The local data could not be evaluated in housing and urban design process in our country. It beca... more The local data could not be evaluated in housing and urban design process in our country. It became a necessity to research the topic in the context of a doctoral thesis due to the current size of the problem in new settlements. The aim of doctoral thesis was to determine the impact of local data on the performance of housing with comparison of traditional houses built by using local data and new houses built in last period of the century. Having hundreds-years of a culture and belief structure, Mardin still has a well preserved traditional housing and the urban texture, which are compatible to climate and topography. Both natural data such as climate and topography and cultural data such as lifestyle and traditions have been affected in the formation of the Mardin's house. The traditional Mardin’ house and new houses in Mardin had been researched for various aspects from the space arrangement to natural and cultural data, which are affected in formation of a house. Traditional house formed using natural and cultural data and modern house shaped with current building regulations were compared according to certain parameters. Required information for comparative analysis of old and new house has been obtained from many sources. The physical and cultural information of old and new house have been obtained using four methods in principle; Detailed interview with 33 residents who lived in traditional house for approximately 20 and 40 years before they emigrated to new settlement, and a questionnaire done after the interview. An observation study achieved by the thesis writer, which is done using checklists of old and new house. Literature study (the traditional Mardin house, Mardin Court records in Osmanlı period ; Legal regulations for co-ownership and the new housing; traditional architecture and Anatolian house; culture, identity and cultural identity; architectural design examples using local data in Turkey; the method of Post Occupancy Evaluation; urban design principles) Plan drawings, photos and videos of the old and new houses, A scientific method called post occupancy evaluation (POE) has been used to have healthy results for questionnaire which is performed in the scope of the field work. In this context, the choice of users was made according to gender, profession, belief and age, in a balanced distribution as much as possible. User’s life in traditional and modern house and their experience about housing’s life style were questioned with a questionnaire of 102 questions. The findings about the comparison of old and new housing are summarized in the accompanying tables. The tables grouped by titles of local data contain the results of questionnaire and observation study. The thesis has shown that the use of local data in house design process has many advantages like psychological satisfaction, physical and cultural' comfort, saving natural sources and sustainability. It is seen that traditional house and urban texture are more convenient for the region’s climate and local culture according to the residents who emigrated to the new settlement. While nobody has preferred a house with a modern plan in the questionnaire, almost all residents stated that they wish to live in a single-storey house with a traditional plan. 88 per cent of residents were too happy when they lived in the traditional house. The same ratio was found as 58 percent for new house. Another impressive result of the questionnaire is about neighborhood relations. The neighborhood relations were perfect in the traditional house according to 72 percent of survey participants. Residents’ answer ‘as perfect’ has decreased dramatically to 15 percent for the neighborhood relations of new house. The rate for use of air-conditioning is 81 percent in new house, which is an evidence of insufficiency of building skin. All residents had felt a cool breeze in old town, while 88 percent of participants do not feel it in new city. In the survey, the rate of open and semi-open space has been found as 35 percent in traditional houses. The closed space rate of new house is 90 percent.
History of architecture, history and archeology sciences are areas that need to be addressed toge... more History of architecture, history and archeology sciences are areas that need to be addressed together to illuminate the cultural life of the region in the past. The Anatolian geography of our country has hosted many civilizations from prehistory to the present. In the same area Anatolia different tribes, states and empires ruled with many different religions, languages and ways of life over a period of thousands of years. Due to mainly droughts These different communities came to the Marmara and West Black Sea region to take advantage of the fertile soil of Anatolia and to find new markets. Because of these type requirements, they have existed in the region by creating new colonies by following method such as in ancient Greece and Rome. Sometimes, the northern tribes on Bithynia region were forced to migrate because their country is occupied by more powerfull states. Sometimes they suffered long-term occupation by giant states like Lydia, Persians and Macedonia (Alexander’s time). Beginning B.C. 334, the Hellenistic period have experienced in this region under the kingdom of Bithynia. Bolu- Claudiopolis province has spent most brilliant period under the rule of Rome (B.C.74). in M.S.384, Claudiopolis, which was the capital of the province of Honorias was governed by proconsuls during the Byzantine period. Architectural-cultural heritage which have been destroyed in Bolu in recent years, (in the 1970's, including a more systematic and intensive), was significantly affected for fires and earthquakes in the past century. Researchs to reveal the architectural and cultural structure are dependent on the archeology and history of science the region which remained under the influence of a very large number of ethnicity, language, religion and culture for a few thousand years. The ancient architecture traces of Bithynia-Claudiopolis settlement is based on archaeological information obtained through rescue excavations done for new construction, the narratives of travelers visiting In the different centuries and the books of ancient historians like Herodotus, Strabo. Architectural remains from earlier periods are often not possible to reach today as seen in many cities which are have different historical layers in the city center. Hisartepesi, preserved due to be built on a mound of historical significance will be explained with accompanied by historical information and documents relating to architectural monuments.
Starting from the second period of the twentieth century in Turkey, the traditional construction ... more Starting from the second period of the twentieth century in Turkey, the traditional construction methods and the traditional venue layout had been abandoned, and modern housing typology that reflects the culture and life style of West has been used. Modern houses did not differ significantly from traditional houses such as principles of access to natural resources, use of land, orientation, user-oriented design until the birth date of condominium law (Kat Mülkiyeti Kanunu). However, its spatial organization had imposed a lifestyle belonging to a different culture that was different from the country's average. After the entry into force of the law of condominium, housing production has been significantly based financing system in the form of getting unearned income. As a result of this system, the last remaining positive principles of the modern house with a completely eroded, and diseased building clusters, which are unsustainable, problematic as aspects of social relations, have emerged. They have created an environment which do not identity and people who do not have the feeling of belonging living in this environment. Any research has not been done adequately for the housing-related system that creates people who feel much more unhappy themselves although they live in better physical environment than before. The evaluation of local data in housing design process is the key in this field. The main differences between modern and traditional is related the concepts of local and universal. These differences have a wide range of concrete and abstract cases such as building shape, spatial organization, cultural relations, belonging, identity etc. The phenomenon, to lie in the evaluation of local data on the basis of the contemporary principles, has been shown with the scientific study. The contemporary principles obtained via users who have the experience in both traditional and modern dwelling of lifestyle in Mardin will form the core of the article.
