My name is Abiy Serawitu . I have PhD and Msc. degrees In development economics from ECSU ,and BSc degree in statistics Ffrom AAU . Now, I am working in Diredawa management and Kaizen Institute as a higher expert in training, consulting, and research activities. Phone: 0922010872 Address: Abiy Serawitu Management & Kaizen institute Dire Dawa ,Ethiopia
This chapter presents the research design, research approach, type of data and measurements of va... more This chapter presents the research design, research approach, type of data and measurements of variables, and empirical model specification, and the estimation techniques used in this dissertation. This dissertation adopts trend analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and different econometric methods to achieve the objectives of the study. The trend analysis is used to provide an overview of the Ethiopian economy and analyze the trends of economic growth, external debt, Gini index in Ethiopia, external debt service to export ratio, and export and import in Ethiopia for the period 1981-2021. Moreover, this dissertation employs different quantitative research methods, namely the Johansson co-integration test approach, autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) models, and Engle-Granger residual-based co-integration tests to
This chapter presents the research design, research approach, type of data and measurements of va... more This chapter presents the research design, research approach, type of data and measurements of variables, and empirical model specification, and the estimation techniques used in this dissertation. This dissertation adopts trend analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and different econometric methods to achieve the objectives of the study. The trend analysis is used to provide an overview of the Ethiopian economy and analyze the trends of economic growth, external debt, Gini index in Ethiopia, external debt service to export ratio, and export and import in Ethiopia for the period 1981-2021. Moreover, this dissertation employs different quantitative research methods, namely the Johansson co-integration test approach, autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) models, and Engle-Granger residual-based co-integration tests to
International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 2021
The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, using primary d... more The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, using primary data source from the 2015 World Bank Enterprise Surveys for Ethiopia (Ethiopia-Enterprise Survey 2015). The estimated linear probability model (LPM) revealed that the probability prevalence (intensity) of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia is about 38.5%.It indicated that informality is a key problem in Ethiopia. The study also found that prevalence of highest corruption, burden of tax rate and credit access constraint are found to be positively and significantly affecting informal competition of firms in Ethiopia. On the contrary, firm size are found to be negatively and significantly affecting informal competition of firms. Correspondingly, the study revealed that regular inspection and communication of tax officials with firms could not contribute in reducing intensity of informality even if most studies indicated that increase in government enforcement on tax code lead to reduce informality. As many studies indicated that experience of top managers are contributing a lot for reducing informality in an establishment; however, this study exhibited that it does not save firms from informality in Ethiopia. In a nut shell, more research should be conducted as to why tax inspections and experience of top manager could not save firms from informality in Ethiopia.
The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia and predicted th... more The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia and predicted the level and nature of this competition. The study found that prevalence of highest corruption, tax rates, financial constrained are found to be positively and significantly affecting competition against informal firms in Ethiopia. On the contrary, firm size found to be negatively and significantly affecting competition against informal firms. Similarly, the study revealed that tax regulation and inspection enforcement conducted by tax officials could not save firms from informality. Even if most research indicated that increase in government enforcement on tax code lead to reduce informality, however in this research it is required further study as to how tax code inspections and regulation could not bring negative result on informal competition
This research aims to investigate factors that are determining the growth of MSEs on wood and met... more This research aims to investigate factors that are determining the growth of MSEs on wood and metal, garment, food processing and shoe and leather sectors in the case on manufacturing small enterprises in dire dawa city administration. For the sake of achieving the objectives of this study, Likert-scale type and multiple choice questionnaires was analyzed using appropriate host of statistical methods such as descriptive and inferential analyses. The information assembled through questionnaire from a population of 42 small manufacturing enterprises and face-to-face interview for 20 representative or owners of the enterprises. The empirical study elicited eight major challenges which seem to affect performance of manufacturing small enterprises in city. Descriptive findings revealed that marketing, working premises and financial factors respectively were found the three top most severe problems that challenged the MaSEs sector in GTP1 period. Similarly, the inferential analyses output also indicated that marketing, working premise, finance and technological factors are the decisive determinants for the performance of MaSEs at 5% level of significance. Likewise, standardized beta coefficient exhibited that marketing factors followed by working premise and technological factor respectively were found the top three positive significance factors in the performance of the enterprises. Both inferential sand descriptive finding revealed that managerial and entrepreneur's factors were found the least determinant and problems for the growth of employment in the city administration .Whereas, infrastructure factors found to be moderately significance factor at 10%level of significance.
This research aims to investigate factors that are determining the growth of MSEs on wood and met... more This research aims to investigate factors that are determining the growth of MSEs on wood and metal, garment, food processing and shoe and leather sectors in the case on manufacturing small enterprises in dire dawa city administration. For the sake of achieving the objectives of this study, Likert-scale type and multiple choice questionnaires was analyzed using appropriate host of statistical methods such as descriptive and inferential analyses. The information assembled through questionnaire from a population of 42 small manufacturing enterprises and face-to-face interview for 20 representative or owners of the enterprises. The empirical study elicited eight major challenges which seem to affect performance of manufacturing small enterprises in city. Descriptive findings revealed that marketing, working premises and financial factors respectively were found the three top most severe problems that challenged the MaSEs sector in GTP1 period. Similarly, the inferential analyses output also indicated that marketing, working premise, finance and technological factors are the decisive determinants for the performance of MaSEs at 5% level of significance. Likewise, standardized beta coefficient exhibited that marketing factors followed by working premise and technological factor respectively were found the top three positive significance factors in the performance of the enterprises. Both inferential sand descriptive finding revealed that managerial and entrepreneur's factors were found the least determinant and problems for the growth of employment in the city administration .Whereas, infrastructure factors found to be moderately significance factor at 10%level of significance.
This research aims to investigate and rank the influence of factors that affecting the performanc... more This research aims to investigate and rank the influence of factors that affecting the performance of MSEs on wood and metal , garment, food processing and shoe and leather sectors in the case on manufacturing small enterprises in Dire dawa city administration. For the sake of achieving the objectives of this study, likert-scale type and multiple choice questionnaires was analyzed using appropriate host of statistical methods such as descriptive and inferential analyses. The information assembled through questionnaire from a population of 42 small manufacturing enterprises and face-to-face interview for 20 representative or owners of the enterprises. The empirical study elicited eight major challenges which seem to affect performance of manufacturing small enterprises in city. Descriptive findings revealed that marketing, working premises and financial factors respectively were found the three top most severe problems that challenged the MaSEs sector in GTP1 period. Similarly, the inferential analyses output also indicated that marketing, working premise, finance and technological factors are the decisive determinants for the performance of MaSEs at 5% level of significance. Likewise, standardized beta coefficient exhibited that marketing factors followed by working premise and technological factor respectively were found the top three positive significance factors in the performance of the enterprises. Bothinferential sand descriptive findingrevealed that managerial and entrepreneur's factors were found the least determinant and problems for the growth of employment in the city adminstration .Whereas, infrastructure factors found to be moderately significance factor at 10%level of significance .
