This book provides the fi rst comprehensive review of the fauna of alien terrestrial arthropods t... more This book provides the fi rst comprehensive review of the fauna of alien terrestrial arthropods that have colonized the European continent and its associated islands. Directly ensuing from the DAISIE project, this is the result of the joint work of 89 authors from 27 different European countries. The book summarizes present knowledge of the arthropod invasion process, from temporal trends and biogeographic patterns, to pathways and vectors, invaded habitats, and ecological and economical impacts. A total of 1590 species alien to Europe, including crustaceans, myriapods, mites, spiders, and insects, are listed in two volumes and 21 separate chapters that detail the different taxonomic groups. For each species, all key information - feeding regime, date and country of fi rst record in Europe, invaded countries, invaded habitats, plant or animal host - is supplied. More detailed factsheets are provided for the 80 species considered to be most representative of the different pathways of...
Invasive non-native xylophagous longhorn, bark and jewel beetles are a serious threat to the bios... more Invasive non-native xylophagous longhorn, bark and jewel beetles are a serious threat to the biosecurity of urban, rural and forest trees, causing long-term damage and tree mortality. This has major impacts on pest and tree management as well as ecosystem services provide by trees. These beetles arrive in various forms of timber including logs, lumber, wood packaging, pallets and live trees for planting. Hence, early detection at or close to points of entry is therefore of paramount importance for the implementation and success of eradicating an invasive species. This project aimed to advance previous studies (Rassati <em>et al</em>., 2014; 2015) that demonstrated multi-funnel traps baited with multi-lures could be used to monitor for invasive beetles at points of entry of imported wood, but focusing primarily on longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae). The traps and lures currently available for surveillance of invasive xylophagous beetles were reviewed (Down and Audsley, 2017)...
The association between indirect environmental cues that modulate insect diapause and the actual ... more The association between indirect environmental cues that modulate insect diapause and the actual stressors is by no means granted when a species encounters new environments. The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, is an Asian pest whose rapid invasion in Europe causes considerable economic and ecological impacts. Larvae enter a winter diapause induced by the photoperiod in both native and invaded ranges, but factors that trigger the return to an active phase are still unknown. Yet, identifying them is crucial to understand how diapause end synchronizes with the end of the winter stress encountered in Europe. To test whether activity resumption is regulated by thermal and/or photoperiodic thresholds, or additive effects between these factors often involved in diapause termination, diapausing caterpillars from an invaded area were exposed to crossed treatments at the laboratory. The evolution of diapause rate was monitored over time and compared to that of nearby field sites invaded...
Currently, two cupressaceae ecosystems threatened forest in Morocco; the thuriferous juniper and ... more Currently, two cupressaceae ecosystems threatened forest in Morocco; the thuriferous juniper and the cypress of the high Atlas, are very unsettled with almost absent undergrowth, an eroded soil, and regeneration greatly reduced. Added to the impact of pest mites and insects specialized in the exploitation of cones and seed. The present study aimed to 1) establish an inventory of the insect fauna associated with cones and seeds of two conifers 2) to measure its impact on the potential regeneration 3) clarify the relationship between phenology and pest host plant. For this, we selected several sites within the natural range of the thuriferous juniper and the cypress of the high Atlas. For the thuriferous juniper the selected sites included others species of Juniperus in order to clarify whether pest species could go from one to another, and what were the possible differences between the populations of pests present in each species. For the Cupressus atlantica, it has also sought to collect cones of Cupressus sempervirens to monitor wildlife trade possible between these species. On each site, crops of cones were conducted in late May. The percentage of cones attacked by insects and mites has been estimated, and then the seeds were extracted to be radiographed to estimate the potential for viable seeds. In addition, for the Cypress, a more detailed study was conducted on the seeds of such bugs Orsillus to compare their response to the two species of cypress. Within these pests we noted the presence of a single specific species of seed of Juniperus thurifera (Megastigmus thuriferana). This is a spermatophagous (according to the classification established by Turgeon et al. 1994). While Trisetacus quadrisetus, second spermatophagous species was identified in the other two Juniperus: J. oxycedrus and J. phoenicea. For the four species conospermatophagous only Argyresthia reticulata is specific of thuriferous juniper in Morocco. Regarding the impact of these pests, we should note the importance of attack seeds by insects and mites, including Trisetacus quadrisetus, Pammene oxycedrana, Argyresthia reticulata. These results confirm those of other previous work on the role of mites and insects in reducing the stock of seeds can germinate (El Alaoui El Fels 1999; El Alaoui El Fels & Roques 2006). For Atlas cypress, one can note the presence of the native species Megastigmus atlanticus(spermatophagous species, according to the classification of Turgeon et al. 1994), with the other species subservient evergreen cypress especially in the edge Mediterranean (Guido et al. 1995; Bouaziz & Chakali 1997; El Alaoui El Fels 1999; Roques et al. 1999). For damage, seeds Atlas cypress are the most attacked by pests. However, laboratory experiments conducted on the choice of Orsillus depressus over two cypress cones show no significant difference.