Starting from the second period of the twentieth century in Turkey, the traditional construction ... more Starting from the second period of the twentieth century in Turkey, the traditional construction methods and the traditional venue layout had been abandoned, and modern housing typology that reflects the culture and life style of West has been used. Modern houses did not differ significantly from traditional houses such as principles of access to natural resources, use of land, orientation, user-oriented design until the birth date of condominium law (Kat Mülkiyeti Kanunu). However, its spatial organization had imposed a lifestyle belonging to a different culture that was different from the country's average. After the entry into force of the law of condominium, housing production has been significantly based financing system in the form of getting unearned income. As a result of this system, the last remaining positive principles of the modern house with a completely eroded, and diseased building clusters, which are unsustainable, problematic as aspects of social relations, have emerged. They have created an environment which do not identity and people who do not have the feeling of belonging living in this environment. Any research has not been done adequately for the housing-related system that creates people who feel much more unhappy themselves although they live in better physical environment than before. The evaluation of local data in housing design process is the key in this field. The main differences between modern and traditional is related the concepts of local and universal. These differences have a wide range of concrete and abstract cases such as building shape, spatial organization, cultural relations, belonging, identity etc. The phenomenon, to lie in the evaluation of local data on the basis of the contemporary principles, has been shown with the scientific study. The contemporary principles obtained via users who have the experience in both traditional and modern dwelling of lifestyle in Mardin will form the core of the article.
History of architecture, history and archeology sciences are areas that need to be addressed toge... more History of architecture, history and archeology sciences are areas that need to be addressed together to illuminate the cultural life of the region in the past. The Anatolian geography of our country has hosted many civilizations from prehistory to the present. In the same area Anatolia different tribes, states and empires ruled with many different religions, languages and ways of life over a period of thousands of years. Due to mainly droughts These different communities came to the Marmara and West Black Sea region to take advantage of the fertile soil of Anatolia and to find new markets. Because of these type requirements, they have existed in the region by creating new colonies by following method such as in ancient Greece and Rome. Sometimes, the northern tribes on Bithynia region were forced to migrate because their country is occupied by more powerfull states. Sometimes they suffered long-term occupation by giant states like Lydia, Persians and Macedonia (Alexander’s time). Beginning B.C. 334, the Hellenistic period have experienced in this region under the kingdom of Bithynia. Bolu- Claudiopolis province has spent most brilliant period under the rule of Rome (B.C.74). in M.S.384, Claudiopolis, which was the capital of the province of Honorias was governed by proconsuls during the Byzantine period. Architectural-cultural heritage which have been destroyed in Bolu in recent years, (in the 1970's, including a more systematic and intensive), was significantly affected for fires and earthquakes in the past century. Researchs to reveal the architectural and cultural structure are dependent on the archeology and history of science the region which remained under the influence of a very large number of ethnicity, language, religion and culture for a few thousand years. The ancient architecture traces of Bithynia-Claudiopolis settlement is based on archaeological information obtained through rescue excavations done for new construction, the narratives of travelers visiting In the different centuries and the books of ancient historians like Herodotus, Strabo. Architectural remains from earlier periods are often not possible to reach today as seen in many cities which are have different historical layers in the city center. Hisartepesi, preserved due to be built on a mound of historical significance will be explained with accompanied by historical information and documents relating to architectural monuments.
Mimarlık tarihi, tarih ve arkeoloji bilimleri yer aldıkları bölgenin geçmişte sahip olduğu kültür... more Mimarlık tarihi, tarih ve arkeoloji bilimleri yer aldıkları bölgenin geçmişte sahip olduğu kültürel yaşam biçimini aydınlatmak için birlikte ele alınması gereken alanlardır. Ülkemizin bulunduğu Anadolu coğrafyası, tarih öncesinden günümüze değin birçok uygarlığa ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Anadolu’da aynı bölgede binlerce yıllık bir dönem içinde çok farklı dine, dile ve yaşam biçimine sahip farklı kavim, devlet ve imparatorluklar hüküm sürmüştür. Bu farklı topluluklar kuraklık ve yeni pazarlar bulmak gibi amaçlarla Anadolu’ya sürekli ilgi göstermişlerdir. Avrupa kıtasından geçiş noktası üzerinde bulunan ve antik dönemin mal taşımacılığı için tek geçerli yöntem olan deniz taşımacılığı için Marmara ve Batı Karadeniz bölgesi önemli limanlara sahiptir. Aynı zamanda tarımsal anlamda verimli topraklara ve özellikle kereste gibi doğal kaynaklara olan talep, Marmara ve Batı Karadeniz bölgesini cazip hale getirmiştir. Antik Yunan ve Roma’nın izlediği yöntemlerde de gördüğümüz gibi yeni koloniler oluşturulmak suretiyle farklı kavimler antik dönemde bu bölgede var olmuşlardır. Bolu’nun antik dönemde sınırları içinde yer aldığı Bithynia bölgesi, bazen kuzeydeki (Thrakia) kavimlerin yurtları daha büyük devletler tarafından işgal edildiğinden göçlere maruz kalmış, bazen de Lydia, Pers ve (özellikle İskender döneminde) Makedonya gibi bölgede büyük güç ile var olan büyük devletler tarafından uzun süreli işgale uğramıştır. Göç ile bölgeye gelen kavimler, M.Ö. 334 ten itibaren ise Bithynia krallığını kurarak Helenistik Dönemi yaşatmışlardır. M.Ö. 74 te ise bölge Roma’nın hakimiyetine geçerken Bolu, Claudiopolis adı ile en parlak dönemini geçirmiştir. M.S. 384’de Honorias eyaletinin başkentliğini yapmış olan Claudiopolis Bizans Döneminde ise önemine kaybederek prokonsüller tarafından yönetilmiştir. Bolu’daki Antik döneme ait mimari-kültürel miras, (özellikle kat mülkiyeti sisteminin yarattığı imar hareketliliğinin etkisi ile) 1970 li yıllarda daha sistematik ve yoğun olmak üzere özellikle son yüzyılda önemli ölçüde yok edilmiştir. Birkaç bin yılda çok fazla sayıda etnik köken, dil, din ve kültürün etkisi altında kalmış bölgenin geçmişte sahip olduğu mimari ve kültürel yapıyı ortaya çıkarmak için (kültürel üst katman var olmadığından) yapılan araştırmalar arkeoloji ve tarih bilimine bağımlı kalmaktadır. Bu makale kapsamında ele alınan Bolu-Bithynium-Claudiopolis yerleşimine ait antik mimari izler, ağırlıklı olarak bölgeyi farklı yüzyıllarda ziyaret eden seyyahlar ve Heradot, Strabon gibi antik dönem tarihçilerin anlatımları ve yeni imar faaliyetleri için yapılan kurtarma kazıları ile elde edilen arkeolojik bilgiye dayanmaktadır. Aynı kent merkezinde farklı tarihsel katmana sahip ancak yeni yerleşimin eskinin üzerine kurulduğu birçok kentte görüldüğü üzere daha önceki dönemlere ait mimari kalıntıların günümüze ulaşabilmesi çoğu kez mümkün olamamaktadır. Makale çerçevesinde, kent merkezinde bir höyük üzerine kurulması nedeniyle korunabilmiş bir bölgede yer alan Hisartepesi’nin Antik Dönemdeki tarihsel önemi üzerinde yoğunlaşılacaktır.
