Through alterations in silage and rumen fermentation, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculant... more Through alterations in silage and rumen fermentation, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants may affect OM digestibility and methane (CH4) emissions. In order to identify LAB that may have beneficial effects on CH4 emissions and/or OM digestibility in vivo, a series of in vitro gas production trials were conducted to evaluate potential LAB inoculants several inoculation levels, LAB combinations, and several different basal substrates. In Experiment 1, the effects of 7 LAB on in vitro gas and CH4 production was examined, using dry grass silage as a basal substrate and a LAB inoculation level of 1 × 106 cfu/ml. In Experiment 2, the dose-response effects of 3 LAB on in vitro total gas and CH4 production were examined using the same dry grass silage as in Experiment 1 as the basal substrate. In Experiment 3, 3 LAB inoculant mixtures were examined while varying the basal substrate. Substrates for experiment 3 were inoculated with LAB prior to ensiling for 3 months as ryegrass/clover silage (RCS), maize silage (MS) and ryegrass silage (RS, from bales or mini silos). Results from the 3 experiments revealed several patterns in the effects of LAB inoculants on in vitro fermentation. First, not all LAB affected in vitro fermentation. Of the LAB strains examined in Experiment 1, none had any significant effect on gas production, CH4 production/curve parameters (with the exception of one time point, 72-h, P = 0.05), VFA concentration and profile or OM digestibility. In Experiment 2, L. plantarum (LP) resulted in significant increases in OM digestibility, and there was a trend for several dose related responses. In Experiment 3 it was demonstrated that LAB show both strain and substrate-specific responses. In RS and RCS, an inoculation of a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum (10%), Lactobacillus buchneri (70%) and Lactococcus lactis (20%) (LM1) tended to increase OM digestibility, while an inoculation of a Lactobacillus buchneri (50%) and Lactococcus lactis (50%) mixture (LM2) and a Lactobacillus plantarum (40%), Lactococcus lactis (30%) and Enterococcus faecium (30%) mixture (LM3) tended to decrease OM digestibility in RCS. These effects were generally mirrored by changes in gas and CH4 production. In MS, no effects were observed on OM digestibility, total gas or CH4 production. Results suggest LAB may be most effective in grass silages (compared to maize silages), and that the LP treatment from Experiment 2, or the LM1 treatment from Experiment 3, may be most promising for evaluation in vivo.
This chapter discusses the possibility of applying more integrated approaches when evaluating nut... more This chapter discusses the possibility of applying more integrated approaches when evaluating nutritional strategies for dairy cows, simultaneously in detail and from several aspects. The different levels of aggregation that may be covered by models are shown. Primarily, the chapter handles the integration of details at the sub-cow level to the cow level and explains several physiological aspects and consequences of nutrition strategies for dairy cows. However, a nutritional strategy that appears more successful at the cow level does not necessarily need to be more successful at the level of the whole farming system, including forage production, import of concentrates and production and application of manure. For this reason, a limited attempt has been made at integration with other aspects of the whole farming system.
Optimization of the utilization of nutrients in animal manures requires a whole-chain approach, f... more Optimization of the utilization of nutrients in animal manures requires a whole-chain approach, from the animal feed via the animal and animal manure to the soil and crop. A literature study was carried out to present a state of the art on the relationship between animal nutrition and manure quality. It focused on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of carbon (C ), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) in animal nutrition and in animal manure. The study shows that there is scope for developing simple mathematical relationships that relate total C, N, P and S in the ration to total C, N, P and S in the manure. However, the quantitative understanding of the relationship between the ration composition and the availability and stability of the various C, N, P and S compounds in the manure is still poor. There is, however, scope for exploring these relationships further by incubation studies, modelling and chemical analyses using manures produced from different rations.
