The structural behaviors of cylindrical barns as a specific engineering structure have been consi... more The structural behaviors of cylindrical barns as a specific engineering structure have been considered as a complicated computing process. The structure design against the earthquake load, to protect by using the code, is an urgency avoiding unexpected damages. The situation has been subjected to the applied design method if there would be no failure across the construction procedures. The purpose of the current study is to clarify the behaviors of cylindrical reinforced concrete barns through the analytic methods across the mass and Lagrangian approaches through the whole outcomes comparison indicating that the isoparametric element obtained from the Lagrangian approach has been successfully applied in the barns earthquake analysis when the slosh effects have been discarded. The form of stress distributions is equal with sz closed distributions to one another
An experimental study is conducted to determine the interaction/exchange between metals in contam... more An experimental study is conducted to determine the interaction/exchange between metals in contaminated soils and those in metallic water pipes. Experimentation was carried out on two-100 mm diameter (ductile iron pipe) DIP sections, buried in soil and subjected to artificial rainwater (ARW) representing three years' rainfall. The backfill soil was contaminated with controlled concentrations of heavy metals; they were Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb). These were then allowed to seep through the soil to the pipe external surfaces. The results indicated that there was iron enrichment from the rainwater experiments compared to the controls whose source could only be the pipe sections; the remaining fittings were not metallic. The iron released from the pipe was then determined in the drainage. There was an increasing wash out of iron content with progressive increases in contaminant loading in each following experiment after which it decreased with time because o...
Tunnel construction in urban areas causes ground displacement which may distort and damage overly... more Tunnel construction in urban areas causes ground displacement which may distort and damage overlying buildings and municipal utilities. It is therefore extremely important to predict tunneling-induced ground movements in tunneling projects. To predict the tunneling-induced ground movements, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used as flexible non-linear approximation functions. These methods, however, have significant limitations that decrease their accuracy and applicability. To overcome these problems, the use of optimization algorithms to train ANNs is of advantage. In this paper, a hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm-based ANN is developed to predict the maximum surface settlement and inflection points in transverse and longitudinal directions. Subsequently, the transverse and longitudinal troughs were obtained by means of empirical equations and 3D surface settlement troughs were ploted. For this purpose, extensive data consisting of measured settlements from 123 settlement markers, geotechnical properties and tunneling parameters were collected from the Karaj Urban Railway Project in Iran. The optimum values of PSO parameters were determined with the help of sensitivity analysis. On the other hand, to find the optimal architecture of the network, trial-and-error method was used. The final hybrid model including eight inputs, a hidden layer and three outputs was used to predict transverse and longitudinal tunneling-induced ground movements. The results demonstrated that the proposed model can very accurately predict three-dimensional ground movements induced by tunneling.
The electronic journal of geotechnical engineering, 2015
Tunnelling in densely populated areas is generally associated with undesirable ground movement an... more Tunnelling in densely populated areas is generally associated with undesirable ground movement and subsequent damage to adjacent buildings. Many parameters are contributed to the ground movements during tunnelling in which non-linear relationships are established between these parameters and ground movements. This paper presents the effects of tunnel depth and relative density of sand on surface settlement induced by tunneling by means of parametric study through finite element modelling. In this regard, tunnel excavation in sand with two different relative densities of 30% and 75% was investigated. In addition, effects of tunneling in different cover to diameter ratio of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were analysed. The results show that increasing in the value of the relative density of sand reduces the ground movements induced by tunneling. In addition, shallow tunneling in loose sand produces remarkable movements around the tunnel and on the ground surface.
International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Dec 1, 2012
Blasting is the controlled use of explosives to excavate, break down or remove rock in constructi... more Blasting is the controlled use of explosives to excavate, break down or remove rock in construction projects and mining industrials. Air overpressure or airblast is one of the undesirable effects of blasting operation that affects the surrounding environment and may cause damage to adjacent structures. Blasting designers concern about the airblast induced by blasting as the adverse and unintended effects of explosive usage on the surrounding areas. Prediction of airblast is a significant part of blasting damage assessment. Several methods were developed based on the empirical relationships obtained from field studies to predict blasting induced airblast. Nevertheless, these methods usually predict with considerable error due to the fact that the methods do not consider effective parameters on airblast phenomena. This paper presents a new method based on artificial neural networks to predict blastinginduced airblast. Thirty eight blasting operations were monitored from two granite quarry sites in Malaysia, and the obtained data were used to create an artificial neural network model to predict airblast induced by blasting. The results indicate that this method is able to predict blasting-induced airblast with reasonable accuracy.
