The level of some OCPs in human and cow milk collected from Asendabo, Serbo and Jimma in South-We... more The level of some OCPs in human and cow milk collected from Asendabo, Serbo and Jimma in South-West Ethiopia were analyzed using GC-ECD. Results of the analysis indicated that all samples contained detectable quantities of p,p'-DDT and its metabolites, p,p-DDE and p,p-DDD, but none of the other OCPs analyzed. Mean levels of total DDT in the human and cow milk samples in the three areas were 12.68 and 0.389 μg g(-1) respectively. The distributions of p,p-DDT, p,p-DDE and p,p-DDD in the human milk samples from the three locations followed the same trend in which the proportion of p,p-DDT was the highest in all the three cases, comprising 55-71% of total DDT, followed by p,p-DDE, 26-39%, and the least, p,p-DDD of 2-5%. The mean ratio of DDT/DDE concentration for the three areas was calculated to be 2.01. This value was much higher than the values reported from other countries in earlier studies and indicates the existence of a higher quantity of DDT from a fresh input in the three study areas. The mean estimated daily intake of DDT by infants from mother's milk in the three locations was found to be 62.17 μg kg(-1) body weight, which is about three times higher than the acceptable daily intake set by WHO/FAO for total DDT, 20 μg kg(-1) of body weight. This alarmingly high daily intake value is a cause for concern, since children are highly susceptible to effects from such environmental contaminants. The study has revealed that people in the study areas are facing exposure to DDT from recent use. The observed contamination of mother's milk and the possible transfer of the contaminant from mother to child is an obvious risk associated with breast-feeding in the study areas and possibly in other parts of the country too.
Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine, 2013
BACKGROUND Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceou... more BACKGROUND Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceous family. Its other names are Apple of Sodom, Giant Milkweed and Swallow-wort. It's native to Africa and Asian countries where they exist as a spreading shrub or small tree with height of about 4m. They. exude copious milky sap when cut or broken. It has a broad grey-green leaves with a pointed tip, two rounded basal lobes and no leaf stalk. Their flowers are waxy white. The different part of this plant has been used for different medicinal purposes such as cure of leprosy, eczema, inflammation, cutaneous infections, syphilis, malarial and low hectic fevers, and as abortifacient. OBJECTIVE The extract of the bark of the plant Calotropis procera used locally by people in Sokoto to treat ringworm infection was investigated for the claimed activity by subjecting the extract collected to both phytochemical and antifungal screening. METHODS The extracts of water, n-hexane, petroleum ether...
Emerging organic contaminants (e.g., active pharmaceutical ingredients and personal care products... more Emerging organic contaminants (e.g., active pharmaceutical ingredients and personal care products ingredients) are ubiquitous in the environment and potentially harmful to ecosystems, have gained increasing public attention worldwide. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of data on these contaminants in Africa. In this study, various types of water samples (wastewater, surface water and tap water) collected from Lagos, Nigeria were analyzed for these chemicals by both target and non-target analysis on an UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS. In total, 109 compounds were identified by non-target screening using the online database mzCloud. Level 1 identification confidence was achieved for 13 compounds for which reference standards were available and level 2 was achieved for the rest. In the quantitative analysis, 18 of 38 target compounds were detected, including the parent compounds and their metabolites. Acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, acesulfame, and caffeine were detected in all samples with thei...
Pharmaceuticals are a structurally diverse class of emerging contaminants that have been detected... more Pharmaceuticals are a structurally diverse class of emerging contaminants that have been detected throughout the world as trace contaminants in the water environment. The study is aimed at determining the occurrence and quantification of diclofenac, paracetamol, ibuprofen, ciprofloxacin, sulphadoxine and amodiaquine in well-water, tap-water and river-water. The study is conducted around a hospital environment, in Ogun State, Nigeria, using SPE and HPLC analysis. Water samples were collected from tap-water, well-water and river-water around Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State. Samples were extracted using solid phase extraction technique and further analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The tap-water water samples contained paracetamol, ibuprofen, diclofenac, ciprofloxacin and sulphadoxine in concentrations of 0.306ng/ml, 3.738ng/ml, 0.138ng/ml, 0.44ng/ml and 1.012ng/ml respectively. The well-water samples contained paracetamol, ibup...