The purpose of this manual is to provide a guide line to government and non-government organizati... more The purpose of this manual is to provide a guide line to government and non-government organizations, in conducting meetings to their respective organizations. Meetings are used in almost every organization as a way of communicating information to other people. Among others include; Inform, Seek ideas, Seek clarification, Resolve problems, Discuss proposals/ways of working, Take decisions, Settle disputes. OBJECTIVES of the manual As a result of the program participants should be able to • Understand the purpose of meetings and what makes them effective • State the role and functions of the note taker and chair person • Develop listening skills to select and précis information • Draft concise and accurate minutes
- To enhance an individual’s ability to secure and/or retain a job, move flexibly in the
labor ma... more - To enhance an individual’s ability to secure and/or retain a job, move flexibly in the labor market, grow professionally, and engage in lifelong learning for employment by developing work context appropriate behavior, teamwork, conflict resolution mechanisms and trainability. By the end of the activity, participants will be able to: a. Explain the main concepts of finding a wage based Job b. List the main concepts of a social skills focusing on work context appropriate behavior, teamwork, conflict resolution & train ability skills c. Describe experiences and per-existing knowledge of appropriate social skills on workplace & others area behavior and attitudes.
Complex management Signs You Have a Superiority Complex, Superiority complex is the type of compl... more Complex management Signs You Have a Superiority Complex, Superiority complex is the type of complex that develops when a person who suffers from inferiority complex decides to act superior in order to mask his inferiority. Overconfidence: They have this quality of being arrogantly superior. They tend to find others below the imaginary level they think they are on. They are always right, you are always wrong: And the most obvious one, situation, argument, logic, nothing matter when they think they are right. And if they are unable to prove their right, they will definitely prove you wrong. Lack of kind-heartedness: People who have this complex end being cold heart. For them it is difficult to even consider others empathy is a far away thing. Interrupters: They are a big time interrupters, and they think it is always their right to get into a conversation. They understand the subject or not Exaggeration: the most common symptom of a superiority complex is exaggeration. People will magnify every situation to make themselves feel more important. Causes of superiority complex Superiority complex is usually a direct result of an underlying inferiority complex. Because the person suffers from feelings of inferiority he compensates by moving in the opposite direction which is acting superior Superiority complex and confidence compliment You should not mix superiority complex with self-confidence. Some people have developed a feeling of confidence in a certain life field based on true facts they know about themselves. Overcome superiority complex Do Not Judge Everyone: Just because you are good at something does not give you the right to judge and degrade other people. Have a control on your feedbacks especially if you are not asked to voice them. You obviously have your opinion, everybody does. But you are not always required to voice your opinions; some things are better unsaid Stop Comparing: Everybody has their own way of doing things, your methods may be better, but that does not give you the right to judge them. Do not always compare and impose in what others are doing; let them do it their way Change resister: The superior person may find themselves in familiar situations, where they know the best way to complete a task. They must resist taking charge. Understand that everyone has strengths and weaknesses: Those having a superiority complex may have one of a kind qualities and be exceptional in certain areas of life. He/she may be very intelligent academically, and, rightfully so, be proud of their accomplishments. Remember, however, that there are smarter people, more exceptional people in the world Do not take appreciation so seriously:
Inferior Definition – Feeling inferior means feeling inadequate or below others in terms of socia... more Inferior Definition – Feeling inferior means feeling inadequate or below others in terms of social, physical, intellectual, or psychological attributes. For instance, a student may feel inferior to others he considers brilliant in his class because of his poor performance. Feeling inferior stems from comparing oneself with others and perceiving oneself as not being up to par with others on a certain scale. Superiority complex is usually a direct result of an underlying inferiority complex. Because the person suffers from feelings of inferiority he compensates by moving in the opposite direction which is acting superior
Re-engineering recognizes that an organization's business processes are usually
fragmented into s... more Re-engineering recognizes that an organization's business processes are usually fragmented into sub-processes and tasks that are carried out by several specialized functional areas within the organization. Often, no one is responsible for the overall performance of the entire process. Reengineering maintains that optimizing the performance of sub-processes can result in some benefits, but cannot yield dramatic improvements if the process itself is fundamentally inefficient and outmoded. For that reason, re-engineering focuses on redesigning
the process as a whole in order to achieve the greatest possible benefits to the organization and their customers. This drive for realizing dramatic improvements by fundamentally re-thinking how the organization's work should be done distinguishes the re-engineering from process improve
Good listening is integral to communication.
Communication is about exchange, and there’s
no plac... more Good listening is integral to communication. Communication is about exchange, and there’s no place like the workplace to illustrate this. Listening can help ensure you know what everyone is thinking. When someone is speaking, focus on their face rather than letting your eyes wander, and if appropriate, take notes.
The purpose of the manual is to provide a frame work to non-government organizations, CBO,
micro ... more The purpose of the manual is to provide a frame work to non-government organizations, CBO, micro and small enterprises, development organizations, business organizations and manufacturing industries in preparing strategic planning and management document for their respective organizations. Strategic management refers to a branch of management that deals with an organization’s strategic objectives. This may include the development of the organization’s vision, outlining its operational objectives and coming up with and implementing the organization’s strategies. It may also include the formulation and application of deviation corrective measures where necessary. Strategic management process should not be confused with strategic planning process, a related but completely different branch of management. This article seeks to answer the question “what is strategic management process” Before venturing deeper, first let us define strategic management process. To define the strategic management process, look at it as a philosophical approach to doing business. This is a comprehensive terminology that refers to a process by which managers come up with, and implement an operational strategy that grants the organization a competitive advantage. The upper management of an organization must first use data analytics to think strategically, then use the strategic management process to put the thought into action. So, Strategic management process is a continuous culture of appraisal that an organization adopts to exceed the challengers. Simple as it may sound, this is a complex process that also covers formulating the organization’s overall vision for present and future objectives.
