This paper conceptualizes the current information and communication technology (ICT) development ... more This paper conceptualizes the current information and communication technology (ICT) development progress in Yemen to provide an indication of the growing digital divide between Yemen and the rest of the world. It presents a detailed analysis of the indicators related to ICT status, which can give a clear indication of the width of the digital divide. It also explores the main barriers of ICT development in Yemen including political, economic and social difficulties in addition to the ongoing war impact on the overall progress. Furthermore, we underlined Covid-19 role in spotlighting the essentiality of ICTs. The results of the study show clearly that there is a huge digital gap in Yemen depriving its people of many new technologies advantages. To shrink this gap, we proposed a number of practical solutions to overcome the ICT development main obstacles in order to avoid any further decline and to enable Yemen to start moving forward towards the emerging ICT trends and applications such as the Internet of things and artificial intelligence. Such progress in bridging the digital divide can improve all aspects of people's lives in Yemen, and accelerate sustainable development at the national level.
2021 1st International Conference on Emerging Smart Technologies and Applications (eSmarTA), 2021
This paper conceptualizes the current information and communication technology (ICT) development ... more This paper conceptualizes the current information and communication technology (ICT) development progress in Yemen to provide an indication of the growing digital divide between Yemen and the rest of the world. It presents a detailed analysis of the indicators related to ICT status, which can give a clear indication of the width of the digital divide. It also explores the main barriers of ICT development in Yemen including political, economic and social difficulties in addition to the ongoing war impact on the overall progress. Furthermore, we underlined Covid-19 role in spotlighting the essentiality of ICTs. The results of the study show clearly that there is a huge digital gap in Yemen depriving its people of many new technologies advantages. To shrink this gap, we proposed a number of practical solutions to overcome the ICT development main obstacles in order to avoid any further decline and to enable Yemen to start moving forward towards the emerging ICT trends and applications such as the Internet of things and artificial intelligence. Such progress in bridging the digital divide can improve all aspects of people's lives in Yemen, and accelerate sustainable development at the national level.
Les travaux presentes dans ce memoire abordent le probleme de la reconnaissance hors-ligne de tex... more Les travaux presentes dans ce memoire abordent le probleme de la reconnaissance hors-ligne de textes manuscrits. Ces travaux decrivent un systeme de reconnaissance de textes exploitant un principe original d'adaptation a l'ecriture a reconnaitre. Ce principe d'adaptation, inspire des principaux effets contextuels observes chez un lecteur humain, est base sur l'apprentissage,au cours de la reconnaissance, des particularites graphiques representatives de l'ecriture du scripteur (invariants du scripteur). La reconnaissance de mots procede selon une approche analytique basee sur le principe de segmentation-reconnaissance. L'adaptation en ligne du systeme de reconnaissance repose sur l'iteration de phases de reconnaissance de mots qui permettent d'etiqueter les representations du scripteur (allographes) sur l'ensemble du texte et de phases de reevaluation des modeles de caracteres. La mise en application de notre strategie de reconnaissance par adaptation necessite de recourir a un schema de reconnaissance interactif capable de faire interagir les traitements aux differents niveaux contextuels. Le modele d'interaction retenu est base sur le paradigme multi-agent. Les tests realises sur un echantillon d'une quinzaine de scripteurs tous inconnus du systeme montrent l'interet du schema d'adaptation propose puisque nous obtenons une amelioration de la reconnaissance, a la fois des lettres et des mots, au cours des iterations
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. ICDAR '99 (Cat. No.PR00318), 1999
Investigates the automatic reading of unconstrained omni-writer handwritten texts. This paper sho... more Investigates the automatic reading of unconstrained omni-writer handwritten texts. This paper shows how to endow the reading system with adaptation faculties for each writer's handwriting. The adaptation principles are of major importance for making robust decisions when neither simple lexical nor syntactic rules can be used, e.g. for a free lexicon or for full text recognition. The first part of this paper defines the concept of writer's invariants. In the second part, we explain how the recognition system can be adapted to a particular handwriting by exploiting the graphical context defined by the writer's invariants. This adaptation is guaranteed, thanks to the writer's invariants, by activating interaction links over the whole text between the recognition procedures for word entities and those for letter entities
