Hindutva

Hindutva, atau "Kehinduan" adalah sebuah istilah yang dibuat oleh Vinayak Damodar Savarkar pada 1923, adalah sebuah bentuk dominan dari nasionalisme Hindu di India. Partai Bharatiya Janata mengadopsi ideologi tersebut sebagai ideologi resminya pada 1989. Ideologi tersebut dimenangkan oleh organisasi sukarelawan nasionalis Hindu Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) dan organisasi-organisasi afiliasinya, yang paling terkenal adalah Vishva Hindu Parishad, bersama dengan istilah lama Hindu Rashtra (terjemahan: negara Hindu).

Latar belakang sejarah

istilah Hindu, yang berasal dari kata Sanskerta Sindhu, digunakan di Iran untuk merujuk kepada lahan-lahan di sungai Rigvedic, wilayah Punjab, serta wilayah-wilayah yang diragunakan. Istilah Arab yang sama al-Hind berasal dari penulisan lainnya dari kata "Hindu" yang artinya "India" sebagai sebuah sebutan serta panggilan orang-orang India. Setelah invasi Arab ke Sindh, istilah tersebut digunakan untuk mengacu kepada orang-orang yang mengikuti agama-agama India. Dengan dipindahkan ke agama Islam, orang-orang tersebut berhenti menjadi "Hindu" dan menjadi Muslims. Setelah kemunculan Orientalisme pada abad ke-19, istilah "Hinduisme" (agama India) digunakan untuk merujuk kepada agama kuno India. Pengartian ketiga dari kata "Hindu" sekarang digunakan sebagai sebutan bagi para penganut sebagian besar agama Hinduisme ini. Seluruh ketiga arti tersebut, yakni, India, pengikut agama-agama India, dan pengikut Hinduisme, memainkan peran dalam dibuatnya kata Hindutva, yang artinya "Hinduness" yang dibuat pada awal abad ke-20.^[1]^{[a 1]}

Lihat pula

Catatan

^ Istilah tersebut diketahui digunakan pada 1913. "As Frenchmen are justly proud of their Latinity, so are Bengalis justly proud of their Hindutva, of the fact that almost every Bengali word can be traced to a Sanskrit origin." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1913. (Oxford English Dictionary, 2011)

Referensi

^ Sharma, Arvind (2002). "On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva". Numen. 49 (1): 1–36. JSTOR 3270470.

Sumber

Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987) [Originally published by Westview Press]. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism. Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
Augustine, Sali (2009). "Religion and Cultural Nationalism: Socio-Political Dynamism of Communal Violence in India". Dalam Erich Kolig; Vivienne S. M. Angeles; Sam Wong. Identity in Crossroad Civilisations. Amsterdam University Press. hlm. 65–83. ISBN 978-90-8964-127-4.
Bharat Prakashan (1955). Shri Guruji: The Man and His Mission, On the Occasion of His 51st Birthday. Delhi: Bharat Prakashan. OCLC 24593952.
Elst, Koenraad (1997). Bharatiya Janata Party Vis-a-vis Hindu Resurgence. Voice of India. ISBN 8185990476.
Golwalkar, M. S. (2007) [first published in 1939]. "We, or our Nationhood Defined (Extracts)". Dalam Christophe Jaffrelot. Hindu Nationalism - A Reader. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13097-3.
Goyal, Des Raj (1979). Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Delhi: Radha Krishna Prakashan. ISBN 0836405668.
Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1850653011.
Katju, Manjari (2013). Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 81-250-2476-X.
Krishna, Ananth V. (2011). India since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics. Pearson Education India. ISBN 813173465X.
Pandey, Gyanendra (1993). "Which of Us are Hindus?". Dalam Gyanendra Pandey. Hindus and Others: The Question of Identity in India Today. New Delhi: Viking. hlm. 238–272.
Panikkar, K. N. (1993). "Culture and Communalism". Social Scientist. 21 (3/4): 24–31. JSTOR 3517629.
Panikkar, K. N. (13 March 2004). "In the Name of Nationalism". Frontline. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-20.
Parvathy, A. A. (1994). Secularism and Hindutva, A Discursive Study. Codewood Process & Printing. ASIN B0006F4Y1A.