The main objective of this study is to examine whether public debt in Ethiopia is sustainable or ... more The main objective of this study is to examine whether public debt in Ethiopia is sustainable or not. The study used 20 years time series data from 2000/01 to 2o20/21 to explain debt sustainability, using graphical , Dickey Fuller test of stationary, and fiscal approach of debt sustainability analytical analysis of literatures. As a result of which , it was found that Debt to GDP ratio is unstable or inconsistent over a long period of time .From 2002 to 2009 the ratio exhibited a continuous decline rate where as from 2009 to 2020 revealed relatively an increasing trend.The study also aimed to forecast future values debt to GDP ratio using AR(1) time series forecasting model As a result of regression prediction , the future values have shown a declining trend from 2021/22 onwards Most country’s experience have shown as a rule that country’s debt-to-GDP ratio climbs, the higher its risk of default becomes and governments strive to lower their debt-to-GDP ratios. In Recent years (2015 to 2020) it was found that the country’s Debt to GDP ratio continuously mounted from 54% to 61% as compared to the previous years. From this one can deduce that debt serving will compromise the development of the country and hence its debt serving will affects growth by crowding out social spending of the country. Keywords: Debt sustainability and AR(1)
The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, using primary d... more The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, using primary data source from the 2015 World Bank Enterprise Surveys for Ethiopia (Ethiopia-Enterprise Survey 2015). The estimated linear probability model (LPM) revealed that the probability prevalence (intensity) of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia is about 38.5%.It indicated that informality is a key problem in Ethiopia. The study also found that prevalence of highest corruption, burden of tax rate and credit access constraint are found to be positively and significantly affecting informal competition of firms in Ethiopia. On the contrary, firm size are found to be negatively and significantly affecting informal competition of firms. Correspondingly, the study revealed that regular inspection and communication of tax officials with firms could not contribute in reducing intensity of informality even if most studies indicated that increase in government enforcement on tax code lead to reduce informality. As many studies indicated that experience of top managers are contributing a lot for reducing informality in an establishment; however, this study exhibited that it does not save firms from informality in Ethiopia. In a nut shell, more research should be conducted as to why tax inspections and experience of top manager could not save firms from informality in Ethiopia.
Dire Dawa management and Kaizen Institute 2021, 2020
The purpose of this manual is to provide an insight about critical thinking for quality Decisions... more The purpose of this manual is to provide an insight about critical thinking for quality Decisions making &problem solving for government and non-government officials. Critical thinking is one of the most essential soft skills a person can develop over their lifetime. In most occasions, officials come across different routine Decisions that will hamper or promote the success of an organization due to technical capacity of critical thinking. Accordingly, this training manual is prepared to provide technical details for officials how to manner critical thinking as a habitual action for improved Decisions making &problem solving. The word "critical" can mean different things in different contexts. For example, it can refer to the importance of something, or can also mean pointing out the negative aspects of something, i.e. to criticize something.
The main objective of this study is to examine the role of social capital in collective action in... more The main objective of this study is to examine the role of social capital in collective action in natural resource management. Several literatures revealed that natural resources need protection from destructive actions of people to achieve sustainable development. Communities have shown in the past and increasingly today that they are willingly to collaborate for long-term resource management. Meta-analysis result have shown that Social capital variables like heterogeneity index, bridging social capital, civic engagement, cooperative norms, limited numbers of participants are significantly and positively affecting collective action respectively in natural resource management. In a nut shell, the study found that the aforementioned variables have played a fundamental role in reducing transaction cost corresponding to cost of rule enforcement and information asymmetry. This study also revealed that the higher the social capital, the more likelihood of individual's willingness to contribute in collective action in natural resource management. Individuals with higher degree of social capital are more likely to partake in collective actions because they can have an access to more information and engaging in decision making processes. In the end, the findings of the study showed that in a high formalized groups, communities have developed the confidence to invest in collective activities in achieving common natural resource goals.
The reform tools like BPR and BSC have been implemented in the city administration since about th... more The reform tools like BPR and BSC have been implemented in the city administration since about the last ten years .As a result of the implementation, the following reasons are frequent and worth drown for the unsuccessful implementation of change tools accordingly .Among others; include , Lack of leadership commitment , high turnover of office holders , lack of skills of coaching and designing change tools ,lack of resource, inefficient skills for communicating the tools ,adopting the study of other regions as it is ,lack of incentives for champions, faulty implementation approach (not using change management tools) ,absence of implementation manuals , not adhere to change management models , lack of deep rooted skills and knowledge to implement the change tools and absence of conducting performance appraisal respectively.
This research aims to investigate and rank the influence of factors that affecting the performanc... more This research aims to investigate and rank the influence of factors that affecting the performance of MSEs on wood and metal , garment, food processing and shoe and leather sectors in the case on manufacturing small enterprises in Dire dawa city administration. For the sake of achieving the objectives of this study, likert-scale type and multiple choice questionnaires was analyzed using appropriate host of statistical methods such as descriptive and inferential analyses. The information assembled through questionnaire from a population of 42 small manufacturing enterprises and face-to-face interview for 20 representative or owners of the enterprises. The empirical study elicited eight major challenges which seem to affect performance of manufacturing small enterprises in city. Descriptive findings revealed that marketing, working premises and financial factors respectively were found the three top most severe problems that challenged the MaSEs sector in GTP1 period. Similarly, the inferential analyses output also indicated that marketing, working premise, finance and technological factors are the decisive determinants for the performance of MaSEs at 5% level of significance. Likewise, standardized beta coefficient exhibited that marketing factors followed by working premise and technological factor respectively were found the top three positive significance factors in the performance of the enterprises. Bothinferential sand descriptive findingrevealed that managerial and entrepreneur's factors were found the least determinant and problems for the growth of employment in the city adminstration .Whereas, infrastructure factors found to be moderately significance factor at 10%level of significance .
This chapter presents the research design, research approach, type of data and measurements of va... more This chapter presents the research design, research approach, type of data and measurements of variables, and empirical model specification, and the estimation techniques used in this dissertation. This dissertation adopts trend analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and different econometric methods to achieve the objectives of the study. The trend analysis is used to provide an overview of the Ethiopian economy and analyze the trends of economic growth, external debt, Gini index in Ethiopia, external debt service to export ratio, and export and import in Ethiopia for the period 1981-2021. Moreover, this dissertation employs different quantitative research methods, namely the Johansson co-integration test approach, autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) models, and Engle-Granger residual-based co-integration tests to
This chapter presents the research design, research approach, type of data and measurements of va... more This chapter presents the research design, research approach, type of data and measurements of variables, and empirical model specification, and the estimation techniques used in this dissertation. This dissertation adopts trend analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and different econometric methods to achieve the objectives of the study. The trend analysis is used to provide an overview of the Ethiopian economy and analyze the trends of economic growth, external debt, Gini index in Ethiopia, external debt service to export ratio, and export and import in Ethiopia for the period 1981-2021. Moreover, this dissertation employs different quantitative research methods, namely the Johansson co-integration test approach, autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) models, and Engle-Granger residual-based co-integration tests to
International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 2021
The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, using primary d... more The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, using primary data source from the 2015 World Bank Enterprise Surveys for Ethiopia (Ethiopia-Enterprise Survey 2015). The estimated linear probability model (LPM) revealed that the probability prevalence (intensity) of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia is about 38.5%.It indicated that informality is a key problem in Ethiopia. The study also found that prevalence of highest corruption, burden of tax rate and credit access constraint are found to be positively and significantly affecting informal competition of firms in Ethiopia. On the contrary, firm size are found to be negatively and significantly affecting informal competition of firms. Correspondingly, the study revealed that regular inspection and communication of tax officials with firms could not contribute in reducing intensity of informality even if most studies indicated that increase in government enforcement on tax code lead to reduce informality. As many studies indicated that experience of top managers are contributing a lot for reducing informality in an establishment; however, this study exhibited that it does not save firms from informality in Ethiopia. In a nut shell, more research should be conducted as to why tax inspections and experience of top manager could not save firms from informality in Ethiopia.
