Dr. AZEH YAKUBU IS A UNILORIN TRAINED ORGANIC CHEMISTS WITH SPECIAL INTERESTS IN BIOPOLYMER ISOLATION AND MODIFICATION, COMPOSITE MEMBRANE, NANOCLAY AS ANTIMICROBIALS AND FILMS.
Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Apr 15, 2012
Abstract: Cellulose-polyethylene blends were produced and the effects of acetylated cellulose on ... more Abstract: Cellulose-polyethylene blends were produced and the effects of acetylated cellulose on the biodegradability of blends were investigated. Ketene obtained by pyrolysis of acetone over various heated metals which include Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe and ZnS (sphalerite) ...
This book contains an introductory chapter on the chemistry and structure of ketenes, acetic anhy... more This book contains an introductory chapter on the chemistry and structure of ketenes, acetic anhydride, synthetic utility and applications. The chemistry of amines and amides. The chemistry of wood and lignocellulosic fibres, wood modifications with various reagents with emphasis on acetylation of wood/cellulose, properties, resistance to microbial attacks and improvement of physical and chemical properties. Acetylating chemicals used in wood modifications. Chapter two of this book deals with the detailed synthesis methodology. The general experimental procedures for preparation of samples; mercerization of samples, acetylation using ketene generated over heated metals by the pyrolysis of acetone. Thin layer chromatography (tlc), column chromatography, solvent extraction. Dissolution of polyethylene, preparation of blends and biodegradation tests. Spectroscopy. Chapter three deal with the experimental results of the chromatographic study of acetylated products. Colour reactions with vanillin spray reagent. Structure of acetylated product was therefore established. Water swelling experiments, biodegradation study of blends for green manufacturing of biodegradable packaging material.
Clay minerals are among the world’s most important and useful industrial minerals. Conductance, t... more Clay minerals are among the world’s most important and useful industrial minerals. Conductance, transmissivity and corrosity are some physical parameters for determining quality clay. Four (4) clay deposit sites in Kaffin-Koro, Dutse, Dogon-Ruwa and Kushikoko were investigated to evaluate corrosivity, the longitudinal conductance and transmissivity to determine the clay quality. Electrical resistivity method employing Schlumberger electrode array was used to determine the thicknesses and depths of the subsurface strata while Interpex 1xD software was used to interpret the data. Three (3) to four (4) layer earth models were delineated. Kaffin-Koro and Dutse showed three layer models while Dogon-Ruwa and Kushikoko revealed four layers. Moderate clay content was found in Kaffin-Koro in the second layer with longitudinal conductance value of 0.4780 siemens and thickness 0.770m at depth of 1.17m Dogon-Ruwa also had moderate clay content in the third layer with conductance value of 0.237 ...
This work studied the proximate, mineral and phytochemical content of fermented and roasted Tamar... more This work studied the proximate, mineral and phytochemical content of fermented and roasted Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed nuts, using standard analytical methods. The seeds were divided into two; one portion was roasted at temperature 85 - 100 oC for 15 mins while the second portion was fermented for 48 hours in the presence of yeast. The proximate analysis of the roasted and fermented samples revealed the values of moisture, ash, crude lipid, Crude protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate and calorific values of the fermented sample were 10.70±0.21 %, 3.06±0.71 %, 2.30±0.19 %, 19.25±0.16 %, 5.75±0.33 %, 58.94±0.23% and 301.29±0.31kcal/100g while values for the roasted sample were 2.00±0.82 %, 3.34±0.53 %, 7.60±0.43 %, 23.63±0.11 %, 5.22±0.74 %, 58.21±0.17 % and 329.08±0.92 kcal/100g respectively. Mineral elements present were K (336.75±0.31 mg/100g), Mg (166.90±0.37 mg/100g), P (106.42±0.65 mg/100g), Na (186.52±0.09 mg/100g) and Ca (10.33±0.15 mg/100g) for the fermented sample and va...
African Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 2021
The nutritional constituents of seeds of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) were analyzed for... more The nutritional constituents of seeds of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) were analyzed for their nutritional compositions using standard analytical methods. Results of proximate analysis obtained were moisture content (9.20±0.12 %), ash (3.40±0.09 %), carbohydrate (21.10±0.05 %), crude fibre (4.60±0.07 %) and calorific value (185.79±0.03 kcal/100 g). Mean concentrations of mineral elements were the order: zinc (139.00±0.04 mg/100 g) > potassium (31.50±0.12 mg/100 g) > copper (30.00±0.01 mg/100 g) > phosphorus (17.40±0.11 mg/100 g) > magnesium (3.90±0.07 mg/100 g) > calcium (3.50±0.17 mg/100 g) > sodium (0.11±0.03 mg/100 g) > iron (0.10±0.01 mg/100 g). Measured values for bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity and foaming stability were 0.85±0.07 g/cm3, 1.65±0.13 %, 0.70±0.03 %, 16.00±0.12 % and 7.50±0.22 % respectively. The amino acid profile revealed that glutamic acid had the highest value (12.56 g/100 g) whil...
International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, 2013
Effect of acetylation on pretreated wood flour of four different wood species, Boabab (Adansonia ... more Effect of acetylation on pretreated wood flour of four different wood species, Boabab (Adansonia digitata), Mahoganny (Daniella oliveri), African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and Beech wood (Gmelina arborea), had been investigated. The first batch of wood species were acetylated using acetic anhydride while the second batch were acetylated with commercial vinegar. Both experiments were conducted in the presence of varying amount of CaCl2 as catalyst and at temperature of 120°C for 3 h. The success of acetylation was determined based on Weight Percent Gain for each sample treated with either chemicals used. FT-IR, a veritable tool was used for the analysis of both treated and untreated samples to further investigate the success of acetylation. The results showed the presence of important band such as carbonyl absorptions at 1743, 1744, 1746, 1731, 1718 and 1696 cm−1 as appeared separately in the spectra of acetylated samples, confirming esterification occurred. The purpose of this ...
Journal of Engineering Studies and Research – Volume 27 (2021) No. 4 , 2021
Operating conditions such as pH and temperature are important factors that influence the performa... more Operating conditions such as pH and temperature are important factors that influence the performance of activated carbon and solute uptake in adsorption process. Thus, this research work was aimed at studying the effect of solution pH and temperature on phenol adsorption onto rice husk activated carbon. Results obtained showed that when pH was increased from 2 to 4, adsorption capacity and removal efficiency increased, and thereafter, decreased progressively with additional increase in pH. Results also showed that when temperature was increased from 30 to 50 o C adsorption capacity and removal efficiency decreased. Therefore, this study has established that the optimum solution pH for adsorption of phenol onto phosphoric acid modified rice husk activated carbon is 4, and better performance of the adsorption process was occurred at lower solution temperatures.
This book contains an introductory chapter on the chemistry and structure of ketenes, acetic anhy... more This book contains an introductory chapter on the chemistry and structure of ketenes, acetic anhydride, synthetic utility and applications. The chemistry of amines and amides. The chemistry of wood and lignocellulosic fibres, wood modifications with various reagents with emphasis on acetylation of wood/cellulose, properties, resistance to microbial attacks and improvement of physical and chemical properties. Acetylating chemicals used in wood modifications. Chapter two of this book deals with the detailed synthesis methodology. The general experimental procedures for preparation of samples; mercerization of samples, acetylation using ketene generated over heated metals by the pyrolysis of acetone. Thin layer chromatography (tlc), column chromatography, solvent extraction. Dissolution of polyethylene, preparation of blends and biodegradation tests. Spectroscopy. Chapter three deal with the experimental results of the chromatographic study of acetylated products. Colour reactions with...
Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Apr 15, 2012
Abstract: Cellulose-polyethylene blends were produced and the effects of acetylated cellulose on ... more Abstract: Cellulose-polyethylene blends were produced and the effects of acetylated cellulose on the biodegradability of blends were investigated. Ketene obtained by pyrolysis of acetone over various heated metals which include Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe and ZnS (sphalerite) ...
This book contains an introductory chapter on the chemistry and structure of ketenes, acetic anhy... more This book contains an introductory chapter on the chemistry and structure of ketenes, acetic anhydride, synthetic utility and applications. The chemistry of amines and amides. The chemistry of wood and lignocellulosic fibres, wood modifications with various reagents with emphasis on acetylation of wood/cellulose, properties, resistance to microbial attacks and improvement of physical and chemical properties. Acetylating chemicals used in wood modifications. Chapter two of this book deals with the detailed synthesis methodology. The general experimental procedures for preparation of samples; mercerization of samples, acetylation using ketene generated over heated metals by the pyrolysis of acetone. Thin layer chromatography (tlc), column chromatography, solvent extraction. Dissolution of polyethylene, preparation of blends and biodegradation tests. Spectroscopy. Chapter three deal with the experimental results of the chromatographic study of acetylated products. Colour reactions with vanillin spray reagent. Structure of acetylated product was therefore established. Water swelling experiments, biodegradation study of blends for green manufacturing of biodegradable packaging material.
