Though child shared physical custody arrangements after divorce are much more frequent and parent... more Though child shared physical custody arrangements after divorce are much more frequent and parents who use it more diverse in many European countries, little is known about their economic consequences for parents. By relaxing family time constraints, does shared custody help divorced mothers return to or stay on work more easily? Since lone mothers are one of the least-employed groups, and they face high unemployment rates, the type of child custody arrangement adopted after divorce is of particular interest for their employability. This article analyses to what extent the type of child custody arrangement affects mothers’ labour market patterns after divorce.Using a large sample of divorcees from an exhaustive French administrative income tax database, and taking advantage of the huge territorial discrepancies observed in the proportion of shared custody, we correct for the possible endogeneity of shared custody. Results show that not repartnered mothers with shared custody arrange...
The Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) is one of the two pillars of the Generations and Gender P... more The Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) is one of the two pillars of the Generations and Gender Programme designed to improve understanding of demographic and social development and of the factors that influence these developments. This article describes how the theoretical perspectives applied in the survey, the survey design and the questionnaire are related to this objective. The key features of the survey include panel design, multidisciplinarity, comparability, context-sensitivity, inter-generational and gender relationships. The survey applies the life course approach, focussing on the processes of childbearing, partnership dynamics, home leaving, and retiring. The selection of topics for data collection mainly follows the criterion of theoretically grounded relevance to explaining one or more of the mentioned processes. A large portion of the survey deals with economic aspects of life, such as economic activity, income, and economic well-being; a comparably large section is d...
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research d... more Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn
Empirical evidence showed that married men generally earn more and married women earn less. Howev... more Empirical evidence showed that married men generally earn more and married women earn less. However, the control group of “not married” differs between studies, over time and between countries, so that the message remains somewhat fuzzy. It is not clear whether the type of union or being in union is responsible for these wage penalties and premium. This article aims to analyse whether the marriage pay more than cohabitation in a country where both unmarried and married partnerships coexist for years, such as France. Thanks to a rich dataset with information on both marital and work history of both partners, we are able to estimate the effect on hourly wage of being married relatively to being in a consensual union. Taking into account selection into marriage and on the labour market and possible differential in marital specialization, our results show that the men’s marriage premium is entirely due to positive selection into marriage. While marital specialization process within coup...
When paternity leave was introduced in France in 2002, the objectives were to involve fathers mor... more When paternity leave was introduced in France in 2002, the objectives were to involve fathers more closely with their children from an early age and thus reduce gender inequalities in the domestic sphere. This article assesses the impact of paternity leave on the distribution of domestic and parental tasks within couples in the first months after birth, doing so by using data from the national cohort of children born in 2011 (ELFE). In order to identify the effect of paternity leave, we take advantage of the survey's timing and the fact that some fathers have already taken leave when others are about to do so. A comparison of these two groups shows that paternity leave leads to a more equal division of parental tasks and some domestic activities after the birth of a first child. Depending on their level of education, fathers who have taken paternity leave perform some domestic and parental tasks rather than others. Even short-term paternity leave can thus lead to changes in beha...
Empirical evidence showed that married men generally earn more and married women earn less. Howev... more Empirical evidence showed that married men generally earn more and married women earn less. However, the control group of “not married” differs between studies, over time and between countries, so that the message remains somewhat fuzzy. It is not clear whether the type of union or being in union is responsible for these wage penalties and premium. This article aims to analyse whether the marriage pay more than cohabitation in a country where both unmarried and married partnerships coexist for years, such as France. Thanks to a rich dataset with information on both marital and work history of both partners, we are able to estimate the effect on hourly wage of being married relatively to being in a consensual union. Taking into account selection into marriage and on the labour market and possible differential in specialization level, our results show that the men’s marriage premium is entirely due to positive selection into marriage. While marital specialization process within couple...