The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia and predicted th... more The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia and predicted the level and nature of this competition. The study found that prevalence of highest corruption, tax rates, financial constrained are found to be positively and significantly affecting competition against informal firms in Ethiopia. On the contrary, firm size found to be negatively and significantly affecting competition against informal firms. Similarly, the study revealed that tax regulation and inspection enforcement conducted by tax officials could not save firms from informality. Even if most research indicated that increase in government enforcement on tax code lead to reduce informality, however in this research it is required further study as to how tax code inspections and regulation could not bring negative result on informal competition
This research aims to investigate factors that are determining the growth of MSEs on wood and met... more This research aims to investigate factors that are determining the growth of MSEs on wood and metal, garment, food processing and shoe and leather sectors in the case on manufacturing small enterprises in dire dawa city administration. For the sake of achieving the objectives of this study, Likert-scale type and multiple choice questionnaires was analyzed using appropriate host of statistical methods such as descriptive and inferential analyses. The information assembled through questionnaire from a population of 42 small manufacturing enterprises and face-to-face interview for 20 representative or owners of the enterprises. The empirical study elicited eight major challenges which seem to affect performance of manufacturing small enterprises in city. Descriptive findings revealed that marketing, working premises and financial factors respectively were found the three top most severe problems that challenged the MaSEs sector in GTP1 period. Similarly, the inferential analyses output also indicated that marketing, working premise, finance and technological factors are the decisive determinants for the performance of MaSEs at 5% level of significance. Likewise, standardized beta coefficient exhibited that marketing factors followed by working premise and technological factor respectively were found the top three positive significance factors in the performance of the enterprises. Both inferential sand descriptive finding revealed that managerial and entrepreneur's factors were found the least determinant and problems for the growth of employment in the city administration .Whereas, infrastructure factors found to be moderately significance factor at 10%level of significance.
This research aims to investigate factors that are determining the growth of MSEs on wood and met... more This research aims to investigate factors that are determining the growth of MSEs on wood and metal, garment, food processing and shoe and leather sectors in the case on manufacturing small enterprises in dire dawa city administration. For the sake of achieving the objectives of this study, Likert-scale type and multiple choice questionnaires was analyzed using appropriate host of statistical methods such as descriptive and inferential analyses. The information assembled through questionnaire from a population of 42 small manufacturing enterprises and face-to-face interview for 20 representative or owners of the enterprises. The empirical study elicited eight major challenges which seem to affect performance of manufacturing small enterprises in city. Descriptive findings revealed that marketing, working premises and financial factors respectively were found the three top most severe problems that challenged the MaSEs sector in GTP1 period. Similarly, the inferential analyses output also indicated that marketing, working premise, finance and technological factors are the decisive determinants for the performance of MaSEs at 5% level of significance. Likewise, standardized beta coefficient exhibited that marketing factors followed by working premise and technological factor respectively were found the top three positive significance factors in the performance of the enterprises. Both inferential sand descriptive finding revealed that managerial and entrepreneur's factors were found the least determinant and problems for the growth of employment in the city administration .Whereas, infrastructure factors found to be moderately significance factor at 10%level of significance.
This research aims to investigate and rank the influence of factors that affecting the performanc... more This research aims to investigate and rank the influence of factors that affecting the performance of MSEs on wood and metal , garment, food processing and shoe and leather sectors in the case on manufacturing small enterprises in Dire dawa city administration. For the sake of achieving the objectives of this study, likert-scale type and multiple choice questionnaires was analyzed using appropriate host of statistical methods such as descriptive and inferential analyses. The information assembled through questionnaire from a population of 42 small manufacturing enterprises and face-to-face interview for 20 representative or owners of the enterprises. The empirical study elicited eight major challenges which seem to affect performance of manufacturing small enterprises in city. Descriptive findings revealed that marketing, working premises and financial factors respectively were found the three top most severe problems that challenged the MaSEs sector in GTP1 period. Similarly, the inferential analyses output also indicated that marketing, working premise, finance and technological factors are the decisive determinants for the performance of MaSEs at 5% level of significance. Likewise, standardized beta coefficient exhibited that marketing factors followed by working premise and technological factor respectively were found the top three positive significance factors in the performance of the enterprises. Bothinferential sand descriptive findingrevealed that managerial and entrepreneur's factors were found the least determinant and problems for the growth of employment in the city adminstration .Whereas, infrastructure factors found to be moderately significance factor at 10%level of significance .
The purpose of this manual is to provide a guide line to government and non-government organizati... more The purpose of this manual is to provide a guide line to government and non-government organizations, in conducting meetings to their respective organizations. Meetings are used in almost every organization as a way of communicating information to other people. Among others include; Inform, Seek ideas, Seek clarification, Resolve problems, Discuss proposals/ways of working, Take decisions, Settle disputes. OBJECTIVES of the manual As a result of the program participants should be able to • Understand the purpose of meetings and what makes them effective • State the role and functions of the note taker and chair person • Develop listening skills to select and précis information • Draft concise and accurate minutes
- To enhance an individual’s ability to secure and/or retain a job, move flexibly in the
labor ma... more - To enhance an individual’s ability to secure and/or retain a job, move flexibly in the labor market, grow professionally, and engage in lifelong learning for employment by developing work context appropriate behavior, teamwork, conflict resolution mechanisms and trainability. By the end of the activity, participants will be able to: a. Explain the main concepts of finding a wage based Job b. List the main concepts of a social skills focusing on work context appropriate behavior, teamwork, conflict resolution & train ability skills c. Describe experiences and per-existing knowledge of appropriate social skills on workplace & others area behavior and attitudes.