ASG onderzocht hoe de penswand van melkkoeien zich ontwikkelt bij het opvoeren van de krachtvoerg... more ASG onderzocht hoe de penswand van melkkoeien zich ontwikkelt bij het opvoeren van de krachtvoergift na het afkalven. 2 voerstrategieen werden vergeleken: een langzame strategie, waarbij de krachtvoergift in de eerste 20 dagen na afkalven werd verhoogd tot maximale waarde (14 kg krachtvoer droge stof per dag), en een snelle strategie, waarbij dit in 10 dagen gebeurde
Livestock feed encompasses both human edible and human inedible components. Human edible feed com... more Livestock feed encompasses both human edible and human inedible components. Human edible feed components may become less available for livestock. Especially for proteins, this calls for action. This review focuses on using alternative protein sources in feed and protein efficiency, the expected problems, and how these problems could be solved. Breeding for higher protein efficiency leading to less use of the protein sources may be one strategy. Replacing (part of) the human edible feed components with human inedible components may be another strategy, which could be combined with breeding for livestock that can efficiently digest novel protein feed sources. The potential use of novel protein sources is discussed. We discuss the present knowledge on novel protein sources, including the consequences for animal performance and production costs, and make recommendations for the use and optimization of novel protein sources (1) to improve our knowledge on the inclusion of human inedible ...
Ruminant livestock enteric fermentation contributes approximately one-third of the global anthrop... more Ruminant livestock enteric fermentation contributes approximately one-third of the global anthropogenic methane (CH 4 ) emissions and is projected to increase significantly to meet the increasing demand for animal-sourced protein. Methane, a short-lived greenhouse gas, needs to be reduced -24 to -47% by 2050 relative to 2010 to meet the 2.0°C target. This study describes the results of a comprehensive meta-analysis to determine effective mitigation strategies. The database included findings from 425 peer-reviewed studies (1963 to 2018). Mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories [animal and feed management, diet formulation, and rumen manipulation (additives and methods used to modify the rumen)] and up to five subcategories (98 total mitigation strategy combinations). A random-effects meta-analysis weighted by inverse variance was carried out (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, V3.3.070). Five feeding strategies, namely CH 4 inhibitors, oils and fats, oilseeds, elec...
Publisher Summary The chapter discusses carboxylic acids as bioregulators and gut growth promoter... more Publisher Summary The chapter discusses carboxylic acids as bioregulators and gut growth promoters in nonruminants. The chapter presents a review of current literature relating the modes of action and effectiveness of both short and medium chain carboxylic acids relative to gut health and performance of nonruminant animals, with an emphasis on pigs. Over the past 50 years numerous studies have been addressed worldwide to evaluate four major benefits because of carboxylic acids: (1) improved health and resistance to disease, (2) faster growth, (3) increased efficiency of diet utilization, (4) better carcass quality. Secondary effects, concerning environmental pollution (less total N, volatilized ammonia, P) and/or reduced production costs have also received considerable attention. The chapter discusses the intraluminal and post-absorptive bioactivity of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) in nonruminants, and particularly in pigs. The chapter discusses: (1) Some essentials on the physicochemical properties of SCFA and MCFA, (2) intraluminal production rates and concentrations in particular sections of the gut, (3) direct and/or indirect effects of SCFA and MCFA on gut functionality, (4) transepithelial transport and absorptive mechanisms of SCFA, and (5) post-absorptive roles in metabolic and regulatory processes of the body.
Het doel van deze studie is het verkennen van de mogelijkheden van een toolbox voor de melkveehou... more Het doel van deze studie is het verkennen van de mogelijkheden van een toolbox voor de melkveehouderij in het veenweidegebied. De melkveehouderij is een belangrijke speler in het veenweidegebied. Een toolbox zou de effecten van peilbeheer en van bedrijfsvoering van melkveehouders op de diverse belangen in beeld moeten brengen. Bij de afweging worden niet alleen de belangen van melkveehouders, maar ook de belangen van andere stakeholders in het veenweidegebied meegewogen. Dit rapport is een voorstudie en rapporteert of een dergelijke toolbox zin heeft en zo ja, hoe deze valt in te richten. In de toelichting wordt het effect van maatregelen op de emissie van broeikasgassen uitgelicht.A toolbox for peat meadows weighs the different interests in the area. This study shows the opportunities for such a toolbox.
Er zijn veel mogelijkheden zijn om te fokken op een betere voerefficientie en een verlaagde milie... more Er zijn veel mogelijkheden zijn om te fokken op een betere voerefficientie en een verlaagde milieubelasting van melkkoeien. De resultaten zijn echter nog niet betrouwbaar genoeg om direct in de praktijk te implementeren.There are many possibilities to breed for improved feed efficiency and reduced methane emission of dairy cattle. However, the results are not that reliable yet to be implemented directly.