Clay minerals are among the world’s most important and useful industrial minerals. Conductance, t... more Clay minerals are among the world’s most important and useful industrial minerals. Conductance, transmissivity and corrosity are some physical parameters for determining quality clay. Four (4) clay deposit sites in Kaffin-Koro, Dutse, Dogon-Ruwa and Kushikoko were investigated to evaluate corrosivity, the longitudinal conductance and transmissivity to determine the clay quality. Electrical resistivity method employing Schlumberger electrode array was used to determine the thicknesses and depths of the subsurface strata while Interpex 1xD software was used to interpret the data. Three (3) to four (4) layer earth models were delineated. Kaffin-Koro and Dutse showed three layer models while Dogon-Ruwa and Kushikoko revealed four layers. Moderate clay content was found in Kaffin-Koro in the second layer with longitudinal conductance value of 0.4780 siemens and thickness 0.770m at depth of 1.17m Dogon-Ruwa also had moderate clay content in the third layer with conductance value of 0.237 ...
This work studied the proximate, mineral and phytochemical content of fermented and roasted Tamar... more This work studied the proximate, mineral and phytochemical content of fermented and roasted Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed nuts, using standard analytical methods. The seeds were divided into two; one portion was roasted at temperature 85 - 100 oC for 15 mins while the second portion was fermented for 48 hours in the presence of yeast. The proximate analysis of the roasted and fermented samples revealed the values of moisture, ash, crude lipid, Crude protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate and calorific values of the fermented sample were 10.70±0.21 %, 3.06±0.71 %, 2.30±0.19 %, 19.25±0.16 %, 5.75±0.33 %, 58.94±0.23% and 301.29±0.31kcal/100g while values for the roasted sample were 2.00±0.82 %, 3.34±0.53 %, 7.60±0.43 %, 23.63±0.11 %, 5.22±0.74 %, 58.21±0.17 % and 329.08±0.92 kcal/100g respectively. Mineral elements present were K (336.75±0.31 mg/100g), Mg (166.90±0.37 mg/100g), P (106.42±0.65 mg/100g), Na (186.52±0.09 mg/100g) and Ca (10.33±0.15 mg/100g) for the fermented sample and va...
African Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 2021
The nutritional constituents of seeds of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) were analyzed for... more The nutritional constituents of seeds of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) were analyzed for their nutritional compositions using standard analytical methods. Results of proximate analysis obtained were moisture content (9.20±0.12 %), ash (3.40±0.09 %), carbohydrate (21.10±0.05 %), crude fibre (4.60±0.07 %) and calorific value (185.79±0.03 kcal/100 g). Mean concentrations of mineral elements were the order: zinc (139.00±0.04 mg/100 g) > potassium (31.50±0.12 mg/100 g) > copper (30.00±0.01 mg/100 g) > phosphorus (17.40±0.11 mg/100 g) > magnesium (3.90±0.07 mg/100 g) > calcium (3.50±0.17 mg/100 g) > sodium (0.11±0.03 mg/100 g) > iron (0.10±0.01 mg/100 g). Measured values for bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity and foaming stability were 0.85±0.07 g/cm3, 1.65±0.13 %, 0.70±0.03 %, 16.00±0.12 % and 7.50±0.22 % respectively. The amino acid profile revealed that glutamic acid had the highest value (12.56 g/100 g) whil...
International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, 2013
Effect of acetylation on pretreated wood flour of four different wood species, Boabab (Adansonia ... more Effect of acetylation on pretreated wood flour of four different wood species, Boabab (Adansonia digitata), Mahoganny (Daniella oliveri), African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and Beech wood (Gmelina arborea), had been investigated. The first batch of wood species were acetylated using acetic anhydride while the second batch were acetylated with commercial vinegar. Both experiments were conducted in the presence of varying amount of CaCl2 as catalyst and at temperature of 120°C for 3 h. The success of acetylation was determined based on Weight Percent Gain for each sample treated with either chemicals used. FT-IR, a veritable tool was used for the analysis of both treated and untreated samples to further investigate the success of acetylation. The results showed the presence of important band such as carbonyl absorptions at 1743, 1744, 1746, 1731, 1718 and 1696 cm−1 as appeared separately in the spectra of acetylated samples, confirming esterification occurred. The purpose of this ...