Complex management Signs You Have a Superiority Complex, Superiority complex is the type of compl... more Complex management Signs You Have a Superiority Complex, Superiority complex is the type of complex that develops when a person who suffers from inferiority complex decides to act superior in order to mask his inferiority. Overconfidence: They have this quality of being arrogantly superior. They tend to find others below the imaginary level they think they are on. They are always right, you are always wrong: And the most obvious one, situation, argument, logic, nothing matter when they think they are right. And if they are unable to prove their right, they will definitely prove you wrong. Lack of kind-heartedness: People who have this complex end being cold heart. For them it is difficult to even consider others empathy is a far away thing. Interrupters: They are a big time interrupters, and they think it is always their right to get into a conversation. They understand the subject or not Exaggeration: the most common symptom of a superiority complex is exaggeration. People will magnify every situation to make themselves feel more important. Causes of superiority complex Superiority complex is usually a direct result of an underlying inferiority complex. Because the person suffers from feelings of inferiority he compensates by moving in the opposite direction which is acting superior Superiority complex and confidence compliment You should not mix superiority complex with self-confidence. Some people have developed a feeling of confidence in a certain life field based on true facts they know about themselves. Overcome superiority complex Do Not Judge Everyone: Just because you are good at something does not give you the right to judge and degrade other people. Have a control on your feedbacks especially if you are not asked to voice them. You obviously have your opinion, everybody does. But you are not always required to voice your opinions; some things are better unsaid Stop Comparing: Everybody has their own way of doing things, your methods may be better, but that does not give you the right to judge them. Do not always compare and impose in what others are doing; let them do it their way Change resister: The superior person may find themselves in familiar situations, where they know the best way to complete a task. They must resist taking charge. Understand that everyone has strengths and weaknesses: Those having a superiority complex may have one of a kind qualities and be exceptional in certain areas of life. He/she may be very intelligent academically, and, rightfully so, be proud of their accomplishments. Remember, however, that there are smarter people, more exceptional people in the world Do not take appreciation so seriously:
Inferior Definition – Feeling inferior means feeling inadequate or below others in terms of socia... more Inferior Definition – Feeling inferior means feeling inadequate or below others in terms of social, physical, intellectual, or psychological attributes. For instance, a student may feel inferior to others he considers brilliant in his class because of his poor performance. Feeling inferior stems from comparing oneself with others and perceiving oneself as not being up to par with others on a certain scale. Superiority complex is usually a direct result of an underlying inferiority complex. Because the person suffers from feelings of inferiority he compensates by moving in the opposite direction which is acting superior
Re-engineering recognizes that an organization's business processes are usually
fragmented into s... more Re-engineering recognizes that an organization's business processes are usually fragmented into sub-processes and tasks that are carried out by several specialized functional areas within the organization. Often, no one is responsible for the overall performance of the entire process. Reengineering maintains that optimizing the performance of sub-processes can result in some benefits, but cannot yield dramatic improvements if the process itself is fundamentally inefficient and outmoded. For that reason, re-engineering focuses on redesigning
the process as a whole in order to achieve the greatest possible benefits to the organization and their customers. This drive for realizing dramatic improvements by fundamentally re-thinking how the organization's work should be done distinguishes the re-engineering from process improve
Good listening is integral to communication.
Communication is about exchange, and there’s
no plac... more Good listening is integral to communication. Communication is about exchange, and there’s no place like the workplace to illustrate this. Listening can help ensure you know what everyone is thinking. When someone is speaking, focus on their face rather than letting your eyes wander, and if appropriate, take notes.
The purpose of the manual is to provide a frame work to non-government organizations, CBO,
micro ... more The purpose of the manual is to provide a frame work to non-government organizations, CBO, micro and small enterprises, development organizations, business organizations and manufacturing industries in preparing strategic planning and management document for their respective organizations. Strategic management refers to a branch of management that deals with an organization’s strategic objectives. This may include the development of the organization’s vision, outlining its operational objectives and coming up with and implementing the organization’s strategies. It may also include the formulation and application of deviation corrective measures where necessary. Strategic management process should not be confused with strategic planning process, a related but completely different branch of management. This article seeks to answer the question “what is strategic management process” Before venturing deeper, first let us define strategic management process. To define the strategic management process, look at it as a philosophical approach to doing business. This is a comprehensive terminology that refers to a process by which managers come up with, and implement an operational strategy that grants the organization a competitive advantage. The upper management of an organization must first use data analytics to think strategically, then use the strategic management process to put the thought into action. So, Strategic management process is a continuous culture of appraisal that an organization adopts to exceed the challengers. Simple as it may sound, this is a complex process that also covers formulating the organization’s overall vision for present and future objectives.
The main objective of this study is to examine whether public debt in Ethiopia is sustainable or ... more The main objective of this study is to examine whether public debt in Ethiopia is sustainable or not. The study used 20 years time series data from 2000/01 to 2o20/21 to explain debt sustainability, using graphical , Dickey Fuller test of stationary, and fiscal approach of debt sustainability analytical analysis of literatures. As a result of which , it was found that Debt to GDP ratio is unstable or inconsistent over a long period of time .From 2002 to 2009 the ratio exhibited a continuous decline rate where as from 2009 to 2020 revealed relatively an increasing trend.The study also aimed to forecast future values debt to GDP ratio using AR(1) time series forecasting model As a result of regression prediction , the future values have shown a declining trend from 2021/22 onwards Most country’s experience have shown as a rule that country’s debt-to-GDP ratio climbs, the higher its risk of default becomes and governments strive to lower their debt-to-GDP ratios. In Recent years (2015 to 2020) it was found that the country’s Debt to GDP ratio continuously mounted from 54% to 61% as compared to the previous years. From this one can deduce that debt serving will compromise the development of the country and hence its debt serving will affects growth by crowding out social spending of the country. Keywords: Debt sustainability and AR(1)
The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, using primary d... more The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, using primary data source from the 2015 World Bank Enterprise Surveys for Ethiopia (Ethiopia-Enterprise Survey 2015). The estimated linear probability model (LPM) revealed that the probability prevalence (intensity) of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia is about 38.5%.It indicated that informality is a key problem in Ethiopia. The study also found that prevalence of highest corruption, burden of tax rate and credit access constraint are found to be positively and significantly affecting informal competition of firms in Ethiopia. On the contrary, firm size are found to be negatively and significantly affecting informal competition of firms. Correspondingly, the study revealed that regular inspection and communication of tax officials with firms could not contribute in reducing intensity of informality even if most studies indicated that increase in government enforcement on tax code lead to reduce informality. As many studies indicated that experience of top managers are contributing a lot for reducing informality in an establishment; however, this study exhibited that it does not save firms from informality in Ethiopia. In a nut shell, more research should be conducted as to why tax inspections and experience of top manager could not save firms from informality in Ethiopia.