Population celebrates its seventieth anniversary this year. To mark the occasion, we will take a ... more Population celebrates its seventieth anniversary this year. To mark the occasion, we will take a look back at some of the very first articles published by the journal in 1946, the year of its creation.In 1946, Population was the scientific showcase of the Institut national d'etudes demographiques (the French Institute for Demographic Studies, INED) founded some months earlier, in October 1945. Each issue was introduced by an editorial penned by Alfred Sauvy, INED's new director, under the title "Faits et problemes du jour" (Topical facts and problems). Most authors were INED researchers, and practically all were men. Since then, the journal has become increasingly independent of its host institution. Recognized by the international research community, it is now a scientific journal open to all, welcoming authors from INED and elsewhere. Population is now available in both French and English (for 13 years, an annual selection of articles was published in English, bu...
Couple formation over 50 has been largely unexplored until now. The lack of literature on this to... more Couple formation over 50 has been largely unexplored until now. The lack of literature on this topic especially in France lies in the low number of events for this age group, even if it is increasing. From the Fideli 2016 two-year panel which combines comprehensive income and housing tax returns, we study the determinants of the union between women and men after 50 years (logistic regression), the type of union chosen: marriage, PACS or common-law union (multinomial regression), and the degree of homogamy within these new couples. The probability to form an union is higher for men than for women but sharply decreases with age for both. Previous marital status and income play different roles depending on the sex. Compared to never-married men, widowers are more likely to form a new couple. It is the opposite for women. Divorced men and women more often form a new union than others. While a high income increases the chances of repartnering for men, it decreases them for women. However...
The spread of COVID-19 and resulting local and national lockdowns have a host of potential conseq... more The spread of COVID-19 and resulting local and national lockdowns have a host of potential consequences for demographic trends. While impacts on mortality and, to some extent, short-term migration flows are beginning to be documented, it is too early to measure actual consequences for family demography. To gain insight into potential future consequences of the lockdown for family demography, we use cross-national Google Trends search data to explore whether trends in searches for words related to fertility, relationship formation, and relationship dissolution changed following lockdowns compared to average, pre-lockdown levels in Europe and the United States. Because lockdowns were not widely anticipated or simultaneous in timing or intensity, we exploit variability over time and between countries (and U.S. states). We use a panel event-study design and difference-in-differences methods, and account for seasonal trends and average country-level (or state-level) differences in search...
Comment le travail impregne-t-il la vie familiale et inversement ? Comment les naissances modifie... more Comment le travail impregne-t-il la vie familiale et inversement ? Comment les naissances modifient-elles l’organisation des couples et le partage des roles ? Comment s’organise-t-on quand on est une famille nombreuse ou que l’on a des horaires atypiques ? Comment les peres s’investissent-ils aupres de leurs enfants ? Pourquoi tant de femmes travaillent-elles a temps partiel ? Les femmes sacrifient-elles leur carriere pour celle de leur conjoint ? Quelles mesures les employeurs mettent-ils en place pour aider les familles ? Qui sont les salaries en beneficiant ? Les hommes se sentent-ils autant concernes que les femmes ? Voila quelques-unes des questions auxquelles ce livre repond. A partir des resultats de l’enquete « Familles et employeurs », realisee en 2005 par l’Ined aupres d’environ 10 000 hommes et femmes et 2 700 entreprises, ses auteurs montrent la diversite et la dynamique des relations entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle. Reunissant les contributions de demographes, sociologues ou economistes, cet ouvrage confronte les declarations des employeurs et des employes et analyse les evolutions recentes, des dispositifs officiels aux petits arrangements informels. La persistance de fortes inegalites de genre et de conditions de travail temoigne que l’equilibre entre famille et travail reste toujours a trouver. Cet ouvrage s’adresse a toutes celles et tous ceux, chercheurs, professeurs, etudiants, acteurs politiques, directeurs des ressources humaines, gestionnaires, chefs d’entreprises, citoyens, qui s’interessent aux interactions entre travail et famille.