BUILDING DESIGN IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION AND A CASE STUDY FOR ... more BUILDING DESIGN IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION AND A CASE STUDY FOR ECOLOGICAL DESIGN TRAINING. Architecture Education in Turkey Architectural Sustainability in the Education of Architectural Schools in Turkey A CASE STUDY FOR ECOLOGICAL DESIGN: Alternative Bolu TOKI Houses TOKI Karaköy 1st Stage Housing Project in Bolu Town Post Occupancy Evaluation Survey Comparison of New and Privious Housing: Satisfaction Related with Housing Alternative Architectural Project Work for TOKI: Conclision
The local data could not be evaluated in housing and urban design process in our country. It beca... more The local data could not be evaluated in housing and urban design process in our country. It became a necessity to research the topic in the context of a doctoral thesis due to the current size of the problem in new settlements. The aim of doctoral thesis was to determine the impact of local data on the performance of housing with comparison of traditional houses built by using local data and new houses built in last period of the century. Having hundreds-years of a culture and belief structure, Mardin still has a well preserved traditional housing and the urban texture, which are compatible to climate and topography. Both natural data such as climate and topography and cultural data such as lifestyle and traditions have been affected in the formation of the Mardin's house. The traditional Mardin’ house and new houses in Mardin had been researched for various aspects from the space arrangement to natural and cultural data, which are affected in formation of a house. Traditional house formed using natural and cultural data and modern house shaped with current building regulations were compared according to certain parameters. Required information for comparative analysis of old and new house has been obtained from many sources. The physical and cultural information of old and new house have been obtained using four methods in principle; Detailed interview with 33 residents who lived in traditional house for approximately 20 and 40 years before they emigrated to new settlement, and a questionnaire done after the interview. An observation study achieved by the thesis writer, which is done using checklists of old and new house. Literature study (the traditional Mardin house, Mardin Court records in Osmanlı period ; Legal regulations for co-ownership and the new housing; traditional architecture and Anatolian house; culture, identity and cultural identity; architectural design examples using local data in Turkey; the method of Post Occupancy Evaluation; urban design principles) Plan drawings, photos and videos of the old and new houses, A scientific method called post occupancy evaluation (POE) has been used to have healthy results for questionnaire which is performed in the scope of the field work. In this context, the choice of users was made according to gender, profession, belief and age, in a balanced distribution as much as possible. User’s life in traditional and modern house and their experience about housing’s life style were questioned with a questionnaire of 102 questions. The findings about the comparison of old and new housing are summarized in the accompanying tables. The tables grouped by titles of local data contain the results of questionnaire and observation study. The thesis has shown that the use of local data in house design process has many advantages like psychological satisfaction, physical and cultural' comfort, saving natural sources and sustainability. It is seen that traditional house and urban texture are more convenient for the region’s climate and local culture according to the residents who emigrated to the new settlement. While nobody has preferred a house with a modern plan in the questionnaire, almost all residents stated that they wish to live in a single-storey house with a traditional plan. 88 per cent of residents were too happy when they lived in the traditional house. The same ratio was found as 58 percent for new house. Another impressive result of the questionnaire is about neighborhood relations. The neighborhood relations were perfect in the traditional house according to 72 percent of survey participants. Residents’ answer ‘as perfect’ has decreased dramatically to 15 percent for the neighborhood relations of new house. The rate for use of air-conditioning is 81 percent in new house, which is an evidence of insufficiency of building skin. All residents had felt a cool breeze in old town, while 88 percent of participants do not feel it in new city. In the survey, the rate of open and semi-open space has been found as 35 percent in traditional houses. The closed space rate of new house is 90 percent.
History of architecture, history and archeology sciences are areas that need to be addressed toge... more History of architecture, history and archeology sciences are areas that need to be addressed together to illuminate the cultural life of the region in the past. The Anatolian geography of our country has hosted many civilizations from prehistory to the present. In the same area Anatolia different tribes, states and empires ruled with many different religions, languages and ways of life over a period of thousands of years. Due to mainly droughts These different communities came to the Marmara and West Black Sea region to take advantage of the fertile soil of Anatolia and to find new markets. Because of these type requirements, they have existed in the region by creating new colonies by following method such as in ancient Greece and Rome. Sometimes, the northern tribes on Bithynia region were forced to migrate because their country is occupied by more powerfull states. Sometimes they suffered long-term occupation by giant states like Lydia, Persians and Macedonia (Alexander’s time). Beginning B.C. 334, the Hellenistic period have experienced in this region under the kingdom of Bithynia. Bolu- Claudiopolis province has spent most brilliant period under the rule of Rome (B.C.74). in M.S.384, Claudiopolis, which was the capital of the province of Honorias was governed by proconsuls during the Byzantine period. Architectural-cultural heritage which have been destroyed in Bolu in recent years, (in the 1970's, including a more systematic and intensive), was significantly affected for fires and earthquakes in the past century. Researchs to reveal the architectural and cultural structure are dependent on the archeology and history of science the region which remained under the influence of a very large number of ethnicity, language, religion and culture for a few thousand years. The ancient architecture traces of Bithynia-Claudiopolis settlement is based on archaeological information obtained through rescue excavations done for new construction, the narratives of travelers visiting In the different centuries and the books of ancient historians like Herodotus, Strabo. Architectural remains from earlier periods are often not possible to reach today as seen in many cities which are have different historical layers in the city center. Hisartepesi, preserved due to be built on a mound of historical significance will be explained with accompanied by historical information and documents relating to architectural monuments.