Dire Dawa management and Kaizen Institute 2021, 2020
The purpose of this manual is to provide an insight about critical thinking for quality Decisions... more The purpose of this manual is to provide an insight about critical thinking for quality Decisions making &problem solving for government and non-government officials. Critical thinking is one of the most essential soft skills a person can develop over their lifetime. In most occasions, officials come across different routine Decisions that will hamper or promote the success of an organization due to technical capacity of critical thinking. Accordingly, this training manual is prepared to provide technical details for officials how to manner critical thinking as a habitual action for improved Decisions making &problem solving. The word "critical" can mean different things in different contexts. For example, it can refer to the importance of something, or can also mean pointing out the negative aspects of something, i.e. to criticize something.
The main objective of this study is to examine the role of social capital in collective action in... more The main objective of this study is to examine the role of social capital in collective action in natural resource management. Several literatures revealed that natural resources need protection from destructive actions of people to achieve sustainable development. Communities have shown in the past and increasingly today that they are willingly to collaborate for long-term resource management. Meta-analysis result have shown that Social capital variables like heterogeneity index, bridging social capital, civic engagement, cooperative norms, limited numbers of participants are significantly and positively affecting collective action respectively in natural resource management. In a nut shell, the study found that the aforementioned variables have played a fundamental role in reducing transaction cost corresponding to cost of rule enforcement and information asymmetry. This study also revealed that the higher the social capital, the more likelihood of individual's willingness to contribute in collective action in natural resource management. Individuals with higher degree of social capital are more likely to partake in collective actions because they can have an access to more information and engaging in decision making processes. In the end, the findings of the study showed that in a high formalized groups, communities have developed the confidence to invest in collective activities in achieving common natural resource goals.
The reform tools like BPR and BSC have been implemented in the city administration since about th... more The reform tools like BPR and BSC have been implemented in the city administration since about the last ten years .As a result of the implementation, the following reasons are frequent and worth drown for the unsuccessful implementation of change tools accordingly .Among others; include , Lack of leadership commitment , high turnover of office holders , lack of skills of coaching and designing change tools ,lack of resource, inefficient skills for communicating the tools ,adopting the study of other regions as it is ,lack of incentives for champions, faulty implementation approach (not using change management tools) ,absence of implementation manuals , not adhere to change management models , lack of deep rooted skills and knowledge to implement the change tools and absence of conducting performance appraisal respectively.
This research aims to investigate and rank the influence of factors that affecting the performanc... more This research aims to investigate and rank the influence of factors that affecting the performance of MSEs on wood and metal , garment, food processing and shoe and leather sectors in the case on manufacturing small enterprises in Dire dawa city administration. For the sake of achieving the objectives of this study, likert-scale type and multiple choice questionnaires was analyzed using appropriate host of statistical methods such as descriptive and inferential analyses. The information assembled through questionnaire from a population of 42 small manufacturing enterprises and face-to-face interview for 20 representative or owners of the enterprises. The empirical study elicited eight major challenges which seem to affect performance of manufacturing small enterprises in city. Descriptive findings revealed that marketing, working premises and financial factors respectively were found the three top most severe problems that challenged the MaSEs sector in GTP1 period. Similarly, the inferential analyses output also indicated that marketing, working premise, finance and technological factors are the decisive determinants for the performance of MaSEs at 5% level of significance. Likewise, standardized beta coefficient exhibited that marketing factors followed by working premise and technological factor respectively were found the top three positive significance factors in the performance of the enterprises. Bothinferential sand descriptive findingrevealed that managerial and entrepreneur's factors were found the least determinant and problems for the growth of employment in the city adminstration .Whereas, infrastructure factors found to be moderately significance factor at 10%level of significance .
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN DIREDAWA CITY ADMINSTRATION: THE CASE OF MANUFACTURING SMALL ENTERPRISES- by Abiy Serawitu, 2016
International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, and predicted t... more The study investigated intensity of informal competition among firms in Ethiopia, and predicted the level and nature of this competition. The study used primary data source from the 2015 World Bank Enterprise Surveys for Ethiopia (Ethiopia-Enterprise Survey 2015), found that prevalence of highest corruption, burden of tax rate, financial constrained are found to be positively and significantly affecting competition against informal firms in Ethiopia. On the contrary, firm size found to be negatively and significantly affecting competition against informal firms. Similarly, the study revealed that tax regulation and inspection enforcement conducted by tax officials could not save firms from informality. Even if most research indicated that increase in government enforcement on tax code lead to reduce informality, however in this research it is required further study as to how tax code inspections and regulation could not bring negative result on informal competition
Unemployment is one of the major bottlenecks of economic growth in Ethiopia. This study examines ... more Unemployment is one of the major bottlenecks of economic growth in Ethiopia. This study examines descriptively the relationship between unemployment and economic growth (GDP) by relating Okun's law prediction with graphical trend analysis. The result indicated that unemployment has a negative impact on Ethiopia's economic growth where an increase in unemployment leads the decline of real GDP. To reduce the negative impact of unemployment, and expand the employment generating mechanisms like by strengthening investment in both agricultural and nonagricultural sectors that absorb more labor force; the study recommends adoption of more employment generation mechanisms, addressing the labor market's failure & improving the labor force productivity, improving agricultural productivity & increasing its linkage with other sectors.
