappraisal immediately after an emotional event. In Study 1, exploratory factor analyses yielded two reliable subscales measuring state levels of construal of an emotion-eliciting situating as more positive (Increase Positive) and less negative (Decrease Negative). In two further studies, confirmatory factor analyses using a bifactor model provided a good fit for the data and surpassed three competing models...
Abstract 1. This chapter analyzes the role of self-efficacy beliefs in self-regulation by conside... more Abstract 1. This chapter analyzes the role of self-efficacy beliefs in self-regulation by considering self-efficacy as one component of an overall social-cognitive architecture of personality. This perspective highlights not only the contribution of self-efficacy beliefs to ...
The ability to inhibit negative information is associated with emotion regulation (ER). Reduced i... more The ability to inhibit negative information is associated with emotion regulation (ER). Reduced inhibition of negative information characterises poor ER, which in turn plays a critical role in psychopathology. People engage in multiple ER strategies; some are harmful and others are helpful. However, the interaction between harmful and helpful ER strategies and its link to inhibition of negative information have not been explored. This study examined the joint association between reappraisal, an adaptive ER strategy, and brooding, a maladaptive ER strategy, with inhibition of negative information. Participant's high (N = 81) and low (N = 47) in brooding completed a measure of habitual reappraisal as well as the negative affective priming task, a measure of inhibition bias. As predicted, reappraisal was positively linked with the ability to inhibit negative content. However, this link was moderated by brooding and was found only among low brooders but not among high brooders. The implications of these findings to theories of ER are discussed.
Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-cpx-10.1177_21677026211009886 for Inferences Training Affects Mem... more Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-cpx-10.1177_21677026211009886 for Inferences Training Affects Memory, Rumination, and Mood by Baruch Perlman, Nilly Mor, Yael Wisney Jacobinski, Adi Doron Zakon, Noa Avirbach and Paula Hertel in Clinical Psychological Science
The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences, 2009
Major Depressive Disorder is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders. Cognitive ... more Major Depressive Disorder is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression has received ample empirical support and is considered one of the most effective modes of treatment for depression. In this article, we review the theoretical underpinnings of this approach, whereby biased cognition and maladaptive behavioral patterns are thought to be core factors contributing to the development and maintenance of depression. We describe cognitive and behavioral strategies and techniques used in the treatment of depression. We conclude with an updated review of outcome research comparing the effectiveness of CBT as a whole and its specific cognitive and behavioral components with a standard treatment of anti-depressant medication.
The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences, 2009
Anxiety disorders are the most common childhood disorders. They tend to be chronic and to cause s... more Anxiety disorders are the most common childhood disorders. They tend to be chronic and to cause significant impairment. In this article, we review the scientific basis of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating childhood anxiety disorders. We describe the assessment process and its use throughout the treatment. An outline of the central principles of applying cognitive behavioral interventions in the treatment of children is provided and the main treatment components are reviewed. These components include psycho-education, coping skills and exposure. Finally, we discuss the role that parents play in the implementation of cognitive behavioral therapy with anxious children.
Rumination about negative experiences is widely viewed as a transdiagnostic process underlying va... more Rumination about negative experiences is widely viewed as a transdiagnostic process underlying various forms of psychopathology that involve emotion dysregulation. Cognitive models highlight the role of attentional control and emotional biases in the development and maintenance of rumination. We suggest that the temporality of the attentional blink paradigm may make it especially relevant for studying rumination-related biases and designing bias modification interventions for rumination. In this paper, we examine the association between brooding, a maladaptive form of rumination, and emotional biases in the attentional blink paradigm. We show that brooding is associated with biased disengagement from positive stimuli. Our findings support the Attentional Scope Model of rumination (Whitmer and Gotlib, Psychol Bull 139:1036, 2013) in suggesting that rumination is associated with a narrow temporal attentional scope.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, Jan 24, 2015
Whereas the association between depression and the perception of emotions has been widely studied... more Whereas the association between depression and the perception of emotions has been widely studied, only few studies have examined the association between depression and the ability to discriminate genuine (Duchenne) from fake (non-Duchenne) smiles. The present study examined this by comparing currently depressed, previously depressed, and healthy control individuals. Guided by recent theory, the present study also investigated the effect of depression recurrence on smile identification. Participants were 27 healthy controls, 33 with past depression (51% with recurrent depression), and 22 with current depression (77% with recurrent depression). Participants were presented with a series of 20 videos depicting smiling individuals, and were asked to indicate whether each smile was genuine or fake. Having (or having had) a first episode of depression was associated with more mistakes in categorizing smiles as genuine or fake compared to having recurrent depression or to having no history...
Making negative inferences for negative events, ruminating about them, and retrieving negative as... more Making negative inferences for negative events, ruminating about them, and retrieving negative aspects of memories have all been associated with depression. However, the causal mechanisms that link...
In this study, we developed a cognitive bias modification procedure that targets inferential styl... more In this study, we developed a cognitive bias modification procedure that targets inferential style, and tested its effect on hope, mood, and self-esteem. Participants were randomly assigned to training conditions intended to encourage either a negative or a positive inferential style. Participants' inferences for their failure on a cognitive challenge were congruent with their training condition. Moreover, compared to participants in the positive training condition, those in the negative condition reported less hope and exhibited lower mood and self-esteem following the failure. Finally, the training affected mood and self-esteem indirectly via its effect on participants' inferences for their failure. These findings provide support for the causal role of inferential style in depressed affect.
Reappraisal is a multifaceted construct associated with a wide range of proximal (e.g., affective... more Reappraisal is a multifaceted construct associated with a wide range of proximal (e.g., affective responses) and distal (e.g., psychopathology) consequences. To date, our understanding of use of reappraisal is based either on self-reports of tendencies to use a specific strategy in general or in the last week or on performance on lab-based tasks. There has been little effort to measure use of reappraisal immediately following an emotionally evocative situation (i.e., state-reappraisal). To close this gap, we developed the State-Reappraisal Inventory (SRI) that ascertains use of reappraisal immediately after an emotional event. In Study 1, exploratory factor analyses yielded two reliable subscales measuring state levels of construal of an emotion-eliciting situating as more positive (Increase Positive) and less negative (Decrease Negative). In two further studies, confirmatory factor analyses using a bifactor model provided a good fit for the data and surpassed three competing models...
Abstract 1. This chapter analyzes the role of self-efficacy beliefs in self-regulation by conside... more Abstract 1. This chapter analyzes the role of self-efficacy beliefs in self-regulation by considering self-efficacy as one component of an overall social-cognitive architecture of personality. This perspective highlights not only the contribution of self-efficacy beliefs to ...
The ability to inhibit negative information is associated with emotion regulation (ER). Reduced i... more The ability to inhibit negative information is associated with emotion regulation (ER). Reduced inhibition of negative information characterises poor ER, which in turn plays a critical role in psychopathology. People engage in multiple ER strategies; some are harmful and others are helpful. However, the interaction between harmful and helpful ER strategies and its link to inhibition of negative information have not been explored. This study examined the joint association between reappraisal, an adaptive ER strategy, and brooding, a maladaptive ER strategy, with inhibition of negative information. Participant's high (N = 81) and low (N = 47) in brooding completed a measure of habitual reappraisal as well as the negative affective priming task, a measure of inhibition bias. As predicted, reappraisal was positively linked with the ability to inhibit negative content. However, this link was moderated by brooding and was found only among low brooders but not among high brooders. The implications of these findings to theories of ER are discussed.
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