RÉSUMÉ. La reconnaissance automatique de textes manuscrits est un problème rarement abordé en deh... more RÉSUMÉ. La reconnaissance automatique de textes manuscrits est un problème rarement abordé en dehors d'applications spécifiques pour lesquelles des connaissances lexicales permettent de contraindre le lexique à un vocabulaire limité. Dans le cadre d'applications moins contraintes nous proposons dans cette communication une approche de reconnaissance de mots basée sur une décision analytique. Nous montrons que la modélisation des caractères sur plusieurs niveaux de segmentation intégrant une classe de rejet permet d'augmenter significativement les taux de reconnaissance. Nous considérons pour cela deux principaux modules. Le premier concerne la reconnaissance de caractères qui permet d'évaluer la vraisemblance de chaque observation graphème par rapport aux modèles de caractères sur chacun des niveau. La reconnaissance des mots, quant à elle, est envisagée selon deux modes : un mode dirigé par le lexique et un mode non dirigé par le lexique qui recourent tous deux à un algorithme de programmation dynamique. Nous montrons l'apport de la modélisation des caractères sur les deux modes de fonctionnement du système de reconnaissance de mots. ABSTRACT. Handwritten text recognition is a problem rarely studied out of specific applications for which of the lexical knowledge can constrain the vocabulary to a limited one. In the case of handwritten text recognition, we propose in this communication a word recognition approach based on an analytical decision. We show that the character modelling at different levels of segmentation, integrating a class of rejection, permits to increase the recognition performance. In this approach, we consider two main modules. The first concerns the character recognition of permits to evaluate the likelihood of each grapheme with respect to character models on each level. The word recognition is considered according to two modes : lexicon-directed mode and lexicon-free mode both based on a dynamic programming algorithm. We show the contribution of the character modelling in the word recognition system using the two modes.
This communication deals with the problem of writer identification. If the assumption of writing ... more This communication deals with the problem of writer identification. If the assumption of writing individuality is true then graphical fragments that constitute it should be individual too. Therefore we propose a morphological grapheme based analysis to make writer identification. Template Matching is the core of the approach. The redundancy of the individual patterns in a writing, defined as the writer's
This paper conceptualizes the current information and communication technology (ICT) development ... more This paper conceptualizes the current information and communication technology (ICT) development progress in Yemen to provide an indication of the growing digital divide between Yemen and the rest of the world. It presents a detailed analysis of the indicators related to ICT status, which can give a clear indication of the width of the digital divide. It also explores the main barriers of ICT development in Yemen including political, economic and social difficulties in addition to the ongoing war impact on the overall progress. Furthermore, we underlined Covid-19 role in spotlighting the essentiality of ICTs. The results of the study show clearly that there is a huge digital gap in Yemen depriving its people of many new technologies advantages. To shrink this gap, we proposed a number of practical solutions to overcome the ICT development main obstacles in order to avoid any further decline and to enable Yemen to start moving forward towards the emerging ICT trends and applications such as the Internet of things and artificial intelligence. Such progress in bridging the digital divide can improve all aspects of people's lives in Yemen, and accelerate sustainable development at the national level.
2021 1st International Conference on Emerging Smart Technologies and Applications (eSmarTA), 2021
This paper conceptualizes the current information and communication technology (ICT) development ... more This paper conceptualizes the current information and communication technology (ICT) development progress in Yemen to provide an indication of the growing digital divide between Yemen and the rest of the world. It presents a detailed analysis of the indicators related to ICT status, which can give a clear indication of the width of the digital divide. It also explores the main barriers of ICT development in Yemen including political, economic and social difficulties in addition to the ongoing war impact on the overall progress. Furthermore, we underlined Covid-19 role in spotlighting the essentiality of ICTs. The results of the study show clearly that there is a huge digital gap in Yemen depriving its people of many new technologies advantages. To shrink this gap, we proposed a number of practical solutions to overcome the ICT development main obstacles in order to avoid any further decline and to enable Yemen to start moving forward towards the emerging ICT trends and applications such as the Internet of things and artificial intelligence. Such progress in bridging the digital divide can improve all aspects of people's lives in Yemen, and accelerate sustainable development at the national level.