Starting from the second period of the twentieth century in Turkey, the traditional construction ... more Starting from the second period of the twentieth century in Turkey, the traditional construction methods and the traditional venue layout had been abandoned, and modern housing typology that reflects the culture and life style of West has been used. Modern houses did not differ significantly from traditional houses such as principles of access to natural resources, use of land, orientation, user-oriented design until the birth date of condominium law (Kat Mülkiyeti Kanunu). However, its spatial organization had imposed a lifestyle belonging to a different culture that was different from the country's average. After the entry into force of the law of condominium, housing production has been significantly based financing system in the form of getting unearned income. As a result of this system, the last remaining positive principles of the modern house with a completely eroded, and diseased building clusters, which are unsustainable, problematic as aspects of social relations, have emerged. They have created an environment which do not identity and people who do not have the feeling of belonging living in this environment. Any research has not been done adequately for the housing-related system that creates people who feel much more unhappy themselves although they live in better physical environment than before. The evaluation of local data in housing design process is the key in this field. The main differences between modern and traditional is related the concepts of local and universal. These differences have a wide range of concrete and abstract cases such as building shape, spatial organization, cultural relations, belonging, identity etc. The phenomenon, to lie in the evaluation of local data on the basis of the contemporary principles, has been shown with the scientific study. The contemporary principles obtained via users who have the experience in both traditional and modern dwelling of lifestyle in Mardin will form the core of the article.
Starting from the second period of the twentieth century in Turkey, the traditional construction ... more Starting from the second period of the twentieth century in Turkey, the traditional construction methods and the traditional venue layout had been abandoned, and modern housing typology that reflects the culture and life style of West has been used. Modern houses did not differ significantly from traditional houses such as principles of access to natural resources, use of land, orientation, user-oriented design until the birth date of condominium law (Kat Mülkiyeti Kanunu). However, its spatial organization had imposed a lifestyle belonging to a different culture that was different from the country's average. After the entry into force of the law of condominium, housing production has been significantly based financing system in the form of getting unearned income. As a result of this system, the last remaining positive principles of the modern house with a completely eroded, and diseased building clusters, which are unsustainable, problematic as aspects of social relations, have emerged. They have created an environment which do not identity and people who do not have the feeling of belonging living in this environment. Any research has not been done adequately for the housing-related system that creates people who feel much more unhappy themselves although they live in better physical environment than before. The evaluation of local data in housing design process is the key in this field. The main differences between modern and traditional is related the concepts of local and universal. These differences have a wide range of concrete and abstract cases such as building shape, spatial organization, cultural relations, belonging, identity etc. The phenomenon, to lie in the evaluation of local data on the basis of the contemporary principles, has been shown with the scientific study. The contemporary principles obtained via users who have the experience in both traditional and modern dwelling of lifestyle in Mardin will form the core of the article.
History of architecture, history and archeology sciences are areas that need to be addressed toge... more History of architecture, history and archeology sciences are areas that need to be addressed together to illuminate the cultural life of the region in the past. The Anatolian geography of our country has hosted many civilizations from prehistory to the present. In the same area Anatolia different tribes, states and empires ruled with many different religions, languages and ways of life over a period of thousands of years. Due to mainly droughts These different communities came to the Marmara and West Black Sea region to take advantage of the fertile soil of Anatolia and to find new markets. Because of these type requirements, they have existed in the region by creating new colonies by following method such as in ancient Greece and Rome. Sometimes, the northern tribes on Bithynia region were forced to migrate because their country is occupied by more powerfull states. Sometimes they suffered long-term occupation by giant states like Lydia, Persians and Macedonia (Alexander’s time). Beginning B.C. 334, the Hellenistic period have experienced in this region under the kingdom of Bithynia. Bolu- Claudiopolis province has spent most brilliant period under the rule of Rome (B.C.74). in M.S.384, Claudiopolis, which was the capital of the province of Honorias was governed by proconsuls during the Byzantine period. Architectural-cultural heritage which have been destroyed in Bolu in recent years, (in the 1970's, including a more systematic and intensive), was significantly affected for fires and earthquakes in the past century. Researchs to reveal the architectural and cultural structure are dependent on the archeology and history of science the region which remained under the influence of a very large number of ethnicity, language, religion and culture for a few thousand years. The ancient architecture traces of Bithynia-Claudiopolis settlement is based on archaeological information obtained through rescue excavations done for new construction, the narratives of travelers visiting In the different centuries and the books of ancient historians like Herodotus, Strabo. Architectural remains from earlier periods are often not possible to reach today as seen in many cities which are have different historical layers in the city center. Hisartepesi, preserved due to be built on a mound of historical significance will be explained with accompanied by historical information and documents relating to architectural monuments.