Abstract A reliable prediction of the soil properties mixed with recycled material is considered ... more Abstract A reliable prediction of the soil properties mixed with recycled material is considered as an ultimate goal of many geotechnical laboratory works. In this study, after planning and conducting a series of laboratory works, some basic properties of marine clay treated with recycled tiles together with their unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values were obtained. Then, these basic properties were selected as input variables to predict the UCS values through the use of two hybrid intelligent systems i.e., the neuro-swarm and the neuro-imperialism. Actually, in these systems, respectively, the weights and biases of the artificial neural network (ANN) were optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and imperialism competitive algorithm (ICA) to get a higher accuracy compared to a pre-developed ANN model. The best neuro-swarm and neuro-imperialism models were selected based on several parametric studies on the most important and effective parameters of PSO and ICA. Afterward, these models were evaluated according to several well-known performance indices. It was found that the neuro-swarm predictive model provides a higher level of accuracy in predicting the UCS of clay soil samples treated with recycled tiles. However, both hybrid predictive models can be used in practice to predict the UCS values for initial design of geotechnical structures.
Mechanical shear connectors are commonly used to transfer longitudinal shear forces across the st... more Mechanical shear connectors are commonly used to transfer longitudinal shear forces across the steel-concrete interface in composite beams. Steel pipe as a new shear connector is proposed in this research and its performance to achieve composite strength is investigated. Experimental monotonic push-out tests were carried out for this connector. Then, a nonlinear finite element model of the push-out specimens is developed and verified against test results. Further, the finite element model is used to investigate the effects of pipe thickness, length and diameter on the shear strength of the connectors. The ultimate strengths of these connectors are reported and their respective failure modes are discussed. This paper comprises of the push-out tests of ten specimens on this shear connector in both the vertical and horizontal positions in different reinforced concretes. The results of experimental tests are given as load-deformation plots. It is concluded that the use of these connectors is very effective and economical in the medium shear demand range of 150-350 KN. The dominant failure modes observed were either failure of concrete block (crushing and splitting) or shear failure of pipe connector. It is shown that the horizontal pipe is not as effective as vertical pipe shear connector and is not recommended for practical use. It is shown that pipe connectors are more effective in transferring shear forces than channel and stud connectors. Moreover, based on the parametric study, a formula is presented to predict the pipe shear connectors' capacity.
In geotechnical engineering field, the behaviour of soil does rely much on the shear strength for... more In geotechnical engineering field, the behaviour of soil does rely much on the shear strength for design purpose. Previously, findings show that the change of grained size in soil will change the structure (microstructure) and behaviour of the soil; consequently, affected the strength. To date, limited study focused on the effect of grading on the behaviour of sand fine mixtures. This study aims to investigate the effect of coarse sand on undrained strength behaviour of sand matrix soils in comparison with clean sand. A series of test on reconstituted sand matrix soils had been carried out by conducting consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial test using GDS ELDYN® triaxial machine. Coarse sand (retain within 2.0 mm to 0.6 mm) was mixed with 0%, 10 %, 20%, 30%, and 40% of fine particles (kaolin) independently by weight to prepare reconstituted samples. Triaxial samples of 50 mm diameter and 100 mm height were prepared using wet tamping technique (5% of moisture content) with targeted relative density at 15% (loose state). Each reconstituted sample was sheared at two effective confining pressures of 100 kPa and 200 kPa, respectively. Results show that the gradation contributed to the behaviour of the sand matrix soils. Increasing percentage of coarse sand in sand matrix soils exhibited higher effective friction angle. Similar trends were also observed on the angularity effect on undrained shear strength parameters.