Les travaux presentes dans ce memoire abordent le probleme de la reconnaissance hors-ligne de tex... more Les travaux presentes dans ce memoire abordent le probleme de la reconnaissance hors-ligne de textes manuscrits. Ces travaux decrivent un systeme de reconnaissance de textes exploitant un principe original d'adaptation a l'ecriture a reconnaitre. Ce principe d'adaptation, inspire des principaux effets contextuels observes chez un lecteur humain, est base sur l'apprentissage,au cours de la reconnaissance, des particularites graphiques representatives de l'ecriture du scripteur (invariants du scripteur). La reconnaissance de mots procede selon une approche analytique basee sur le principe de segmentation-reconnaissance. L'adaptation en ligne du systeme de reconnaissance repose sur l'iteration de phases de reconnaissance de mots qui permettent d'etiqueter les representations du scripteur (allographes) sur l'ensemble du texte et de phases de reevaluation des modeles de caracteres. La mise en application de notre strategie de reconnaissance par adaptation necessite de recourir a un schema de reconnaissance interactif capable de faire interagir les traitements aux differents niveaux contextuels. Le modele d'interaction retenu est base sur le paradigme multi-agent. Les tests realises sur un echantillon d'une quinzaine de scripteurs tous inconnus du systeme montrent l'interet du schema d'adaptation propose puisque nous obtenons une amelioration de la reconnaissance, a la fois des lettres et des mots, au cours des iterations
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. ICDAR '99 (Cat. No.PR00318), 1999
Investigates the automatic reading of unconstrained omni-writer handwritten texts. This paper sho... more Investigates the automatic reading of unconstrained omni-writer handwritten texts. This paper shows how to endow the reading system with adaptation faculties for each writer's handwriting. The adaptation principles are of major importance for making robust decisions when neither simple lexical nor syntactic rules can be used, e.g. for a free lexicon or for full text recognition. The first part of this paper defines the concept of writer's invariants. In the second part, we explain how the recognition system can be adapted to a particular handwriting by exploiting the graphical context defined by the writer's invariants. This adaptation is guaranteed, thanks to the writer's invariants, by activating interaction links over the whole text between the recognition procedures for word entities and those for letter entities
RÉSUMÉ. La reconnaissance automatique de textes manuscrits est un problème rarement abordé en deh... more RÉSUMÉ. La reconnaissance automatique de textes manuscrits est un problème rarement abordé en dehors d'applications spécifiques pour lesquelles des connaissances lexicales permettent de contraindre le lexique à un vocabulaire limité. Dans le cadre d'applications moins contraintes nous proposons dans cette communication une approche de reconnaissance de mots basée sur une décision analytique. Nous montrons que la modélisation des caractères sur plusieurs niveaux de segmentation intégrant une classe de rejet permet d'augmenter significativement les taux de reconnaissance. Nous considérons pour cela deux principaux modules. Le premier concerne la reconnaissance de caractères qui permet d'évaluer la vraisemblance de chaque observation graphème par rapport aux modèles de caractères sur chacun des niveau. La reconnaissance des mots, quant à elle, est envisagée selon deux modes : un mode dirigé par le lexique et un mode non dirigé par le lexique qui recourent tous deux à un algorithme de programmation dynamique. Nous montrons l'apport de la modélisation des caractères sur les deux modes de fonctionnement du système de reconnaissance de mots. ABSTRACT. Handwritten text recognition is a problem rarely studied out of specific applications for which of the lexical knowledge can constrain the vocabulary to a limited one. In the case of handwritten text recognition, we propose in this communication a word recognition approach based on an analytical decision. We show that the character modelling at different levels of segmentation, integrating a class of rejection, permits to increase the recognition performance. In this approach, we consider two main modules. The first concerns the character recognition of permits to evaluate the likelihood of each grapheme with respect to character models on each level. The word recognition is considered according to two modes : lexicon-directed mode and lexicon-free mode both based on a dynamic programming algorithm. We show the contribution of the character modelling in the word recognition system using the two modes.
This communication deals with the problem of writer identification. If the assumption of writing ... more This communication deals with the problem of writer identification. If the assumption of writing individuality is true then graphical fragments that constitute it should be individual too. Therefore we propose a morphological grapheme based analysis to make writer identification. Template Matching is the core of the approach. The redundancy of the individual patterns in a writing, defined as the writer's
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