Mimarlık tarihi, tarih ve arkeoloji bilimleri yer aldıkları bölgenin geçmişte sahip olduğu kültür... more Mimarlık tarihi, tarih ve arkeoloji bilimleri yer aldıkları bölgenin geçmişte sahip olduğu kültürel yaşam biçimini aydınlatmak için birlikte ele alınması gereken alanlardır. Ülkemizin bulunduğu Anadolu coğrafyası, tarih öncesinden günümüze değin birçok uygarlığa ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Anadolu’da aynı bölgede binlerce yıllık bir dönem içinde çok farklı dine, dile ve yaşam biçimine sahip farklı kavim, devlet ve imparatorluklar hüküm sürmüştür. Bu farklı topluluklar kuraklık ve yeni pazarlar bulmak gibi amaçlarla Anadolu’ya sürekli ilgi göstermişlerdir. Avrupa kıtasından geçiş noktası üzerinde bulunan ve antik dönemin mal taşımacılığı için tek geçerli yöntem olan deniz taşımacılığı için Marmara ve Batı Karadeniz bölgesi önemli limanlara sahiptir. Aynı zamanda tarımsal anlamda verimli topraklara ve özellikle kereste gibi doğal kaynaklara olan talep, Marmara ve Batı Karadeniz bölgesini cazip hale getirmiştir. Antik Yunan ve Roma’nın izlediği yöntemlerde de gördüğümüz gibi yeni koloniler oluşturulmak suretiyle farklı kavimler antik dönemde bu bölgede var olmuşlardır. Bolu’nun antik dönemde sınırları içinde yer aldığı Bithynia bölgesi, bazen kuzeydeki (Thrakia) kavimlerin yurtları daha büyük devletler tarafından işgal edildiğinden göçlere maruz kalmış, bazen de Lydia, Pers ve (özellikle İskender döneminde) Makedonya gibi bölgede büyük güç ile var olan büyük devletler tarafından uzun süreli işgale uğramıştır. Göç ile bölgeye gelen kavimler, M.Ö. 334 ten itibaren ise Bithynia krallığını kurarak Helenistik Dönemi yaşatmışlardır. M.Ö. 74 te ise bölge Roma’nın hakimiyetine geçerken Bolu, Claudiopolis adı ile en parlak dönemini geçirmiştir. M.S. 384’de Honorias eyaletinin başkentliğini yapmış olan Claudiopolis Bizans Döneminde ise önemine kaybederek prokonsüller tarafından yönetilmiştir. Bolu’daki Antik döneme ait mimari-kültürel miras, (özellikle kat mülkiyeti sisteminin yarattığı imar hareketliliğinin etkisi ile) 1970 li yıllarda daha sistematik ve yoğun olmak üzere özellikle son yüzyılda önemli ölçüde yok edilmiştir. Birkaç bin yılda çok fazla sayıda etnik köken, dil, din ve kültürün etkisi altında kalmış bölgenin geçmişte sahip olduğu mimari ve kültürel yapıyı ortaya çıkarmak için (kültürel üst katman var olmadığından) yapılan araştırmalar arkeoloji ve tarih bilimine bağımlı kalmaktadır. Bu makale kapsamında ele alınan Bolu-Bithynium-Claudiopolis yerleşimine ait antik mimari izler, ağırlıklı olarak bölgeyi farklı yüzyıllarda ziyaret eden seyyahlar ve Heradot, Strabon gibi antik dönem tarihçilerin anlatımları ve yeni imar faaliyetleri için yapılan kurtarma kazıları ile elde edilen arkeolojik bilgiye dayanmaktadır. Aynı kent merkezinde farklı tarihsel katmana sahip ancak yeni yerleşimin eskinin üzerine kurulduğu birçok kentte görüldüğü üzere daha önceki dönemlere ait mimari kalıntıların günümüze ulaşabilmesi çoğu kez mümkün olamamaktadır. Makale çerçevesinde, kent merkezinde bir höyük üzerine kurulması nedeniyle korunabilmiş bir bölgede yer alan Hisartepesi’nin Antik Dönemdeki tarihsel önemi üzerinde yoğunlaşılacaktır.
BUILDING DESIGN IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION AND A CASE STUDY FOR ... more BUILDING DESIGN IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION AND A CASE STUDY FOR ECOLOGICAL DESIGN TRAINING. Architecture Education in Turkey Architectural Sustainability in the Education of Architectural Schools in Turkey A CASE STUDY FOR ECOLOGICAL DESIGN: Alternative Bolu TOKI Houses TOKI Karaköy 1st Stage Housing Project in Bolu Town Post Occupancy Evaluation Survey Comparison of New and Privious Housing: Satisfaction Related with Housing Alternative Architectural Project Work for TOKI: Conclision
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Papers by Can Karagulle
The aim of doctoral thesis was to determine the impact of local data on the performance of housing with comparison of traditional houses built by using local data and new houses built in last period of the century.
Having hundreds-years of a culture and belief structure, Mardin still has a well preserved traditional housing and the urban texture, which are compatible to climate and topography. Both natural data such as climate and topography and cultural data such as lifestyle and traditions have been affected in the formation of the Mardin's house. The traditional Mardin’ house and new houses in Mardin had been researched for various aspects from the space arrangement to natural and cultural data, which are affected in formation of a house.
Traditional house formed using natural and cultural data and modern house shaped with current building regulations were compared according to certain parameters. Required information for comparative analysis of old and new house has been obtained from many sources. The physical and cultural information of old and new house have been obtained using four methods in principle;
Detailed interview with 33 residents who lived in traditional house for approximately 20 and 40 years before they emigrated to new settlement, and a questionnaire done after the interview.
An observation study achieved by the thesis writer, which is done using checklists of old and new house.
Literature study (the traditional Mardin house, Mardin Court records in Osmanlı period ; Legal regulations for co-ownership and the new housing; traditional architecture and Anatolian house; culture, identity and cultural identity; architectural design examples using local data in Turkey; the method of Post Occupancy Evaluation; urban design principles)
Plan drawings, photos and videos of the old and new houses,
A scientific method called post occupancy evaluation (POE) has been used to have healthy results for questionnaire which is performed in the scope of the field work. In this context, the choice of users was made according to gender, profession, belief and age, in a balanced distribution as much as possible. User’s life in traditional and modern house and their experience about housing’s life style were questioned with a questionnaire of 102 questions.
The findings about the comparison of old and new housing are summarized in the accompanying tables. The tables grouped by titles of local data contain the results of questionnaire and observation study.
The thesis has shown that the use of local data in house design process has many advantages like psychological satisfaction, physical and cultural' comfort, saving natural sources and sustainability. It is seen that traditional house and urban texture are more convenient for the region’s climate and local culture according to the residents who emigrated to the new settlement.