Tunnelling through densely populated areas is usually associated with undesirable ground movement... more Tunnelling through densely populated areas is usually associated with undesirable ground movement and damage to adjacent buildings. Consequently, it is essential to investigate the mechanism of the soil movements around the tunnel as well as ground surface. Laboratory model tests provide comprehensive understanding of the soil movements induced by tunnelling and failure mechanism as well. This paper presents a review on the laboratory model test of tunnels in soft soils
The structural behaviors of cylindrical barns as a specific engineering structure have been consi... more The structural behaviors of cylindrical barns as a specific engineering structure have been considered as a complicated computing process. The structure design against the earthquake load, to protect by using the code, is an urgency avoiding unexpected damages. The situation has been subjected to the applied design method if there would be no failure across the construction procedures. The purpose of the current study is to clarify the behaviors of cylindrical reinforced concrete barns through the analytic methods across the mass and Lagrangian approaches through the whole outcomes comparison indicating that the isoparametric element obtained from the Lagrangian approach has been successfully applied in the barns earthquake analysis when the slosh effects have been discarded. The form of stress distributions is equal with sz closed distributions to one another
An experimental study is conducted to determine the interaction/exchange between metals in contam... more An experimental study is conducted to determine the interaction/exchange between metals in contaminated soils and those in metallic water pipes. Experimentation was carried out on two-100 mm diameter (ductile iron pipe) DIP sections, buried in soil and subjected to artificial rainwater (ARW) representing three years' rainfall. The backfill soil was contaminated with controlled concentrations of heavy metals; they were Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb). These were then allowed to seep through the soil to the pipe external surfaces. The results indicated that there was iron enrichment from the rainwater experiments compared to the controls whose source could only be the pipe sections; the remaining fittings were not metallic. The iron released from the pipe was then determined in the drainage. There was an increasing wash out of iron content with progressive increases in contaminant loading in each following experiment after which it decreased with time because o...
Tunnel construction in urban areas causes ground displacement which may distort and damage overly... more Tunnel construction in urban areas causes ground displacement which may distort and damage overlying buildings and municipal utilities. It is therefore extremely important to predict tunneling-induced ground movements in tunneling projects. To predict the tunneling-induced ground movements, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used as flexible non-linear approximation functions. These methods, however, have significant limitations that decrease their accuracy and applicability. To overcome these problems, the use of optimization algorithms to train ANNs is of advantage. In this paper, a hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm-based ANN is developed to predict the maximum surface settlement and inflection points in transverse and longitudinal directions. Subsequently, the transverse and longitudinal troughs were obtained by means of empirical equations and 3D surface settlement troughs were ploted. For this purpose, extensive data consisting of measured settlements from 123 settlement markers, geotechnical properties and tunneling parameters were collected from the Karaj Urban Railway Project in Iran. The optimum values of PSO parameters were determined with the help of sensitivity analysis. On the other hand, to find the optimal architecture of the network, trial-and-error method was used. The final hybrid model including eight inputs, a hidden layer and three outputs was used to predict transverse and longitudinal tunneling-induced ground movements. The results demonstrated that the proposed model can very accurately predict three-dimensional ground movements induced by tunneling.
The electronic journal of geotechnical engineering, 2015
Tunnelling in densely populated areas is generally associated with undesirable ground movement an... more Tunnelling in densely populated areas is generally associated with undesirable ground movement and subsequent damage to adjacent buildings. Many parameters are contributed to the ground movements during tunnelling in which non-linear relationships are established between these parameters and ground movements. This paper presents the effects of tunnel depth and relative density of sand on surface settlement induced by tunneling by means of parametric study through finite element modelling. In this regard, tunnel excavation in sand with two different relative densities of 30% and 75% was investigated. In addition, effects of tunneling in different cover to diameter ratio of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were analysed. The results show that increasing in the value of the relative density of sand reduces the ground movements induced by tunneling. In addition, shallow tunneling in loose sand produces remarkable movements around the tunnel and on the ground surface.
International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Dec 1, 2012
Blasting is the controlled use of explosives to excavate, break down or remove rock in constructi... more Blasting is the controlled use of explosives to excavate, break down or remove rock in construction projects and mining industrials. Air overpressure or airblast is one of the undesirable effects of blasting operation that affects the surrounding environment and may cause damage to adjacent structures. Blasting designers concern about the airblast induced by blasting as the adverse and unintended effects of explosive usage on the surrounding areas. Prediction of airblast is a significant part of blasting damage assessment. Several methods were developed based on the empirical relationships obtained from field studies to predict blasting induced airblast. Nevertheless, these methods usually predict with considerable error due to the fact that the methods do not consider effective parameters on airblast phenomena. This paper presents a new method based on artificial neural networks to predict blastinginduced airblast. Thirty eight blasting operations were monitored from two granite quarry sites in Malaysia, and the obtained data were used to create an artificial neural network model to predict airblast induced by blasting. The results indicate that this method is able to predict blasting-induced airblast with reasonable accuracy.