Journal of Engineering Studies and Research – Volume 27 (2021) No. 4 , 2021
Operating conditions such as pH and temperature are important factors that influence the performa... more Operating conditions such as pH and temperature are important factors that influence the performance of activated carbon and solute uptake in adsorption process. Thus, this research work was aimed at studying the effect of solution pH and temperature on phenol adsorption onto rice husk activated carbon. Results obtained showed that when pH was increased from 2 to 4, adsorption capacity and removal efficiency increased, and thereafter, decreased progressively with additional increase in pH. Results also showed that when temperature was increased from 30 to 50 o C adsorption capacity and removal efficiency decreased. Therefore, this study has established that the optimum solution pH for adsorption of phenol onto phosphoric acid modified rice husk activated carbon is 4, and better performance of the adsorption process was occurred at lower solution temperatures.
This book contains an introductory chapter on the chemistry and structure of ketenes, acetic anhy... more This book contains an introductory chapter on the chemistry and structure of ketenes, acetic anhydride, synthetic utility and applications. The chemistry of amines and amides. The chemistry of wood and lignocellulosic fibres, wood modifications with various reagents with emphasis on acetylation of wood/cellulose, properties, resistance to microbial attacks and improvement of physical and chemical properties. Acetylating chemicals used in wood modifications. Chapter two of this book deals with the detailed synthesis methodology. The general experimental procedures for preparation of samples; mercerization of samples, acetylation using ketene generated over heated metals by the pyrolysis of acetone. Thin layer chromatography (tlc), column chromatography, solvent extraction. Dissolution of polyethylene, preparation of blends and biodegradation tests. Spectroscopy. Chapter three deal with the experimental results of the chromatographic study of acetylated products. Colour reactions with...
Clay minerals differ physically or chemically as a result of geological formations and/or process... more Clay minerals differ physically or chemically as a result of geological formations and/or processes. It has found useful applications in many areas because of its inherent natural performance in pharmaceuticals and in other manufacturing industries. Many clay deposits have been studied for their mineral composition while there is little literature on whether or not the deposits in Niger State are natural healers and/or modification could impact positively/negatively on the properties. It is therefore, imperative to study the clay deposits in these two locations in order to be able to classify them as natural or non-natural healing clays and to also investigate the effect of cationic modification for useful applications as antibacterial clays. The objectives of the study were to: (i) synthesize nanoclay from native clay deposit; (ii) chemically functionalized it; (iii) characterize the products using spectroscopic techniques, thermogravimetric, Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) and particle nanosizer; (iv) carry out antibacterial investigation on the healing property of the natural and modified products. Nanoclay was synthesized by the hydration method and functionalized using seven different organo-surface modifiers. The nanoclay and modified products were characterized by Thermogravimetry (TGA/DTGA), Raman Spectroscopy, BET, particle nanosizer and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Antibacterial evaluation of the product was carried out using the pour plate method. The findings of the study were that: (i) nanoclay was successfully synthesized as revealed by the particles diameter in the range of 60-900 nm and the pore size width ranged from 1.847-45.23 nm by BET isotherm measurement; (ii) The band below around 158-160 cm-1 was due to O-AL-O bend vibration and indicates the presence of kaolinite mineral. Raman data revealed that the clay samples studied were composed of a mixture of clay mineral. Absorption peaks around 1774-1784 cm-1 were due to C=O resulting from on the modified products and dimerization of amino acids to form lactones. New peaks found around 801-820 cm-1 due to modification were observed in Raman Spectrum; (iii) Thermogravimetric analysis revealed an extended degradation temperature around 450-800 o C; (iv) Dogon-ruwa clay is not a natural antibacterial clay whereas modified sample showed various degree of antibacterial activities; (v). Kaffin-koro clay is natural antibacterial/healing clay. However, modification seems to increase the antibacterial robustness of the clay. The study demonstrated that the synthesized modified nanoclay exhibited antibacterial activity the test organisms and could found useful applications in the formulation of topical pharmaceuticals for the treatment diseases caused by the tested bacteria in this study.
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Papers by Dr. YAKUBU AZEH