Dire Dawa management and Kaizen Institute 2021, 2018
Change is inevitable in the life of an organization. In today’s world, most of the organizations ... more Change is inevitable in the life of an organization. In today’s world, most of the organizations are facing a dynamic and changing of business environment. They should either change or die, there is no third alternative. Organizations that learn and cope with change will succeed and flourish and others who fail to do so will be wiped out. The major forces which make the changes not only desirable but inevitable with technological, economic, political, social, legal, international and labor market environments A.M. and Ansarian, M. (2014) In very simple words, we can say that change means the alteration of status quo to the desired state or making things different. “The term change refers to unlearn the past learn of the future.” Here are a number of factors both internal and external which affect organizational functioning. Any change in these factors necessitates changes in an organization. The more important factors are as follows Kotter(2002) : External Forces are forces come in outside the organization .Every organization exists in some context; no organization is an island in itself. Each must continually interact with other organizations and individuals- the customer’s shareholders, government and many more. Each organization has goals and responsibilities related to each other in the environment. The present day environment is dynamic and will continue to be dynamic. Changes in social, political, economic, technology, and legal environment force organizations to change themselves. Such changes may result in organizational changes like major functions of production and service process .In order to survive in the changing environment, organization must change. How the change in various environmental, organizations, must change. How the changes in various environmental factors necessitate change in the organization may be seen in following context: Internal Forces are pressure for change within the organization. I is not only the changes in external factors, which may necessitate organizational changes; any change in organization’s internal factors may also necessitate changes. Such a change is required because of for new strategies and goals of an organization, for new technologies (labor /capital intensive), for installing new employee attitude and behaviors for the desired change, Poor efficiency, poor work flows and lack of innovation and need for higher profit.: By Rick Maurer, book on “beyond the wall of resistance, 2018” &”why 70% of changes fail “ Objective of the study
Dire Dawa management and Kaizen Institute - Abiy Serawitu, 2019
Learning Objectives At the end of this training the trainees will be able to, oUnderstand the bas... more Learning Objectives At the end of this training the trainees will be able to, oUnderstand the basic concepts of BSC, oHave a clear picture or knowledge about strategic foundations, strategy, strategic results and strategic objectives, oFormulate their respective organizations' strategic foundations, strategy, strategic results and strategic objectives,
The purpose of this manual is to provide an insight about critical thinking for quality Decisions... more The purpose of this manual is to provide an insight about critical thinking for quality Decisions making &problem solving for government and non-government officials. Critical thinking is one of the most essential soft skills a person can develop over their lifetime. In most occasions, officials come across different routine Decisions that will hamper or promote the success of an organization due to technical capacity of critical thinking. Accordingly, this training manual is prepared to provide technical details for officials how to manner critical thinking as a habitual action for improved Decisions making &problem solving. The word "critical" can mean different things in different contexts. For example, it can refer to the importance of something, or can also mean pointing out the negative aspects of something, i.e. to criticize something. Critical thinking at university does not mean looking only for the most important aspects of a topic or just criticizing ideas. It is also about not accepting what you read or hear at face value, but always questioning the information, ideas and arguments you find in your studies. This involves identifying and analyzing arguments and truth claims, discovering and overcoming prejudices and biases, developing your own reasons and arguments in favor of what you believe, considering objections. Critical thinking promotes creativity. To come up with a creative solution to a problem involves not just having new ideas. It must also be the case that the new ideas being generated are useful and relevant to the task at hand. Critical thinking plays a crucial role in evaluating new ideas, selecting the best ones and modifying them if necessary. Critical thinking enhances language and presentation skills. Thinking clearly and systematically can improve the way we express our ideas. In learning how to analyses the logical structure of texts, critical thinking also improves comprehension abilities
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Drafts by Abiy Serawitu
OBJECTIVES of the manual
As a result of the program participants should be able to
• Understand the purpose of meetings and what makes them effective
• State the role and functions of the note taker and chair person
• Develop listening skills to select and précis information
• Draft concise and accurate minutes
labor market, grow professionally, and engage in lifelong learning for employment by
developing work context appropriate behavior, teamwork, conflict resolution
mechanisms and trainability. By the end of the activity, participants will be able to:
a. Explain the main concepts of finding a wage based Job
b. List the main concepts of a social skills focusing on work context appropriate
behavior, teamwork, conflict resolution & train ability skills
c. Describe experiences and per-existing knowledge of appropriate social skills on
workplace & others area behavior and attitudes.
Superiority complex is usually a direct result of an underlying inferiority complex. Because the person
suffers from feelings of inferiority he compensates by moving in the opposite direction which
is acting superior
fragmented into sub-processes and tasks that are carried out by several
specialized functional areas within the organization. Often, no one is responsible
for the overall performance of the entire process. Reengineering maintains that
optimizing the performance of sub-processes can result in some benefits, but
cannot yield dramatic improvements if the process itself is fundamentally
inefficient and outmoded. For that reason, re-engineering focuses on redesigning
the process as a whole in order to achieve the greatest possible
benefits to the organization and their customers. This drive for realizing dramatic
improvements by fundamentally re-thinking how the organization's work should
be done distinguishes the re-engineering from process improve
Communication is about exchange, and there’s
no place like the workplace to illustrate this.
Listening can help ensure you know what
everyone is thinking. When someone is
speaking, focus on their face rather than letting
your eyes wander, and if appropriate, take
notes.
micro and small enterprises, development organizations, business organizations and
manufacturing industries in preparing strategic planning and management document for their
respective organizations.
Strategic management refers to a branch of management that deals with an organization’s strategic
objectives. This may include the development of the organization’s vision, outlining its operational
objectives and coming up with and implementing the organization’s strategies. It may also include
the formulation and application of deviation corrective measures where necessary. Strategic
management process should not be confused with strategic planning process, a related but
completely different branch of management. This article seeks to answer the question “what is
strategic management process” Before venturing deeper, first let us define strategic management
process.
To define the strategic management process, look at it as a philosophical approach to doing
business. This is a comprehensive terminology that refers to a process by which managers come
up with, and implement an operational strategy that grants the organization a competitive
advantage. The upper management of an organization must first use data analytics to think
strategically, then use the strategic management process to put the thought into action.
So, Strategic management process is a continuous culture of appraisal that an organization adopts
to exceed the challengers. Simple as it may sound, this is a complex process that also covers
formulating the organization’s overall vision for present and future objectives.
used 20 years time series data from 2000/01 to 2o20/21 to explain debt sustainability, using graphical , Dickey
Fuller test of stationary, and fiscal approach of debt sustainability analytical analysis of literatures. As a result of
which , it was found that Debt to GDP ratio is unstable or inconsistent over a long period of time .From 2002
to 2009 the ratio exhibited a continuous decline rate where as from 2009 to 2020 revealed relatively an
increasing trend.The study also aimed to forecast future values debt to GDP ratio using AR(1) time series
forecasting model As a result of regression prediction , the future values have shown a declining trend from
2021/22 onwards Most country’s experience have shown as a rule that country’s debt-to-GDP ratio climbs, the
higher its risk of default becomes and governments strive to lower their debt-to-GDP ratios. In Recent years
(2015 to 2020) it was found that the country’s Debt to GDP ratio continuously mounted from 54% to 61% as
compared to the previous years. From this one can deduce that debt serving will compromise the development of
the country and hence its debt serving will affects growth by crowding out social spending of the country.