Abstract A reliable prediction of the soil properties mixed with recycled material is considered ... more Abstract A reliable prediction of the soil properties mixed with recycled material is considered as an ultimate goal of many geotechnical laboratory works. In this study, after planning and conducting a series of laboratory works, some basic properties of marine clay treated with recycled tiles together with their unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values were obtained. Then, these basic properties were selected as input variables to predict the UCS values through the use of two hybrid intelligent systems i.e., the neuro-swarm and the neuro-imperialism. Actually, in these systems, respectively, the weights and biases of the artificial neural network (ANN) were optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and imperialism competitive algorithm (ICA) to get a higher accuracy compared to a pre-developed ANN model. The best neuro-swarm and neuro-imperialism models were selected based on several parametric studies on the most important and effective parameters of PSO and ICA. Afterward, these models were evaluated according to several well-known performance indices. It was found that the neuro-swarm predictive model provides a higher level of accuracy in predicting the UCS of clay soil samples treated with recycled tiles. However, both hybrid predictive models can be used in practice to predict the UCS values for initial design of geotechnical structures.
Mechanical shear connectors are commonly used to transfer longitudinal shear forces across the st... more Mechanical shear connectors are commonly used to transfer longitudinal shear forces across the steel-concrete interface in composite beams. Steel pipe as a new shear connector is proposed in this research and its performance to achieve composite strength is investigated. Experimental monotonic push-out tests were carried out for this connector. Then, a nonlinear finite element model of the push-out specimens is developed and verified against test results. Further, the finite element model is used to investigate the effects of pipe thickness, length and diameter on the shear strength of the connectors. The ultimate strengths of these connectors are reported and their respective failure modes are discussed. This paper comprises of the push-out tests of ten specimens on this shear connector in both the vertical and horizontal positions in different reinforced concretes. The results of experimental tests are given as load-deformation plots. It is concluded that the use of these connectors is very effective and economical in the medium shear demand range of 150-350 KN. The dominant failure modes observed were either failure of concrete block (crushing and splitting) or shear failure of pipe connector. It is shown that the horizontal pipe is not as effective as vertical pipe shear connector and is not recommended for practical use. It is shown that pipe connectors are more effective in transferring shear forces than channel and stud connectors. Moreover, based on the parametric study, a formula is presented to predict the pipe shear connectors' capacity.
In geotechnical engineering field, the behaviour of soil does rely much on the shear strength for... more In geotechnical engineering field, the behaviour of soil does rely much on the shear strength for design purpose. Previously, findings show that the change of grained size in soil will change the structure (microstructure) and behaviour of the soil; consequently, affected the strength. To date, limited study focused on the effect of grading on the behaviour of sand fine mixtures. This study aims to investigate the effect of coarse sand on undrained strength behaviour of sand matrix soils in comparison with clean sand. A series of test on reconstituted sand matrix soils had been carried out by conducting consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial test using GDS ELDYN® triaxial machine. Coarse sand (retain within 2.0 mm to 0.6 mm) was mixed with 0%, 10 %, 20%, 30%, and 40% of fine particles (kaolin) independently by weight to prepare reconstituted samples. Triaxial samples of 50 mm diameter and 100 mm height were prepared using wet tamping technique (5% of moisture content) with targeted relative density at 15% (loose state). Each reconstituted sample was sheared at two effective confining pressures of 100 kPa and 200 kPa, respectively. Results show that the gradation contributed to the behaviour of the sand matrix soils. Increasing percentage of coarse sand in sand matrix soils exhibited higher effective friction angle. Similar trends were also observed on the angularity effect on undrained shear strength parameters.
Tunnelling through densely populated areas is usually associated with undesirable ground movement... more Tunnelling through densely populated areas is usually associated with undesirable ground movement and damage to adjacent buildings. Consequently, it is essential to investigate the mechanism of the soil movements around the tunnel as well as ground surface. Laboratory model tests provide comprehensive understanding of the soil movements induced by tunnelling and failure mechanism as well. This paper presents a review on the laboratory model test of tunnels in soft soils
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