Through alterations in silage and rumen fermentation, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculant... more Through alterations in silage and rumen fermentation, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants may affect OM digestibility and methane (CH4) emissions. In order to identify LAB that may have beneficial effects on CH4 emissions and/or OM digestibility in vivo, a series of in vitro gas production trials were conducted to evaluate potential LAB inoculants several inoculation levels, LAB combinations, and several different basal substrates. In Experiment 1, the effects of 7 LAB on in vitro gas and CH4 production was examined, using dry grass silage as a basal substrate and a LAB inoculation level of 1 × 106 cfu/ml. In Experiment 2, the dose-response effects of 3 LAB on in vitro total gas and CH4 production were examined using the same dry grass silage as in Experiment 1 as the basal substrate. In Experiment 3, 3 LAB inoculant mixtures were examined while varying the basal substrate. Substrates for experiment 3 were inoculated with LAB prior to ensiling for 3 months as ryegrass/clover silage (RCS), maize silage (MS) and ryegrass silage (RS, from bales or mini silos). Results from the 3 experiments revealed several patterns in the effects of LAB inoculants on in vitro fermentation. First, not all LAB affected in vitro fermentation. Of the LAB strains examined in Experiment 1, none had any significant effect on gas production, CH4 production/curve parameters (with the exception of one time point, 72-h, P = 0.05), VFA concentration and profile or OM digestibility. In Experiment 2, L. plantarum (LP) resulted in significant increases in OM digestibility, and there was a trend for several dose related responses. In Experiment 3 it was demonstrated that LAB show both strain and substrate-specific responses. In RS and RCS, an inoculation of a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum (10%), Lactobacillus buchneri (70%) and Lactococcus lactis (20%) (LM1) tended to increase OM digestibility, while an inoculation of a Lactobacillus buchneri (50%) and Lactococcus lactis (50%) mixture (LM2) and a Lactobacillus plantarum (40%), Lactococcus lactis (30%) and Enterococcus faecium (30%) mixture (LM3) tended to decrease OM digestibility in RCS. These effects were generally mirrored by changes in gas and CH4 production. In MS, no effects were observed on OM digestibility, total gas or CH4 production. Results suggest LAB may be most effective in grass silages (compared to maize silages), and that the LP treatment from Experiment 2, or the LM1 treatment from Experiment 3, may be most promising for evaluation in vivo.
This chapter discusses the possibility of applying more integrated approaches when evaluating nut... more This chapter discusses the possibility of applying more integrated approaches when evaluating nutritional strategies for dairy cows, simultaneously in detail and from several aspects. The different levels of aggregation that may be covered by models are shown. Primarily, the chapter handles the integration of details at the sub-cow level to the cow level and explains several physiological aspects and consequences of nutrition strategies for dairy cows. However, a nutritional strategy that appears more successful at the cow level does not necessarily need to be more successful at the level of the whole farming system, including forage production, import of concentrates and production and application of manure. For this reason, a limited attempt has been made at integration with other aspects of the whole farming system.
Optimization of the utilization of nutrients in animal manures requires a whole-chain approach, f... more Optimization of the utilization of nutrients in animal manures requires a whole-chain approach, from the animal feed via the animal and animal manure to the soil and crop. A literature study was carried out to present a state of the art on the relationship between animal nutrition and manure quality. It focused on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of carbon (C ), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) in animal nutrition and in animal manure. The study shows that there is scope for developing simple mathematical relationships that relate total C, N, P and S in the ration to total C, N, P and S in the manure. However, the quantitative understanding of the relationship between the ration composition and the availability and stability of the various C, N, P and S compounds in the manure is still poor. There is, however, scope for exploring these relationships further by incubation studies, modelling and chemical analyses using manures produced from different rations.
