Airport terminal buildings are characterised by rapidly fluctuating occupancy levels in different... more Airport terminal buildings are characterised by rapidly fluctuating occupancy levels in different zones. Occupancy is one of the major factors that influences the indoor environment and building energy consumption. The paper presents an approach to couple pedestrian flow model with energy simulation to predict the HVAC energy demands in the transitional environments. For the study, a medium sized airport at Visakhapatnam, India, located in warm and humid climate zone is considered. Occupancy dynamics of the terminal building is modelled and analysed through an agent based model (ABM). The results show a significant difference in the characteristics of the occupancy profiles between the various zones in the terminal building. A coupled energy simulation is carried out using the dynamic occupancy schedule obtained from ABM. The paper presents the impact of pedestrian density on HVAC loads at different zones. Also load profile for typical days compared for the peak load performance. Fi...
The occupancy heat gains of airport terminal buildings are driven by the dynamics of passenger fl... more The occupancy heat gains of airport terminal buildings are driven by the dynamics of passenger flow. In this paper, we evaluate the heat losses from the human body in a transient state to estimate the sensible and latent loads on the HVAC system. The study pertains to a mid-sized airport terminal building in a tropical wet and dry climate of India. The pattern of passenger movement, service time and discretionary activity choices are evaluated through field measurement and subjective surveys. The sequence of passenger movement, dwell time and occupancy profile at different zones for departure and arrival sequences are estimated through validated agent-based simulations. Transient heat losses from the human body are established through thermo-physiology simulations based on the occupancy dynamics. Hourly sensible and latent heat load profiles of different zones are deduced for different terminal operation periods. The evaporative heat losses from human body varies considerably during...
This paper presents a review of the existing approaches for functional efficiency assessment in a... more This paper presents a review of the existing approaches for functional efficiency assessment in airport passenger terminal buildings (PTB). The literature has been classified into two broad study levels and a set of 58 Key Performance Indicators are identified. These are further classified based on their application in processing, holding and circulation activities and sub-classified as objective and subjective indicators. Analytical methods adapted for service quality (SQ) assessments are comprehended. This paper identifies emerging Stratified SQ indicators and stochastic approaches for performance evaluation considering the spatial, operational and technological transformations of PTBs. Critical gaps from literature and scope for further research are discussed.
This paper presents the results of a thermal comfort evaluation of an underground metro station l... more This paper presents the results of a thermal comfort evaluation of an underground metro station located in a composite climate zone of India (New Delhi). The evaluation comprised real-time monitoring of indoor thermal comfort during winter and summer seasons accompanied by subjective thermal comfort surveys. This study extends the existing field study protocols to transport buildings, which are characterised by dynamic passenger flow. Parameters such as dry bulb temperature (Ti), globe temperature (Tg), relative humidity (RH) and air velocity (Va) were measured using a thermal comfort monitoring system. In addition, spatial variation of Ti, Tg and RH were monitored using lab-assembled Arduino kits. Subjective surveys comprised of transverse responses collected from 360 users and 360 sequential thermal experience responses collected form 60 users. The subjective responses were collected separately for boarding and alighting sequences using an android-based application developed by the team. Transient thermal comfort was estimated using Relative Warmth Index (RWI). A comparative analysis of mean RWI indicates a gradual and uniform change along the alighting sequence of passenger flow. However, the variation of mean RWI is non-uniform and undulated along the boarding sequence. RWI varied from 0.26 at platform to 0.45 at the walkway along the alighting sequence. It varied from 0.3 at concourse to 0.51 at the ticket lobby along the boarding sequence. The neutral temperature (Ti) obtained through thermal sensation vote (TSV) is 30.3°C. The variation in TSV between alighting and boarding passengers were found to be statistically significant at platform, concourse and walkway. A strong positive correlation was obtained between TSV alighting and RWI (R 2 =0.52) as well as TSV boarding and RWI (R 2 =0.53). An RWI value of 0.14 corresponded with mean neutral TSV for the alighting sequence while it was 0.33 for the boarding sequence. The passengers exhibited higher level of tolerance to heat discomfort than that predicted by RWI. Acceptable thermal limits along the alighting and boarding sequence of the metro station are presented.