In the subalpine forest ecosystems of the French Alps, European larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.)... more In the subalpine forest ecosystems of the French Alps, European larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) are periodically affected by outbreaks of a defoliating insect, the larch budmoth (Zeiraphera griseana (Hübner, 1799); LBM). To assess the long-term dynamics of LBM populations, we propose a spatiotemporal analysis of a long outbreak chronology reconstruction for the entire French Alps covering the period 1414–2009. This chronology was obtained by analyzing tree ring width (TRW) chronologies collected from 44 larch populations. The evidence of a latitudinal gradient in LBM is an original result that we have related to the “travelling waves” and “epicenter” theory. Wavelet analyses revealed a strong explicit continuous signal for periodicities of 4, 8, and 16 years throughout the entire 1500–2003 time series, except for a loss of power from 1690 to 1790 and since the early 1980s. We hypothesize that these abrupt changes could reflect a physiological response of LBM to past climatic varia...
Phytophagous insects provide useful models for the study of ecological speciation. Much attention... more Phytophagous insects provide useful models for the study of ecological speciation. Much attention has been paid to host shifts, whereas situations where closely related lineages of insects use the same plant during different time periods have been relatively neglected in previous studies of insect diversification. Flies of the genus Strobilomyia are major pests of conifers in Eurasia and North America. They are specialized feeders in cones and seeds of Abies (fir), Larix (larch) ,and Picea (spruce). This close association is accompanied by a large number of sympatric Strobilomyia species coexisting within each tree genus. We constructed a molecular phylogeny with a 1320 base-pair fragment of mitochondrial DNA that demonstrated contrasting patterns of speciation in larch cone flies, as opposed to spruce and fir cone flies; this despite their comparable geographic distributions and similar resource quality of the host. Species diversity is the highest on larch, and speciation is primarily driven by within-host phenological shifts, followed by allopatric speciation during geographical expansion. By contrast, fewer species exploit spruce and fir, and within-host phenological shifts did not occur. This study illustrates within-host adaptive radiation through phenological shifts, a neglected mode of sympatric speciation.
The mitochondrial genome of Bactrocera cucurbitae, a representative of the Tephritid family, was ... more The mitochondrial genome of Bactrocera cucurbitae, a representative of the Tephritid family, was completely sequenced for the first time. The B. cucurbitae genome is a double-stranded circular molecule of 15,825 bp long, including the entire set of the 37 genes. The 72.9% A+T content and 0.047 AT-skew are within the range of the known dipteran genomes. Comparative analyses showed that dipteran mitochondrial protein-coding genes present complex evolutionary patterns. Some of the codon families were strongly biased towards J-strand. The mitochondrial ATP8 of B. cucurbitae exhibited a faster substitution rate than other genes. Cox1 is the slowest evolving protein and could be considered as a potential phylogenetic marker.
Surveillance using attractants for invasive species can allow early detection of new incursions a... more Surveillance using attractants for invasive species can allow early detection of new incursions and provide decision support to response programs. Simultaneous trapping for multiple species, by baiting traps with several lures, is expected to increase the number of species that can be targeted in surveillance programs and improve the cost-effectiveness without affecting surveillance coverage. We tested this hypothesis by choosing four potential forest and urban lepidopteran pest species that are present in Europe but not yet in New Zealand and many other countries. We deployed traps in central and southern Europe with single lures or all possible species combinations (up to four lures per trap). There was only limited interference, apparently due to trap saturation, but no evidence for interspecific repellency among lures for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, and pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana. To assess what factors may be important in species compatibility/suitability for multiple-species trapping, we combined our results with those of previous studies conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture. For 75 combinations of pheromones, tested singly or in combination, 19 % showed no effect on trap catch for any of the species tested. In the other cases, either one or both species showed a reduction in trap catch. However, few lure combinations caused complete or nearly complete suppression. For most combinations, catches were still sufficiently high for detection purposes. Species from the same superfamily exhibited more interference than more distantly related species. Together, these results suggest that there are opportunities to improve the range of exotic pests under surveillance, at little additional cost, by multiple-species trapping for which compatibility has been demonstrated.