Bacaan tambahan

Artikel

Andersen, Walter K., ‘Bharatiya Janata Party: Searching for the Hindu Nationalist Face’, In The New Politics of the Right: Neo–Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, ed. Hans–Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), pp. 219–232. (ISBN 0-312-21134-1 or ISBN 0-312-21338-7)
Desai, Radhika. 'A Latter Day Fascism', Economic and Political Weekly, 30 August 2014, Volume XLIX, no. 35, pp. 48–58.
Embree, Ainslie T., ‘The Function of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: To Define the Hindu Nation’, in Accounting for Fundamentalisms, The Fundamentalism Project 4, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 617–652. (ISBN 0-226-50885-4)
Gold, Daniel, 'Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truths to Hindu Nation' in: Fundamentalisms Observed: The Fundamentalism Project vol. 4, eds. M. E. Marty, R. S. Appleby, University Of Chicago Press (1994), ISBN 978-0-226-50878-8, pp. 531–593.

Buku

Banerjee, Partha, In the Belly of the Beast: The Hindu Supremacist RSS and BJP of India (Delhi: Ajanta, 1998). ISBN 978-81-202-0504-8
Bhatt, Chetan, Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths, Berg Publishers (2001), ISBN 1-85973-348-4.
Desai, Radhika. Slouching Towards Ayodhya: From Congress to Hindutva in Indian Politics, New Delhi: Three Essays, Second Edition, 2004.
Nanda, Meera, The God Market. How Globalization is Making India more Hindu, Noida, Random House India. 2009. ISBN 978-81-8400-095-5
Nussbaum, Martha C., The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence and India's Future, Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6
Ruthven, Malise, Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, USA (2007), ISBN 978-0-19-921270-5.
Sharma, Jyotirmaya, Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism, Penguin Global (2004), ISBN 0-670-04990-5.
Smith, David James, Hinduism and Modernity, Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0-631-20862-3
Webb, Adam Kempton, Beyond the global culture war: Global horizons, CRC Press (2006), ISBN 978-0-415-95313-9.

Sumber nasionalis Hindu

Elst, Koenraad: The Saffron Swastika: The Notion of "Hindu Fascism". New Delhi: Voice of India, 2001, 2 Vols., ISBN 81-85990-69-7 [1] Diarsipkan 2006-05-28 di Wayback Machine., [2] Diarsipkan 2006-05-20 di Wayback Machine.
Elst, Koenraad: Decolonizing the Hindu Mind. Ideological Development of Hindu Revivalism. Rupa, Delhi 2001.
Goel, Sita Ram: Perversion of India's Political Parlance. Voice of India, Delhi 1984. [3] Diarsipkan 2005-11-26 di Wayback Machine.
Goel, Sita Ram (penyunting): Time for Stock Taking. Whither Sangh Parivar? Voice of India, Delhi, 1997. (ISBN 978-81-85990-48-4)
Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar: Hindutva Bharati Sahitya Sadan, Delhi 1989 (1923).
Shourie, Arun: A Secular Agenda. HarperCollins ISBN 81-7223-258-6

Pranala luar

Situs Web Veer Savarkar

[2] Istilah tersebut diketahui digunakan pada 1913. "As Frenchmen are justly proud of their Latinity, so are Bengalis justly proud of their Hindutva, of the fact that almost every Bengali word can be traced to a Sanskrit origin." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1913. (Oxford English Dictionary, 2011)

[Sharma-1] Sharma, Arvind (2002). "On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva". Numen. 49 (1): 1–36. JSTOR 3270470.

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