Though child shared physical custody arrangements after divorce are much more frequent and parent... more Though child shared physical custody arrangements after divorce are much more frequent and parents who use it more diverse in many European countries, little is known about their economic consequences for parents. By relaxing family time constraints, does shared custody help divorced mothers return to or stay on work more easily? Since lone mothers are one of the least-employed groups, and they face high unemployment rates, the type of child custody arrangement adopted after divorce is of particular interest for their employability. This article analyses to what extent the type of child custody arrangement affects mothers’ labour market patterns after divorce.Using a large sample of divorcees from an exhaustive French administrative income tax database, and taking advantage of the huge territorial discrepancies observed in the proportion of shared custody, we correct for the possible endogeneity of shared custody. Results show that not repartnered mothers with shared custody arrange...
The Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) is one of the two pillars of the Generations and Gender P... more The Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) is one of the two pillars of the Generations and Gender Programme designed to improve understanding of demographic and social development and of the factors that influence these developments. This article describes how the theoretical perspectives applied in the survey, the survey design and the questionnaire are related to this objective. The key features of the survey include panel design, multidisciplinarity, comparability, context-sensitivity, inter-generational and gender relationships. The survey applies the life course approach, focussing on the processes of childbearing, partnership dynamics, home leaving, and retiring. The selection of topics for data collection mainly follows the criterion of theoretically grounded relevance to explaining one or more of the mentioned processes. A large portion of the survey deals with economic aspects of life, such as economic activity, income, and economic well-being; a comparably large section is d...
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research d... more Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn
Empirical evidence showed that married men generally earn more and married women earn less. Howev... more Empirical evidence showed that married men generally earn more and married women earn less. However, the control group of “not married” differs between studies, over time and between countries, so that the message remains somewhat fuzzy. It is not clear whether the type of union or being in union is responsible for these wage penalties and premium. This article aims to analyse whether the marriage pay more than cohabitation in a country where both unmarried and married partnerships coexist for years, such as France. Thanks to a rich dataset with information on both marital and work history of both partners, we are able to estimate the effect on hourly wage of being married relatively to being in a consensual union. Taking into account selection into marriage and on the labour market and possible differential in marital specialization, our results show that the men’s marriage premium is entirely due to positive selection into marriage. While marital specialization process within coup...
When paternity leave was introduced in France in 2002, the objectives were to involve fathers mor... more When paternity leave was introduced in France in 2002, the objectives were to involve fathers more closely with their children from an early age and thus reduce gender inequalities in the domestic sphere. This article assesses the impact of paternity leave on the distribution of domestic and parental tasks within couples in the first months after birth, doing so by using data from the national cohort of children born in 2011 (ELFE). In order to identify the effect of paternity leave, we take advantage of the survey's timing and the fact that some fathers have already taken leave when others are about to do so. A comparison of these two groups shows that paternity leave leads to a more equal division of parental tasks and some domestic activities after the birth of a first child. Depending on their level of education, fathers who have taken paternity leave perform some domestic and parental tasks rather than others. Even short-term paternity leave can thus lead to changes in beha...
Empirical evidence showed that married men generally earn more and married women earn less. Howev... more Empirical evidence showed that married men generally earn more and married women earn less. However, the control group of “not married” differs between studies, over time and between countries, so that the message remains somewhat fuzzy. It is not clear whether the type of union or being in union is responsible for these wage penalties and premium. This article aims to analyse whether the marriage pay more than cohabitation in a country where both unmarried and married partnerships coexist for years, such as France. Thanks to a rich dataset with information on both marital and work history of both partners, we are able to estimate the effect on hourly wage of being married relatively to being in a consensual union. Taking into account selection into marriage and on the labour market and possible differential in specialization level, our results show that the men’s marriage premium is entirely due to positive selection into marriage. While marital specialization process within couple...