Information relevant to invasion processes and invasive alien insect species management in Centra... more Information relevant to invasion processes and invasive alien insect species management in Central Europe was extracted from two databases: a compilation of two inventories of alien insects in Austria and Switzerland, and a list of interceptions of non-indigenous plant pests in Europe gathered by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) for the period 1995–2004. For one-third of the insects established in Switzerland and Austria, the region of origin is unclear. Others come mainly from North America, Asia and the Mediterranean region. Among the intercepted insects, 40% were associated with commodities from Asia, 32% from Europe and only 2% from North America. Sternorrhyncha, Coleoptera and Psocoptera were particularly well represented in the alien fauna compared to the native fauna. In the interception database, Sternorrhyncha were also well represented but Diptera accounted for the highest number of records. Sap feeders and detritivores were the dominant ...
This book provides the fi rst comprehensive review of the fauna of alien terrestrial arthropods t... more This book provides the fi rst comprehensive review of the fauna of alien terrestrial arthropods that have colonized the European continent and its associated islands. Directly ensuing from the DAISIE project, this is the result of the joint work of 89 authors from 27 different European countries. The book summarizes present knowledge of the arthropod invasion process, from temporal trends and biogeographic patterns, to pathways and vectors, invaded habitats, and ecological and economical impacts. A total of 1590 species alien to Europe, including crustaceans, myriapods, mites, spiders, and insects, are listed in two volumes and 21 separate chapters that detail the different taxonomic groups. For each species, all key information - feeding regime, date and country of fi rst record in Europe, invaded countries, invaded habitats, plant or animal host - is supplied. More detailed factsheets are provided for the 80 species considered to be most representative of the different pathways of...
This book provides the fi rst comprehensive review of the fauna of alien terrestrial arthropods t... more This book provides the fi rst comprehensive review of the fauna of alien terrestrial arthropods that have colonized the European continent and its associated islands. Directly ensuing from the DAISIE project, this is the result of the joint work of 89 authors from 27 different European countries. The book summarizes present knowledge of the arthropod invasion process, from temporal trends and biogeographic patterns, to pathways and vectors, invaded habitats, and ecological and economical impacts. A total of 1590 species alien to Europe, including crustaceans, myriapods, mites, spiders, and insects, are listed in two volumes and 21 separate chapters that detail the different taxonomic groups. For each species, all key information - feeding regime, date and country of fi rst record in Europe, invaded countries, invaded habitats, plant or animal host - is supplied. More detailed factsheets are provided for the 80 species considered to be most representative of the different pathways of...
Invasive non-native xylophagous longhorn, bark and jewel beetles are a serious threat to the bios... more Invasive non-native xylophagous longhorn, bark and jewel beetles are a serious threat to the biosecurity of urban, rural and forest trees, causing long-term damage and tree mortality. This has major impacts on pest and tree management as well as ecosystem services provide by trees. These beetles arrive in various forms of timber including logs, lumber, wood packaging, pallets and live trees for planting. Hence, early detection at or close to points of entry is therefore of paramount importance for the implementation and success of eradicating an invasive species. This project aimed to advance previous studies (Rassati <em>et al</em>., 2014; 2015) that demonstrated multi-funnel traps baited with multi-lures could be used to monitor for invasive beetles at points of entry of imported wood, but focusing primarily on longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae). The traps and lures currently available for surveillance of invasive xylophagous beetles were reviewed (Down and Audsley, 2017)...
The association between indirect environmental cues that modulate insect diapause and the actual ... more The association between indirect environmental cues that modulate insect diapause and the actual stressors is by no means granted when a species encounters new environments. The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, is an Asian pest whose rapid invasion in Europe causes considerable economic and ecological impacts. Larvae enter a winter diapause induced by the photoperiod in both native and invaded ranges, but factors that trigger the return to an active phase are still unknown. Yet, identifying them is crucial to understand how diapause end synchronizes with the end of the winter stress encountered in Europe. To test whether activity resumption is regulated by thermal and/or photoperiodic thresholds, or additive effects between these factors often involved in diapause termination, diapausing caterpillars from an invaded area were exposed to crossed treatments at the laboratory. The evolution of diapause rate was monitored over time and compared to that of nearby field sites invaded...