Airport terminal buildings are characterised by rapidly fluctuating occupancy levels in different... more Airport terminal buildings are characterised by rapidly fluctuating occupancy levels in different zones. Occupancy is one of the major factors that influences the indoor environment and building energy consumption. The paper presents an approach to couple pedestrian flow model with energy simulation to predict the HVAC energy demands in the transitional environments. For the study, a medium sized airport at Visakhapatnam, India, located in warm and humid climate zone is considered. Occupancy dynamics of the terminal building is modelled and analysed through an agent based model (ABM). The results show a significant difference in the characteristics of the occupancy profiles between the various zones in the terminal building. A coupled energy simulation is carried out using the dynamic occupancy schedule obtained from ABM. The paper presents the impact of pedestrian density on HVAC loads at different zones. Also load profile for typical days compared for the peak load performance. Fi...
The occupancy heat gains of airport terminal buildings are driven by the dynamics of passenger fl... more The occupancy heat gains of airport terminal buildings are driven by the dynamics of passenger flow. In this paper, we evaluate the heat losses from the human body in a transient state to estimate the sensible and latent loads on the HVAC system. The study pertains to a mid-sized airport terminal building in a tropical wet and dry climate of India. The pattern of passenger movement, service time and discretionary activity choices are evaluated through field measurement and subjective surveys. The sequence of passenger movement, dwell time and occupancy profile at different zones for departure and arrival sequences are estimated through validated agent-based simulations. Transient heat losses from the human body are established through thermo-physiology simulations based on the occupancy dynamics. Hourly sensible and latent heat load profiles of different zones are deduced for different terminal operation periods. The evaporative heat losses from human body varies considerably during...
This paper presents a review of the existing approaches for functional efficiency assessment in a... more This paper presents a review of the existing approaches for functional efficiency assessment in airport passenger terminal buildings (PTB). The literature has been classified into two broad study levels and a set of 58 Key Performance Indicators are identified. These are further classified based on their application in processing, holding and circulation activities and sub-classified as objective and subjective indicators. Analytical methods adapted for service quality (SQ) assessments are comprehended. This paper identifies emerging Stratified SQ indicators and stochastic approaches for performance evaluation considering the spatial, operational and technological transformations of PTBs. Critical gaps from literature and scope for further research are discussed.
This paper presents the results of a thermal comfort evaluation of an underground metro station l... more This paper presents the results of a thermal comfort evaluation of an underground metro station located in a composite climate zone of India (New Delhi). The evaluation comprised real-time monitoring of indoor thermal comfort during winter and summer seasons accompanied by subjective thermal comfort surveys. This study extends the existing field study protocols to transport buildings, which are characterised by dynamic passenger flow. Parameters such as dry bulb temperature (Ti), globe temperature (Tg), relative humidity (RH) and air velocity (Va) were measured using a thermal comfort monitoring system. In addition, spatial variation of Ti, Tg and RH were monitored using lab-assembled Arduino kits. Subjective surveys comprised of transverse responses collected from 360 users and 360 sequential thermal experience responses collected form 60 users. The subjective responses were collected separately for boarding and alighting sequences using an android-based application developed by the team. Transient thermal comfort was estimated using Relative Warmth Index (RWI). A comparative analysis of mean RWI indicates a gradual and uniform change along the alighting sequence of passenger flow. However, the variation of mean RWI is non-uniform and undulated along the boarding sequence. RWI varied from 0.26 at platform to 0.45 at the walkway along the alighting sequence. It varied from 0.3 at concourse to 0.51 at the ticket lobby along the boarding sequence. The neutral temperature (Ti) obtained through thermal sensation vote (TSV) is 30.3°C. The variation in TSV between alighting and boarding passengers were found to be statistically significant at platform, concourse and walkway. A strong positive correlation was obtained between TSV alighting and RWI (R 2 =0.52) as well as TSV boarding and RWI (R 2 =0.53). An RWI value of 0.14 corresponded with mean neutral TSV for the alighting sequence while it was 0.33 for the boarding sequence. The passengers exhibited higher level of tolerance to heat discomfort than that predicted by RWI. Acceptable thermal limits along the alighting and boarding sequence of the metro station are presented.
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Papers by Kapil Sinha