Population celebrates its seventieth anniversary this year. To mark the occasion, we will take a ... more Population celebrates its seventieth anniversary this year. To mark the occasion, we will take a look back at some of the very first articles published by the journal in 1946, the year of its creation.In 1946, Population was the scientific showcase of the Institut national d'etudes demographiques (the French Institute for Demographic Studies, INED) founded some months earlier, in October 1945. Each issue was introduced by an editorial penned by Alfred Sauvy, INED's new director, under the title "Faits et problemes du jour" (Topical facts and problems). Most authors were INED researchers, and practically all were men. Since then, the journal has become increasingly independent of its host institution. Recognized by the international research community, it is now a scientific journal open to all, welcoming authors from INED and elsewhere. Population is now available in both French and English (for 13 years, an annual selection of articles was published in English, bu...
Couple formation over 50 has been largely unexplored until now. The lack of literature on this to... more Couple formation over 50 has been largely unexplored until now. The lack of literature on this topic especially in France lies in the low number of events for this age group, even if it is increasing. From the Fideli 2016 two-year panel which combines comprehensive income and housing tax returns, we study the determinants of the union between women and men after 50 years (logistic regression), the type of union chosen: marriage, PACS or common-law union (multinomial regression), and the degree of homogamy within these new couples. The probability to form an union is higher for men than for women but sharply decreases with age for both. Previous marital status and income play different roles depending on the sex. Compared to never-married men, widowers are more likely to form a new couple. It is the opposite for women. Divorced men and women more often form a new union than others. While a high income increases the chances of repartnering for men, it decreases them for women. However...
The spread of COVID-19 and resulting local and national lockdowns have a host of potential conseq... more The spread of COVID-19 and resulting local and national lockdowns have a host of potential consequences for demographic trends. While impacts on mortality and, to some extent, short-term migration flows are beginning to be documented, it is too early to measure actual consequences for family demography. To gain insight into potential future consequences of the lockdown for family demography, we use cross-national Google Trends search data to explore whether trends in searches for words related to fertility, relationship formation, and relationship dissolution changed following lockdowns compared to average, pre-lockdown levels in Europe and the United States. Because lockdowns were not widely anticipated or simultaneous in timing or intensity, we exploit variability over time and between countries (and U.S. states). We use a panel event-study design and difference-in-differences methods, and account for seasonal trends and average country-level (or state-level) differences in search...
Comment le travail impregne-t-il la vie familiale et inversement ? Comment les naissances modifie... more Comment le travail impregne-t-il la vie familiale et inversement ? Comment les naissances modifient-elles l’organisation des couples et le partage des roles ? Comment s’organise-t-on quand on est une famille nombreuse ou que l’on a des horaires atypiques ? Comment les peres s’investissent-ils aupres de leurs enfants ? Pourquoi tant de femmes travaillent-elles a temps partiel ? Les femmes sacrifient-elles leur carriere pour celle de leur conjoint ? Quelles mesures les employeurs mettent-ils en place pour aider les familles ? Qui sont les salaries en beneficiant ? Les hommes se sentent-ils autant concernes que les femmes ? Voila quelques-unes des questions auxquelles ce livre repond. A partir des resultats de l’enquete « Familles et employeurs », realisee en 2005 par l’Ined aupres d’environ 10 000 hommes et femmes et 2 700 entreprises, ses auteurs montrent la diversite et la dynamique des relations entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle. Reunissant les contributions de demographes, sociologues ou economistes, cet ouvrage confronte les declarations des employeurs et des employes et analyse les evolutions recentes, des dispositifs officiels aux petits arrangements informels. La persistance de fortes inegalites de genre et de conditions de travail temoigne que l’equilibre entre famille et travail reste toujours a trouver. Cet ouvrage s’adresse a toutes celles et tous ceux, chercheurs, professeurs, etudiants, acteurs politiques, directeurs des ressources humaines, gestionnaires, chefs d’entreprises, citoyens, qui s’interessent aux interactions entre travail et famille.
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