Currently, two cupressaceae ecosystems threatened forest in Morocco; the thuriferous juniper and ... more Currently, two cupressaceae ecosystems threatened forest in Morocco; the thuriferous juniper and the cypress of the high Atlas, are very unsettled with almost absent undergrowth, an eroded soil, and regeneration greatly reduced. Added to the impact of pest mites and insects specialized in the exploitation of cones and seed. The present study aimed to 1) establish an inventory of the insect fauna associated with cones and seeds of two conifers 2) to measure its impact on the potential regeneration 3) clarify the relationship between phenology and pest host plant. For this, we selected several sites within the natural range of the thuriferous juniper and the cypress of the high Atlas. For the thuriferous juniper the selected sites included others species of Juniperus in order to clarify whether pest species could go from one to another, and what were the possible differences between the populations of pests present in each species. For the Cupressus atlantica, it has also sought to collect cones of Cupressus sempervirens to monitor wildlife trade possible between these species. On each site, crops of cones were conducted in late May. The percentage of cones attacked by insects and mites has been estimated, and then the seeds were extracted to be radiographed to estimate the potential for viable seeds. In addition, for the Cypress, a more detailed study was conducted on the seeds of such bugs Orsillus to compare their response to the two species of cypress. Within these pests we noted the presence of a single specific species of seed of Juniperus thurifera (Megastigmus thuriferana). This is a spermatophagous (according to the classification established by Turgeon et al. 1994). While Trisetacus quadrisetus, second spermatophagous species was identified in the other two Juniperus: J. oxycedrus and J. phoenicea. For the four species conospermatophagous only Argyresthia reticulata is specific of thuriferous juniper in Morocco. Regarding the impact of these pests, we should note the importance of attack seeds by insects and mites, including Trisetacus quadrisetus, Pammene oxycedrana, Argyresthia reticulata. These results confirm those of other previous work on the role of mites and insects in reducing the stock of seeds can germinate (El Alaoui El Fels 1999; El Alaoui El Fels & Roques 2006). For Atlas cypress, one can note the presence of the native species Megastigmus atlanticus(spermatophagous species, according to the classification of Turgeon et al. 1994), with the other species subservient evergreen cypress especially in the edge Mediterranean (Guido et al. 1995; Bouaziz & Chakali 1997; El Alaoui El Fels 1999; Roques et al. 1999). For damage, seeds Atlas cypress are the most attacked by pests. However, laboratory experiments conducted on the choice of Orsillus depressus over two cypress cones show no significant difference.
In the subalpine forest ecosystems of the French Alps, European larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.)... more In the subalpine forest ecosystems of the French Alps, European larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) are periodically affected by outbreaks of a defoliating insect, the larch budmoth (Zeiraphera griseana (Hübner, 1799); LBM). To assess the long-term dynamics of LBM populations, we propose a spatiotemporal analysis of a long outbreak chronology reconstruction for the entire French Alps covering the period 1414–2009. This chronology was obtained by analyzing tree ring width (TRW) chronologies collected from 44 larch populations. The evidence of a latitudinal gradient in LBM is an original result that we have related to the “travelling waves” and “epicenter” theory. Wavelet analyses revealed a strong explicit continuous signal for periodicities of 4, 8, and 16 years throughout the entire 1500–2003 time series, except for a loss of power from 1690 to 1790 and since the early 1980s. We hypothesize that these abrupt changes could reflect a physiological response of LBM to past climatic varia...