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enhance oral solubility and potency of the free base cip... more Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enhance oral solubility and potency of the free base ciprofloxacin (CPX) using a single step CPX-chitosan (CT) self-assembly of to form nanoplexes with organic counterions. It was envisioned that this would allow the delivery of larger amounts of active drug into the microorganisms. Ciprofloxacin free base was used in this study because of its greater hydrophobicity than its hydrochloride salt, which is required for effective permeability and potent antibacterial activity. Methods: Ciprofloxacin-chitosan nanocomplex (nanoplex) was prepared using low energy electrostatic self-assembly technique previously described. Formation of eutectic nanoplex was confirmed using FTIR, DSC, TGA and SEM. The saturated solubility, in vitro release kinetics and mechanism of drug release were determined using mathematical models. Potency and synergism were determined from the inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Fractional Inhibitory Con...
Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceous family. I... more Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceous family. Its other names are Apple of Sodom, Giant Milkweed and Swallow-wort. It's native to Africa and Asian countries where they exist as a spreading shrub or small tree with height of about 4m. They. exude copious milky sap when cut or broken. It has a broad grey-green leaves with a pointed tip, two rounded basal lobes and no leaf stalk. Their flowers are waxy white. The different part of this plant has been used for different medicinal purposes such as cure of leprosy, eczema, inflammation, cutaneous infections, syphilis, malarial and low hectic fevers, and as abortifacient. The extract of the bark of the plant Calotropis procera used locally by people in Sokoto to treat ringworm infection was investigated for the claimed activity by subjecting the extract collected to both phytochemical and antifungal screening. The extracts of water, n-hexane, petroleum ether and chloroform of the bark o...
Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2009
Co-administration of quinolone antibiotics with cation-containing medicaments such as, antacids h... more Co-administration of quinolone antibiotics with cation-containing medicaments such as, antacids has been reported to influence the overall bioavailability leading to subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of these antibiotics in humans. The present work was designed to evaluate the binding constant, binding molar ratio, influence of temperature on the binding constant of ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ and to determine the antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin-Mg2+. Job's method of continuous variation and Bonesi-Hildebrand equation were adopted to determine the molar ratio and stability constant respectively. The antibacterial activity was determined by the Agar diffusion method. A complexation molar ratio of 1:1 was obtained for ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ complex. The stability constants were 3.59 and 3.50 at 25 degrees C and 60 degrees C respectively. There was a significant difference between the zones of inhibition of ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ complex and that of ciprofloxacin alone against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus (p < 0.05). This difference showed that the complex formed was not as active as ciprofloxacin. The present studies have shown that ciprofloxacin readily complex with Mg2+ and that the stability constant was temperature dependent. The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin was markedly reduced in the presence of Mg2+. Concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin with Mg2. containing medicaments should be avoided to prevent resistance.
Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2009
The use of substandard drugs is a great threat to the lives of people in the community. Identific... more The use of substandard drugs is a great threat to the lives of people in the community. Identification of substandard drugs is important to exclude their use in clinical practice. These drugs may lead to reduced efficacy of pharmacotherapy. Antacid preparations are weakly basic and consist of metal salts, most commonly aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide. These salts dissociate to neutralise gastric acid and form neutral salts. The ultimate goal of antacid therapy is to reduce the concentration and the total load of acid in gastric juice with a pH of 1.3 to a pH between 3.5 and 5.0. The aim of this work is to carry out an in-vitro test on the acid neutralising capacity (ANC) of commonly available antacid brands in Lagos market. The British pharmacopoeia (BP) method of analysis of antacids was adopted. Twenty different brands of antacid suspensions and tablets were analysed. Brand SH suspension gave the highest neutralising capacity, 101.65 ml +/- 0.15, while brand SN gave the lowest, 99.75 ml +/- 0.75. All the fourteen antacid suspensions analysed complied with the official specification and therefore passed the analysis. Brand TB tablet gave the highest acid neutralising capacity (ANC), 54.10 ml +/- 0.2 while brand TD 49.50 ml +/- 0.1 gave the lowest. All the six antacid tablet brands analysed passed the assay. The ANC of an antacid is a parameter used to measure the effectiveness of an antacid in relieving ulcer pain. The acid-neutralising capacity of the antacid brands analysed were within the BP specification. The acid neutralising capacity of antacids should be determined before administration.