Keywords: Debt sustainability and AR(1)
making &problem solving for government and non-government officials. Critical thinking is one of
the most essential soft skills a person can develop over their lifetime. In most occasions, officials come
across different routine Decisions that will hamper or promote the success of an organization
due to technical capacity of critical thinking. Accordingly, this training manual is prepared to
provide technical details for officials how to manner critical thinking as a habitual action for
improved Decisions making &problem solving. The word "critical" can mean different things in
different contexts. For example, it can refer to the importance of something, or can also mean
pointing out the negative aspects of something, i.e. to criticize something.
OBJECTIVES of the manual
As a result of the program participants should be able to
• Understand the purpose of meetings and what makes them effective
• State the role and functions of the note taker and chair person
• Develop listening skills to select and précis information
• Draft concise and accurate minutes
labor market, grow professionally, and engage in lifelong learning for employment by
developing work context appropriate behavior, teamwork, conflict resolution
mechanisms and trainability. By the end of the activity, participants will be able to:
a. Explain the main concepts of finding a wage based Job
b. List the main concepts of a social skills focusing on work context appropriate
behavior, teamwork, conflict resolution & train ability skills
c. Describe experiences and per-existing knowledge of appropriate social skills on
workplace & others area behavior and attitudes.
Superiority complex is usually a direct result of an underlying inferiority complex. Because the person
suffers from feelings of inferiority he compensates by moving in the opposite direction which
is acting superior
fragmented into sub-processes and tasks that are carried out by several
specialized functional areas within the organization. Often, no one is responsible
for the overall performance of the entire process. Reengineering maintains that
optimizing the performance of sub-processes can result in some benefits, but
cannot yield dramatic improvements if the process itself is fundamentally
inefficient and outmoded. For that reason, re-engineering focuses on redesigning
the process as a whole in order to achieve the greatest possible
benefits to the organization and their customers. This drive for realizing dramatic
improvements by fundamentally re-thinking how the organization's work should
be done distinguishes the re-engineering from process improve
Communication is about exchange, and there’s
no place like the workplace to illustrate this.
Listening can help ensure you know what
everyone is thinking. When someone is
speaking, focus on their face rather than letting
your eyes wander, and if appropriate, take
notes.
micro and small enterprises, development organizations, business organizations and
manufacturing industries in preparing strategic planning and management document for their
respective organizations.
Strategic management refers to a branch of management that deals with an organization’s strategic
objectives. This may include the development of the organization’s vision, outlining its operational
objectives and coming up with and implementing the organization’s strategies. It may also include
the formulation and application of deviation corrective measures where necessary. Strategic
management process should not be confused with strategic planning process, a related but
completely different branch of management. This article seeks to answer the question “what is
strategic management process” Before venturing deeper, first let us define strategic management
process.
To define the strategic management process, look at it as a philosophical approach to doing
business. This is a comprehensive terminology that refers to a process by which managers come
up with, and implement an operational strategy that grants the organization a competitive
advantage. The upper management of an organization must first use data analytics to think
strategically, then use the strategic management process to put the thought into action.
So, Strategic management process is a continuous culture of appraisal that an organization adopts
to exceed the challengers. Simple as it may sound, this is a complex process that also covers
formulating the organization’s overall vision for present and future objectives.
used 20 years time series data from 2000/01 to 2o20/21 to explain debt sustainability, using graphical , Dickey
Fuller test of stationary, and fiscal approach of debt sustainability analytical analysis of literatures. As a result of
which , it was found that Debt to GDP ratio is unstable or inconsistent over a long period of time .From 2002
to 2009 the ratio exhibited a continuous decline rate where as from 2009 to 2020 revealed relatively an
increasing trend.The study also aimed to forecast future values debt to GDP ratio using AR(1) time series
forecasting model As a result of regression prediction , the future values have shown a declining trend from
2021/22 onwards Most country’s experience have shown as a rule that country’s debt-to-GDP ratio climbs, the
higher its risk of default becomes and governments strive to lower their debt-to-GDP ratios. In Recent years
(2015 to 2020) it was found that the country’s Debt to GDP ratio continuously mounted from 54% to 61% as
compared to the previous years. From this one can deduce that debt serving will compromise the development of
the country and hence its debt serving will affects growth by crowding out social spending of the country.
Keywords: Debt sustainability and AR(1)
making &problem solving for government and non-government officials. Critical thinking is one of
the most essential soft skills a person can develop over their lifetime. In most occasions, officials come
across different routine Decisions that will hamper or promote the success of an organization
due to technical capacity of critical thinking. Accordingly, this training manual is prepared to
provide technical details for officials how to manner critical thinking as a habitual action for
improved Decisions making &problem solving. The word "critical" can mean different things in
different contexts. For example, it can refer to the importance of something, or can also mean
pointing out the negative aspects of something, i.e. to criticize something.
In very simple words, we can say that change means the alteration of status quo to the desired state or making things different. “The term change refers to unlearn the past learn of the future.”
Here are a number of factors both internal and external which affect organizational functioning. Any change in these factors necessitates changes in an organization. The more important factors are as follows Kotter(2002) :
External Forces are forces come in outside the organization .Every organization exists in some context; no organization is an island in itself. Each must continually interact with other organizations and individuals- the customer’s shareholders, government and many more. Each organization has goals and responsibilities related to each other in the environment. The present day environment is dynamic and will continue to be dynamic. Changes in social, political, economic, technology, and legal environment force organizations to change themselves. Such changes may result in organizational changes like major functions of production and service process .In order to survive in the changing environment, organization must change. How the change in various environmental, organizations, must change. How the changes in various environmental factors necessitate change in the organization may be seen in following context: Internal Forces are pressure for change within the organization. I is not only the changes in external factors, which may necessitate organizational changes; any change in organization’s internal factors may also necessitate changes. Such a change is required because of for new strategies and goals of an organization, for new technologies (labor /capital intensive), for installing new employee attitude and behaviors for the desired change, Poor efficiency, poor work flows and lack of innovation and need for higher profit.: By Rick Maurer, book on “beyond the wall of resistance, 2018” &”why 70% of changes fail “
Objective of the study
Critical thinking at university does not mean looking only for the most important aspects of a topic or just criticizing ideas. It is also about not accepting what you read or hear at face value, but always questioning the information, ideas and arguments you find in your studies. This involves identifying and analyzing arguments and truth claims, discovering and overcoming prejudices and biases, developing your own reasons and arguments in favor of what you believe, considering objections. Critical thinking promotes creativity.
To come up with a creative solution to a problem involves not just having new ideas. It must also be the case that the new ideas being generated are useful and relevant to the task at hand. Critical thinking plays a crucial role in evaluating new ideas, selecting the best ones and modifying them if necessary. Critical thinking enhances language and presentation skills. Thinking clearly and systematically can improve the way we express our ideas. In learning how to analyses the logical structure of texts, critical thinking also improves comprehension abilities