While nobody has preferred a house with a modern plan in the questionnaire, almost all residents stated that they wish to live in a single-storey house with a traditional plan. 88 per cent of residents were too happy when they lived in the traditional house. The same ratio was found as 58 percent for new house. Another impressive result of the questionnaire is about neighborhood relations. The neighborhood relations were perfect in the traditional house according to 72 percent of survey participants. Residents’ answer ‘as perfect’ has decreased dramatically to 15 percent for the neighborhood relations of new house. The rate for use of air-conditioning is 81 percent in new house, which is an evidence of insufficiency of building skin. All residents had felt a cool breeze in old town, while 88 percent of participants do not feel it in new city. In the survey, the rate of open and semi-open space has been found as 35 percent in traditional houses. The closed space rate of new house is 90 percent.
Sometimes, the northern tribes on Bithynia region were forced to migrate because their country is occupied by more powerfull states. Sometimes they suffered long-term occupation by giant states like Lydia, Persians and Macedonia (Alexander’s time). Beginning B.C. 334, the Hellenistic period have experienced in this region under the kingdom of Bithynia. Bolu- Claudiopolis province has spent most brilliant period under the rule of Rome (B.C.74). in M.S.384, Claudiopolis, which was the capital of the province of Honorias was governed by proconsuls during the Byzantine period.
Architectural-cultural heritage which have been destroyed in Bolu in recent years, (in the 1970's, including a more systematic and intensive), was significantly affected for fires and earthquakes in the past century. Researchs to reveal the architectural and cultural structure are dependent on the archeology and history of science the region which remained under the influence of a very large number of ethnicity, language, religion and culture for a few thousand years. The ancient architecture traces of Bithynia-Claudiopolis settlement is based on archaeological information obtained through rescue excavations done for new construction, the narratives of travelers visiting In the different centuries and the books of ancient historians like Herodotus, Strabo.
Architectural remains from earlier periods are often not possible to reach today as seen in many cities which are have different historical layers in the city center. Hisartepesi, preserved due to be built on a mound of historical significance will be explained with accompanied by historical information and documents relating to architectural monuments.
However, its spatial organization had imposed a lifestyle belonging to a different culture that was different from the country's average. After the entry into force of the law of condominium, housing production has been significantly based financing system in the form of getting unearned income. As a result of this system, the last remaining positive principles of the modern house with a completely eroded, and diseased building clusters, which are unsustainable, problematic as aspects of social relations, have emerged. They have created an environment which do not identity and people who do not have the feeling of belonging living in this environment. Any research has not been done adequately for the housing-related system that creates people who feel much more unhappy themselves although they live in better physical environment than before. The evaluation of local data in housing design process is the key in this field. The main differences between modern and traditional is related the concepts of local and universal. These differences have a wide range of concrete and abstract cases such as building shape, spatial organization, cultural relations, belonging, identity etc. The phenomenon, to lie in the evaluation of local data on the basis of the contemporary principles, has been shown with the scientific study. The contemporary principles obtained via users who have the experience in both traditional and modern dwelling of lifestyle in Mardin will form the core of the article.
However, its spatial organization had imposed a lifestyle belonging to a different culture that was different from the country's average. After the entry into force of the law of condominium, housing production has been significantly based financing system in the form of getting unearned income. As a result of this system, the last remaining positive principles of the modern house with a completely eroded, and diseased building clusters, which are unsustainable, problematic as aspects of social relations, have emerged. They have created an environment which do not identity and people who do not have the feeling of belonging living in this environment. Any research has not been done adequately for the housing-related system that creates people who feel much more unhappy themselves although they live in better physical environment than before. The evaluation of local data in housing design process is the key in this field. The main differences between modern and traditional is related the concepts of local and universal. These differences have a wide range of concrete and abstract cases such as building shape, spatial organization, cultural relations, belonging, identity etc. The phenomenon, to lie in the evaluation of local data on the basis of the contemporary principles, has been shown with the scientific study. The contemporary principles obtained via users who have the experience in both traditional and modern dwelling of lifestyle in Mardin will form the core of the article.
Sometimes, the northern tribes on Bithynia region were forced to migrate because their country is occupied by more powerfull states. Sometimes they suffered long-term occupation by giant states like Lydia, Persians and Macedonia (Alexander’s time). Beginning B.C. 334, the Hellenistic period have experienced in this region under the kingdom of Bithynia. Bolu- Claudiopolis province has spent most brilliant period under the rule of Rome (B.C.74). in M.S.384, Claudiopolis, which was the capital of the province of Honorias was governed by proconsuls during the Byzantine period.
Architectural-cultural heritage which have been destroyed in Bolu in recent years, (in the 1970's, including a more systematic and intensive), was significantly affected for fires and earthquakes in the past century. Researchs to reveal the architectural and cultural structure are dependent on the archeology and history of science the region which remained under the influence of a very large number of ethnicity, language, religion and culture for a few thousand years. The ancient architecture traces of Bithynia-Claudiopolis settlement is based on archaeological information obtained through rescue excavations done for new construction, the narratives of travelers visiting In the different centuries and the books of ancient historians like Herodotus, Strabo.
Architectural remains from earlier periods are often not possible to reach today as seen in many cities which are have different historical layers in the city center. Hisartepesi, preserved due to be built on a mound of historical significance will be explained with accompanied by historical information and documents relating to architectural monuments.
Bolu’nun antik dönemde sınırları içinde yer aldığı Bithynia bölgesi, bazen kuzeydeki (Thrakia) kavimlerin yurtları daha büyük devletler tarafından işgal edildiğinden göçlere maruz kalmış, bazen de Lydia, Pers ve (özellikle İskender döneminde) Makedonya gibi bölgede büyük güç ile var olan büyük devletler tarafından uzun süreli işgale uğramıştır. Göç ile bölgeye gelen kavimler, M.Ö. 334 ten itibaren ise Bithynia krallığını kurarak Helenistik Dönemi yaşatmışlardır. M.Ö. 74 te ise bölge Roma’nın hakimiyetine geçerken Bolu, Claudiopolis adı ile en parlak dönemini geçirmiştir. M.S. 384’de Honorias eyaletinin başkentliğini yapmış olan Claudiopolis Bizans Döneminde ise önemine kaybederek prokonsüller tarafından yönetilmiştir.
Bolu’daki Antik döneme ait mimari-kültürel miras, (özellikle kat mülkiyeti sisteminin yarattığı imar hareketliliğinin etkisi ile) 1970 li yıllarda daha sistematik ve yoğun olmak üzere özellikle son yüzyılda önemli ölçüde yok edilmiştir.