The level of some OCPs in human and cow milk collected from Asendabo, Serbo and Jimma in South-We... more The level of some OCPs in human and cow milk collected from Asendabo, Serbo and Jimma in South-West Ethiopia were analyzed using GC-ECD. Results of the analysis indicated that all samples contained detectable quantities of p,p'-DDT and its metabolites, p,p-DDE and p,p-DDD, but none of the other OCPs analyzed. Mean levels of total DDT in the human and cow milk samples in the three areas were 12.68 and 0.389 μg g(-1) respectively. The distributions of p,p-DDT, p,p-DDE and p,p-DDD in the human milk samples from the three locations followed the same trend in which the proportion of p,p-DDT was the highest in all the three cases, comprising 55-71% of total DDT, followed by p,p-DDE, 26-39%, and the least, p,p-DDD of 2-5%. The mean ratio of DDT/DDE concentration for the three areas was calculated to be 2.01. This value was much higher than the values reported from other countries in earlier studies and indicates the existence of a higher quantity of DDT from a fresh input in the three study areas. The mean estimated daily intake of DDT by infants from mother's milk in the three locations was found to be 62.17 μg kg(-1) body weight, which is about three times higher than the acceptable daily intake set by WHO/FAO for total DDT, 20 μg kg(-1) of body weight. This alarmingly high daily intake value is a cause for concern, since children are highly susceptible to effects from such environmental contaminants. The study has revealed that people in the study areas are facing exposure to DDT from recent use. The observed contamination of mother's milk and the possible transfer of the contaminant from mother to child is an obvious risk associated with breast-feeding in the study areas and possibly in other parts of the country too.
Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine, 2013
BACKGROUND Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceou... more BACKGROUND Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceous family. Its other names are Apple of Sodom, Giant Milkweed and Swallow-wort. It's native to Africa and Asian countries where they exist as a spreading shrub or small tree with height of about 4m. They. exude copious milky sap when cut or broken. It has a broad grey-green leaves with a pointed tip, two rounded basal lobes and no leaf stalk. Their flowers are waxy white. The different part of this plant has been used for different medicinal purposes such as cure of leprosy, eczema, inflammation, cutaneous infections, syphilis, malarial and low hectic fevers, and as abortifacient. OBJECTIVE The extract of the bark of the plant Calotropis procera used locally by people in Sokoto to treat ringworm infection was investigated for the claimed activity by subjecting the extract collected to both phytochemical and antifungal screening. METHODS The extracts of water, n-hexane, petroleum ether...
Emerging organic contaminants (e.g., active pharmaceutical ingredients and personal care products... more Emerging organic contaminants (e.g., active pharmaceutical ingredients and personal care products ingredients) are ubiquitous in the environment and potentially harmful to ecosystems, have gained increasing public attention worldwide. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of data on these contaminants in Africa. In this study, various types of water samples (wastewater, surface water and tap water) collected from Lagos, Nigeria were analyzed for these chemicals by both target and non-target analysis on an UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS. In total, 109 compounds were identified by non-target screening using the online database mzCloud. Level 1 identification confidence was achieved for 13 compounds for which reference standards were available and level 2 was achieved for the rest. In the quantitative analysis, 18 of 38 target compounds were detected, including the parent compounds and their metabolites. Acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, acesulfame, and caffeine were detected in all samples with thei...
Pharmaceuticals are a structurally diverse class of emerging contaminants that have been detected... more Pharmaceuticals are a structurally diverse class of emerging contaminants that have been detected throughout the world as trace contaminants in the water environment. The study is aimed at determining the occurrence and quantification of diclofenac, paracetamol, ibuprofen, ciprofloxacin, sulphadoxine and amodiaquine in well-water, tap-water and river-water. The study is conducted around a hospital environment, in Ogun State, Nigeria, using SPE and HPLC analysis. Water samples were collected from tap-water, well-water and river-water around Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State. Samples were extracted using solid phase extraction technique and further analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The tap-water water samples contained paracetamol, ibuprofen, diclofenac, ciprofloxacin and sulphadoxine in concentrations of 0.306ng/ml, 3.738ng/ml, 0.138ng/ml, 0.44ng/ml and 1.012ng/ml respectively. The well-water samples contained paracetamol, ibup...