ASG onderzocht hoe de penswand van melkkoeien zich ontwikkelt bij het opvoeren van de krachtvoerg... more ASG onderzocht hoe de penswand van melkkoeien zich ontwikkelt bij het opvoeren van de krachtvoergift na het afkalven. 2 voerstrategieen werden vergeleken: een langzame strategie, waarbij de krachtvoergift in de eerste 20 dagen na afkalven werd verhoogd tot maximale waarde (14 kg krachtvoer droge stof per dag), en een snelle strategie, waarbij dit in 10 dagen gebeurde
Livestock feed encompasses both human edible and human inedible components. Human edible feed com... more Livestock feed encompasses both human edible and human inedible components. Human edible feed components may become less available for livestock. Especially for proteins, this calls for action. This review focuses on using alternative protein sources in feed and protein efficiency, the expected problems, and how these problems could be solved. Breeding for higher protein efficiency leading to less use of the protein sources may be one strategy. Replacing (part of) the human edible feed components with human inedible components may be another strategy, which could be combined with breeding for livestock that can efficiently digest novel protein feed sources. The potential use of novel protein sources is discussed. We discuss the present knowledge on novel protein sources, including the consequences for animal performance and production costs, and make recommendations for the use and optimization of novel protein sources (1) to improve our knowledge on the inclusion of human inedible ...
Ruminant livestock enteric fermentation contributes approximately one-third of the global anthrop... more Ruminant livestock enteric fermentation contributes approximately one-third of the global anthropogenic methane (CH 4 ) emissions and is projected to increase significantly to meet the increasing demand for animal-sourced protein. Methane, a short-lived greenhouse gas, needs to be reduced -24 to -47% by 2050 relative to 2010 to meet the 2.0°C target. This study describes the results of a comprehensive meta-analysis to determine effective mitigation strategies. The database included findings from 425 peer-reviewed studies (1963 to 2018). Mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories [animal and feed management, diet formulation, and rumen manipulation (additives and methods used to modify the rumen)] and up to five subcategories (98 total mitigation strategy combinations). A random-effects meta-analysis weighted by inverse variance was carried out (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, V3.3.070). Five feeding strategies, namely CH 4 inhibitors, oils and fats, oilseeds, elec...
Publisher Summary The chapter discusses carboxylic acids as bioregulators and gut growth promoter... more Publisher Summary The chapter discusses carboxylic acids as bioregulators and gut growth promoters in nonruminants. The chapter presents a review of current literature relating the modes of action and effectiveness of both short and medium chain carboxylic acids relative to gut health and performance of nonruminant animals, with an emphasis on pigs. Over the past 50 years numerous studies have been addressed worldwide to evaluate four major benefits because of carboxylic acids: (1) improved health and resistance to disease, (2) faster growth, (3) increased efficiency of diet utilization, (4) better carcass quality. Secondary effects, concerning environmental pollution (less total N, volatilized ammonia, P) and/or reduced production costs have also received considerable attention. The chapter discusses the intraluminal and post-absorptive bioactivity of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) in nonruminants, and particularly in pigs. The chapter discusses: (1) Some essentials on the physicochemical properties of SCFA and MCFA, (2) intraluminal production rates and concentrations in particular sections of the gut, (3) direct and/or indirect effects of SCFA and MCFA on gut functionality, (4) transepithelial transport and absorptive mechanisms of SCFA, and (5) post-absorptive roles in metabolic and regulatory processes of the body.
Het doel van deze studie is het verkennen van de mogelijkheden van een toolbox voor de melkveehou... more Het doel van deze studie is het verkennen van de mogelijkheden van een toolbox voor de melkveehouderij in het veenweidegebied. De melkveehouderij is een belangrijke speler in het veenweidegebied. Een toolbox zou de effecten van peilbeheer en van bedrijfsvoering van melkveehouders op de diverse belangen in beeld moeten brengen. Bij de afweging worden niet alleen de belangen van melkveehouders, maar ook de belangen van andere stakeholders in het veenweidegebied meegewogen. Dit rapport is een voorstudie en rapporteert of een dergelijke toolbox zin heeft en zo ja, hoe deze valt in te richten. In de toelichting wordt het effect van maatregelen op de emissie van broeikasgassen uitgelicht.A toolbox for peat meadows weighs the different interests in the area. This study shows the opportunities for such a toolbox.
Er zijn veel mogelijkheden zijn om te fokken op een betere voerefficientie en een verlaagde milie... more Er zijn veel mogelijkheden zijn om te fokken op een betere voerefficientie en een verlaagde milieubelasting van melkkoeien. De resultaten zijn echter nog niet betrouwbaar genoeg om direct in de praktijk te implementeren.There are many possibilities to breed for improved feed efficiency and reduced methane emission of dairy cattle. However, the results are not that reliable yet to be implemented directly.
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