Birkaç bin yılda çok fazla sayıda etnik köken, dil, din ve kültürün etkisi altında kalmış bölgenin geçmişte sahip olduğu mimari ve kültürel yapıyı ortaya çıkarmak için (kültürel üst katman var olmadığından) yapılan araştırmalar arkeoloji ve tarih bilimine bağımlı kalmaktadır. Bu makale kapsamında ele alınan Bolu-Bithynium-Claudiopolis yerleşimine ait antik mimari izler, ağırlıklı olarak bölgeyi farklı yüzyıllarda ziyaret eden seyyahlar ve Heradot, Strabon gibi antik dönem tarihçilerin anlatımları ve yeni imar faaliyetleri için yapılan kurtarma kazıları ile elde edilen arkeolojik bilgiye dayanmaktadır.
Aynı kent merkezinde farklı tarihsel katmana sahip ancak yeni yerleşimin eskinin üzerine kurulduğu birçok kentte görüldüğü üzere daha önceki dönemlere ait mimari kalıntıların günümüze ulaşabilmesi çoğu kez mümkün olamamaktadır. Makale çerçevesinde, kent merkezinde bir höyük üzerine kurulması nedeniyle korunabilmiş bir bölgede yer alan Hisartepesi’nin Antik Dönemdeki tarihsel önemi üzerinde yoğunlaşılacaktır.
Books by Can Karagulle
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION AND A CASE STUDY FOR ECOLOGICAL
DESIGN TRAINING.
Architecture Education in Turkey
Architectural Sustainability in the Education of Architectural Schools in Turkey
A CASE STUDY FOR ECOLOGICAL DESIGN: Alternative Bolu TOKI Houses
TOKI Karaköy 1st Stage Housing Project in Bolu Town
Post Occupancy Evaluation Survey
Comparison of New and Privious Housing:
Satisfaction Related with Housing
Alternative Architectural Project Work for TOKI:
Conclision
The aim of doctoral thesis was to determine the impact of local data on the performance of housing with comparison of traditional houses built by using local data and new houses built in last period of the century.
Having hundreds-years of a culture and belief structure, Mardin still has a well preserved traditional housing and the urban texture, which are compatible to climate and topography. Both natural data such as climate and topography and cultural data such as lifestyle and traditions have been affected in the formation of the Mardin's house. The traditional Mardin’ house and new houses in Mardin had been researched for various aspects from the space arrangement to natural and cultural data, which are affected in formation of a house.
Traditional house formed using natural and cultural data and modern house shaped with current building regulations were compared according to certain parameters. Required information for comparative analysis of old and new house has been obtained from many sources. The physical and cultural information of old and new house have been obtained using four methods in principle;
Detailed interview with 33 residents who lived in traditional house for approximately 20 and 40 years before they emigrated to new settlement, and a questionnaire done after the interview.
An observation study achieved by the thesis writer, which is done using checklists of old and new house.
Literature study (the traditional Mardin house, Mardin Court records in Osmanlı period ; Legal regulations for co-ownership and the new housing; traditional architecture and Anatolian house; culture, identity and cultural identity; architectural design examples using local data in Turkey; the method of Post Occupancy Evaluation; urban design principles)
Plan drawings, photos and videos of the old and new houses,
A scientific method called post occupancy evaluation (POE) has been used to have healthy results for questionnaire which is performed in the scope of the field work. In this context, the choice of users was made according to gender, profession, belief and age, in a balanced distribution as much as possible. User’s life in traditional and modern house and their experience about housing’s life style were questioned with a questionnaire of 102 questions.
The findings about the comparison of old and new housing are summarized in the accompanying tables. The tables grouped by titles of local data contain the results of questionnaire and observation study.
The thesis has shown that the use of local data in house design process has many advantages like psychological satisfaction, physical and cultural' comfort, saving natural sources and sustainability. It is seen that traditional house and urban texture are more convenient for the region’s climate and local culture according to the residents who emigrated to the new settlement.
While nobody has preferred a house with a modern plan in the questionnaire, almost all residents stated that they wish to live in a single-storey house with a traditional plan. 88 per cent of residents were too happy when they lived in the traditional house. The same ratio was found as 58 percent for new house. Another impressive result of the questionnaire is about neighborhood relations. The neighborhood relations were perfect in the traditional house according to 72 percent of survey participants. Residents’ answer ‘as perfect’ has decreased dramatically to 15 percent for the neighborhood relations of new house. The rate for use of air-conditioning is 81 percent in new house, which is an evidence of insufficiency of building skin. All residents had felt a cool breeze in old town, while 88 percent of participants do not feel it in new city. In the survey, the rate of open and semi-open space has been found as 35 percent in traditional houses. The closed space rate of new house is 90 percent.
Sometimes, the northern tribes on Bithynia region were forced to migrate because their country is occupied by more powerfull states. Sometimes they suffered long-term occupation by giant states like Lydia, Persians and Macedonia (Alexander’s time). Beginning B.C. 334, the Hellenistic period have experienced in this region under the kingdom of Bithynia. Bolu- Claudiopolis province has spent most brilliant period under the rule of Rome (B.C.74). in M.S.384, Claudiopolis, which was the capital of the province of Honorias was governed by proconsuls during the Byzantine period.
Architectural-cultural heritage which have been destroyed in Bolu in recent years, (in the 1970's, including a more systematic and intensive), was significantly affected for fires and earthquakes in the past century. Researchs to reveal the architectural and cultural structure are dependent on the archeology and history of science the region which remained under the influence of a very large number of ethnicity, language, religion and culture for a few thousand years. The ancient architecture traces of Bithynia-Claudiopolis settlement is based on archaeological information obtained through rescue excavations done for new construction, the narratives of travelers visiting In the different centuries and the books of ancient historians like Herodotus, Strabo.
Architectural remains from earlier periods are often not possible to reach today as seen in many cities which are have different historical layers in the city center. Hisartepesi, preserved due to be built on a mound of historical significance will be explained with accompanied by historical information and documents relating to architectural monuments.