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enhance oral solubility and potency of the free base cip... more Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enhance oral solubility and potency of the free base ciprofloxacin (CPX) using a single step CPX-chitosan (CT) self-assembly of to form nanoplexes with organic counterions. It was envisioned that this would allow the delivery of larger amounts of active drug into the microorganisms. Ciprofloxacin free base was used in this study because of its greater hydrophobicity than its hydrochloride salt, which is required for effective permeability and potent antibacterial activity. Methods: Ciprofloxacin-chitosan nanocomplex (nanoplex) was prepared using low energy electrostatic self-assembly technique previously described. Formation of eutectic nanoplex was confirmed using FTIR, DSC, TGA and SEM. The saturated solubility, in vitro release kinetics and mechanism of drug release were determined using mathematical models. Potency and synergism were determined from the inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Fractional Inhibitory Con...
Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceous family. I... more Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceous family. Its other names are Apple of Sodom, Giant Milkweed and Swallow-wort. It's native to Africa and Asian countries where they exist as a spreading shrub or small tree with height of about 4m. They. exude copious milky sap when cut or broken. It has a broad grey-green leaves with a pointed tip, two rounded basal lobes and no leaf stalk. Their flowers are waxy white. The different part of this plant has been used for different medicinal purposes such as cure of leprosy, eczema, inflammation, cutaneous infections, syphilis, malarial and low hectic fevers, and as abortifacient. The extract of the bark of the plant Calotropis procera used locally by people in Sokoto to treat ringworm infection was investigated for the claimed activity by subjecting the extract collected to both phytochemical and antifungal screening. The extracts of water, n-hexane, petroleum ether and chloroform of the bark o...
Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2009
Co-administration of quinolone antibiotics with cation-containing medicaments such as, antacids h... more Co-administration of quinolone antibiotics with cation-containing medicaments such as, antacids has been reported to influence the overall bioavailability leading to subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of these antibiotics in humans. The present work was designed to evaluate the binding constant, binding molar ratio, influence of temperature on the binding constant of ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ and to determine the antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin-Mg2+. Job's method of continuous variation and Bonesi-Hildebrand equation were adopted to determine the molar ratio and stability constant respectively. The antibacterial activity was determined by the Agar diffusion method. A complexation molar ratio of 1:1 was obtained for ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ complex. The stability constants were 3.59 and 3.50 at 25 degrees C and 60 degrees C respectively. There was a significant difference between the zones of inhibition of ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ complex and that of ciprofloxacin alone against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus (p < 0.05). This difference showed that the complex formed was not as active as ciprofloxacin. The present studies have shown that ciprofloxacin readily complex with Mg2+ and that the stability constant was temperature dependent. The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin was markedly reduced in the presence of Mg2+. Concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin with Mg2. containing medicaments should be avoided to prevent resistance.
Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2009
The use of substandard drugs is a great threat to the lives of people in the community. Identific... more The use of substandard drugs is a great threat to the lives of people in the community. Identification of substandard drugs is important to exclude their use in clinical practice. These drugs may lead to reduced efficacy of pharmacotherapy. Antacid preparations are weakly basic and consist of metal salts, most commonly aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide. These salts dissociate to neutralise gastric acid and form neutral salts. The ultimate goal of antacid therapy is to reduce the concentration and the total load of acid in gastric juice with a pH of 1.3 to a pH between 3.5 and 5.0. The aim of this work is to carry out an in-vitro test on the acid neutralising capacity (ANC) of commonly available antacid brands in Lagos market. The British pharmacopoeia (BP) method of analysis of antacids was adopted. Twenty different brands of antacid suspensions and tablets were analysed. Brand SH suspension gave the highest neutralising capacity, 101.65 ml +/- 0.15, while brand SN gave the lowest, 99.75 ml +/- 0.75. All the fourteen antacid suspensions analysed complied with the official specification and therefore passed the analysis. Brand TB tablet gave the highest acid neutralising capacity (ANC), 54.10 ml +/- 0.2 while brand TD 49.50 ml +/- 0.1 gave the lowest. All the six antacid tablet brands analysed passed the assay. The ANC of an antacid is a parameter used to measure the effectiveness of an antacid in relieving ulcer pain. The acid-neutralising capacity of the antacid brands analysed were within the BP specification. The acid neutralising capacity of antacids should be determined before administration.
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