Phytophagous insects provide useful models for the study of ecological speciation. Much attention... more Phytophagous insects provide useful models for the study of ecological speciation. Much attention has been paid to host shifts, whereas situations where closely related lineages of insects use the same plant during different time periods have been relatively neglected in previous studies of insect diversification. Flies of the genus Strobilomyia are major pests of conifers in Eurasia and North America. They are specialized feeders in cones and seeds of Abies (fir), Larix (larch) ,and Picea (spruce). This close association is accompanied by a large number of sympatric Strobilomyia species coexisting within each tree genus. We constructed a molecular phylogeny with a 1320 base-pair fragment of mitochondrial DNA that demonstrated contrasting patterns of speciation in larch cone flies, as opposed to spruce and fir cone flies; this despite their comparable geographic distributions and similar resource quality of the host. Species diversity is the highest on larch, and speciation is primarily driven by within-host phenological shifts, followed by allopatric speciation during geographical expansion. By contrast, fewer species exploit spruce and fir, and within-host phenological shifts did not occur. This study illustrates within-host adaptive radiation through phenological shifts, a neglected mode of sympatric speciation.
The mitochondrial genome of Bactrocera cucurbitae, a representative of the Tephritid family, was ... more The mitochondrial genome of Bactrocera cucurbitae, a representative of the Tephritid family, was completely sequenced for the first time. The B. cucurbitae genome is a double-stranded circular molecule of 15,825 bp long, including the entire set of the 37 genes. The 72.9% A+T content and 0.047 AT-skew are within the range of the known dipteran genomes. Comparative analyses showed that dipteran mitochondrial protein-coding genes present complex evolutionary patterns. Some of the codon families were strongly biased towards J-strand. The mitochondrial ATP8 of B. cucurbitae exhibited a faster substitution rate than other genes. Cox1 is the slowest evolving protein and could be considered as a potential phylogenetic marker.
Surveillance using attractants for invasive species can allow early detection of new incursions a... more Surveillance using attractants for invasive species can allow early detection of new incursions and provide decision support to response programs. Simultaneous trapping for multiple species, by baiting traps with several lures, is expected to increase the number of species that can be targeted in surveillance programs and improve the cost-effectiveness without affecting surveillance coverage. We tested this hypothesis by choosing four potential forest and urban lepidopteran pest species that are present in Europe but not yet in New Zealand and many other countries. We deployed traps in central and southern Europe with single lures or all possible species combinations (up to four lures per trap). There was only limited interference, apparently due to trap saturation, but no evidence for interspecific repellency among lures for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, and pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana. To assess what factors may be important in species compatibility/suitability for multiple-species trapping, we combined our results with those of previous studies conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture. For 75 combinations of pheromones, tested singly or in combination, 19 % showed no effect on trap catch for any of the species tested. In the other cases, either one or both species showed a reduction in trap catch. However, few lure combinations caused complete or nearly complete suppression. For most combinations, catches were still sufficiently high for detection purposes. Species from the same superfamily exhibited more interference than more distantly related species. Together, these results suggest that there are opportunities to improve the range of exotic pests under surveillance, at little additional cost, by multiple-species trapping for which compatibility has been demonstrated.
Information relevant to invasion processes and invasive alien insect species management in Centra... more Information relevant to invasion processes and invasive alien insect species management in Central Europe was extracted from two databases: a compilation of two inventories of alien insects in Austria and Switzerland, and a list of interceptions of non-indigenous plant pests in Europe gathered by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) for the period 1995–2004. For one-third of the insects established in Switzerland and Austria, the region of origin is unclear. Others come mainly from North America, Asia and the Mediterranean region. Among the intercepted insects, 40% were associated with commodities from Asia, 32% from Europe and only 2% from North America. Sternorrhyncha, Coleoptera and Psocoptera were particularly well represented in the alien fauna compared to the native fauna. In the interception database, Sternorrhyncha were also well represented but Diptera accounted for the highest number of records. Sap feeders and detritivores were the dominant ...
This book provides the fi rst comprehensive review of the fauna of alien terrestrial arthropods t... more This book provides the fi rst comprehensive review of the fauna of alien terrestrial arthropods that have colonized the European continent and its associated islands. Directly ensuing from the DAISIE project, this is the result of the joint work of 89 authors from 27 different European countries. The book summarizes present knowledge of the arthropod invasion process, from temporal trends and biogeographic patterns, to pathways and vectors, invaded habitats, and ecological and economical impacts. A total of 1590 species alien to Europe, including crustaceans, myriapods, mites, spiders, and insects, are listed in two volumes and 21 separate chapters that detail the different taxonomic groups. For each species, all key information - feeding regime, date and country of fi rst record in Europe, invaded countries, invaded habitats, plant or animal host - is supplied. More detailed factsheets are provided for the 80 species considered to be most representative of the different pathways of...
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