However, its spatial organization had imposed a lifestyle belonging to a different culture that was different from the country's average. After the entry into force of the law of condominium, housing production has been significantly based financing system in the form of getting unearned income. As a result of this system, the last remaining positive principles of the modern house with a completely eroded, and diseased building clusters, which are unsustainable, problematic as aspects of social relations, have emerged. They have created an environment which do not identity and people who do not have the feeling of belonging living in this environment. Any research has not been done adequately for the housing-related system that creates people who feel much more unhappy themselves although they live in better physical environment than before. The evaluation of local data in housing design process is the key in this field. The main differences between modern and traditional is related the concepts of local and universal. These differences have a wide range of concrete and abstract cases such as building shape, spatial organization, cultural relations, belonging, identity etc. The phenomenon, to lie in the evaluation of local data on the basis of the contemporary principles, has been shown with the scientific study. The contemporary principles obtained via users who have the experience in both traditional and modern dwelling of lifestyle in Mardin will form the core of the article.
However, its spatial organization had imposed a lifestyle belonging to a different culture that was different from the country's average. After the entry into force of the law of condominium, housing production has been significantly based financing system in the form of getting unearned income. As a result of this system, the last remaining positive principles of the modern house with a completely eroded, and diseased building clusters, which are unsustainable, problematic as aspects of social relations, have emerged. They have created an environment which do not identity and people who do not have the feeling of belonging living in this environment. Any research has not been done adequately for the housing-related system that creates people who feel much more unhappy themselves although they live in better physical environment than before. The evaluation of local data in housing design process is the key in this field. The main differences between modern and traditional is related the concepts of local and universal. These differences have a wide range of concrete and abstract cases such as building shape, spatial organization, cultural relations, belonging, identity etc. The phenomenon, to lie in the evaluation of local data on the basis of the contemporary principles, has been shown with the scientific study. The contemporary principles obtained via users who have the experience in both traditional and modern dwelling of lifestyle in Mardin will form the core of the article.
Sometimes, the northern tribes on Bithynia region were forced to migrate because their country is occupied by more powerfull states. Sometimes they suffered long-term occupation by giant states like Lydia, Persians and Macedonia (Alexander’s time). Beginning B.C. 334, the Hellenistic period have experienced in this region under the kingdom of Bithynia. Bolu- Claudiopolis province has spent most brilliant period under the rule of Rome (B.C.74). in M.S.384, Claudiopolis, which was the capital of the province of Honorias was governed by proconsuls during the Byzantine period.
Architectural-cultural heritage which have been destroyed in Bolu in recent years, (in the 1970's, including a more systematic and intensive), was significantly affected for fires and earthquakes in the past century. Researchs to reveal the architectural and cultural structure are dependent on the archeology and history of science the region which remained under the influence of a very large number of ethnicity, language, religion and culture for a few thousand years. The ancient architecture traces of Bithynia-Claudiopolis settlement is based on archaeological information obtained through rescue excavations done for new construction, the narratives of travelers visiting In the different centuries and the books of ancient historians like Herodotus, Strabo.
Architectural remains from earlier periods are often not possible to reach today as seen in many cities which are have different historical layers in the city center. Hisartepesi, preserved due to be built on a mound of historical significance will be explained with accompanied by historical information and documents relating to architectural monuments.
Bolu’nun antik dönemde sınırları içinde yer aldığı Bithynia bölgesi, bazen kuzeydeki (Thrakia) kavimlerin yurtları daha büyük devletler tarafından işgal edildiğinden göçlere maruz kalmış, bazen de Lydia, Pers ve (özellikle İskender döneminde) Makedonya gibi bölgede büyük güç ile var olan büyük devletler tarafından uzun süreli işgale uğramıştır. Göç ile bölgeye gelen kavimler, M.Ö. 334 ten itibaren ise Bithynia krallığını kurarak Helenistik Dönemi yaşatmışlardır. M.Ö. 74 te ise bölge Roma’nın hakimiyetine geçerken Bolu, Claudiopolis adı ile en parlak dönemini geçirmiştir. M.S. 384’de Honorias eyaletinin başkentliğini yapmış olan Claudiopolis Bizans Döneminde ise önemine kaybederek prokonsüller tarafından yönetilmiştir.
Bolu’daki Antik döneme ait mimari-kültürel miras, (özellikle kat mülkiyeti sisteminin yarattığı imar hareketliliğinin etkisi ile) 1970 li yıllarda daha sistematik ve yoğun olmak üzere özellikle son yüzyılda önemli ölçüde yok edilmiştir.
Birkaç bin yılda çok fazla sayıda etnik köken, dil, din ve kültürün etkisi altında kalmış bölgenin geçmişte sahip olduğu mimari ve kültürel yapıyı ortaya çıkarmak için (kültürel üst katman var olmadığından) yapılan araştırmalar arkeoloji ve tarih bilimine bağımlı kalmaktadır. Bu makale kapsamında ele alınan Bolu-Bithynium-Claudiopolis yerleşimine ait antik mimari izler, ağırlıklı olarak bölgeyi farklı yüzyıllarda ziyaret eden seyyahlar ve Heradot, Strabon gibi antik dönem tarihçilerin anlatımları ve yeni imar faaliyetleri için yapılan kurtarma kazıları ile elde edilen arkeolojik bilgiye dayanmaktadır.
Aynı kent merkezinde farklı tarihsel katmana sahip ancak yeni yerleşimin eskinin üzerine kurulduğu birçok kentte görüldüğü üzere daha önceki dönemlere ait mimari kalıntıların günümüze ulaşabilmesi çoğu kez mümkün olamamaktadır. Makale çerçevesinde, kent merkezinde bir höyük üzerine kurulması nedeniyle korunabilmiş bir bölgede yer alan Hisartepesi’nin Antik Dönemdeki tarihsel önemi üzerinde yoğunlaşılacaktır.
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION AND A CASE STUDY FOR ECOLOGICAL
DESIGN TRAINING.
Architecture Education in Turkey
Architectural Sustainability in the Education of Architectural Schools in Turkey
A CASE STUDY FOR ECOLOGICAL DESIGN: Alternative Bolu TOKI Houses
TOKI Karaköy 1st Stage Housing Project in Bolu Town
Post Occupancy Evaluation Survey
Comparison of New and Privious Housing:
Satisfaction Related with Housing
Alternative Architectural Project Work for TOKI:
Conclision