In plants senescence is the final stage of plant growth and development that ultimately leads to ... more In plants senescence is the final stage of plant growth and development that ultimately leads to death. Plants experience age-related as well as stress-induced developmental ageing. Senescence involves significant changes at the transcriptional, post-translational and metabolomic levels. Furthermore, phytohormones also play a critical role in the programmed senescence of plants. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signalling molecule that regulates a plethora of physiological processes in plants. Its role in the control of ageing and senescence has just started to be elucidated. Here, we review the role of NO in the regulation of programmed cell death, seed ageing, fruit ripening and senescence. We also discuss the role of NO in the modulation of phytohormones during senescence and the significance of NO-ROS cross-talk during programmed cell death and senescence.
In the last two decades, global environmental change has increased abiotic stress on plants and s... more In the last two decades, global environmental change has increased abiotic stress on plants and severely affected crops. For example, drought stress is a serious abiotic stress that rapidly and substantially alters the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of plants. In Arabidopsis, several drought-responsive genes have been identified; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of drought tolerance in plants remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the “domain of unknown function” novel gene DUF569 (AT1G69890) positively regulates drought stress in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis loss-of-function mutant atduf569 showed significant sensitivity to drought stress, i.e., severe wilting at the rosette-leaf stage after water was withheld for 3 days. Importantly, the mutant plant did not recover after rewatering, unlike wild-type (WT) plants. In addition, atduf569 plants showed significantly lower abscisic acid accumulation under optimal and drought-stress conditions, a...
The purpose of this action research is to explore why extrinsic motivation is used negatively by ... more The purpose of this action research is to explore why extrinsic motivation is used negatively by teachers. Throughout my academic year, it's suggested students should learn through intrinsic means, however, during my year I have used extrinsic means to achieve my goals and I feel they have worked more successfully than if I had tried to engage them intrinsically. I have carried out this tournament action research to prove extrinsic motivation is an acceptable resource to use, even though it may not be a permanent source of motivation, it can be nurtured to become an easier way to transition into intrinsic motivation, than having students trying to motivate themselves.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile signaling molecule with diverse roles in plant biology. The NO-m... more Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile signaling molecule with diverse roles in plant biology. The NO-mediated signaling mechanism includes post-translational modifications (PTMs) of target proteins. There exists a close link between NO-mediated PTMs and the proteasomal degradation of proteins via ubiquitylation. In some cases, ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of target proteins is followed by an NO-mediated post-translational modification on them, while in other cases NO-mediated PTMs can regulate the ubiquitylation of the components of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal machinery for promoting their activity. Another pathway that links NO signaling with the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of proteins is the N-degron pathway. Overall, these mechanisms reflect an important mechanism of NO signal perception and transduction that reflect a close association of NO signaling with proteasomal degradation via ubiquitylation. Therefore, this review provides insight into those pathways that ...
α-amylase is the key digestive enzyme that has been used widely in food, paper, detergent and tex... more α-amylase is the key digestive enzyme that has been used widely in food, paper, detergent and textile industries for starch degradation. This study was conducted for the optimization and characterization of α-amylase production from Aspergillus niger SAIB-4. The study further assessed the effect of metal nanowires (NWs) on starch hydrolysis by α-amylase enzyme from A. niger. Copper oxide (CuO) and iron oxide (FeO) NWs were fabricated in anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the diameter and composition of NWs. Different culture conditions were optimized for the production of α-amylase , where optimum production was obtained at incubation time of 60 h, 5% inoculum size, 1% of banana peel, 0.5% ammonium chloride, pH 8 and 30 °C temperature. It was observed that CuO NWs significantly enhanced α-amylase activity at 40 ppm whereas inhibitory affect was observed for FeO NWs at all concentrations. Maximum starch hydrolysis (0.54 µg/ml) was noticed for CuO NWs at 10 ppm concentration while Minimum activity (0.19 µg/ml) was observed at 70 ppm for FeO NWs. Further, molecular docking analysis was performed to endorse the interaction of NWs with α-amylase with improved enzymatic activity for starch hydrolysis. The combination of α-amylase and CuO NWs could be used as better and efficient source for starch hydrolysis with extraordinary industrial applications, particularly in the sugar and detergent industries.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small diatomic molecule that regulates multiple physiological processes in... more Nitric oxide (NO) is a small diatomic molecule that regulates multiple physiological processes in animals, plants, and microorganisms. In animals, it is involved in vasodilation and neurotransmission and is present in exhaled breath. In plants, it regulates both plant immune function and numerous developmental programs. The high reactivity and short half-life of NO and cross-reactivity of its various derivatives make its quantification difficult. Different methods based on calorimetric, fluorometric, and chemiluminescent detection of NO and its derivatives are available, but all of them have significant limitations. Here we describe a method for the chemiluminescence-based quantification of NO using ozone-chemiluminescence technology in plants. This approach provides a sensitive, robust, and flexible approach for determining the levels of NO and its signaling products, protein S-nitrosothiols.
This paper investigates to explain that Cement Industry is an important component of Economic sec... more This paper investigates to explain that Cement Industry is an important component of Economic sector in Pakistan which has a substantial impact on the financial stability and economic development in the country.
Background: There exist natural antioxidants in plants that scavenge harmful free radicals from t... more Background: There exist natural antioxidants in plants that scavenge harmful free radicals from the body. Free radicals are species of chemical origin with an unpaired electron and play a pivotal role in combating against health-related problems like lung damage, inflammation, and cardiovascular ailments etc. Antioxidants halt the development of these free radicals called the reactive oxygen species either by chelating the trace elements or by enzymes inhibition. Objectives: The aim of this present review was to collect information about Pakistani medicinally important plants with the exploration of their antioxidant potential. Methodology: A total of 206 papers were looked over, which were obtained from numerous sources like; Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. Results: Overall, 95 plants representing 44 families with potential antioxidant activity reported from Pakistan have been presented in this review. Maximum number of spe...
Drought stress is a serious problem around the globe and particularly in the Republic of Iraq. Ri... more Drought stress is a serious problem around the globe and particularly in the Republic of Iraq. Rice is the third most consumed crop for the Iraqi people; however, its cultivation and production is very low due to several challenges including drought. The current study was performed to evaluate five Iraqi rice cultivars along with relevant (drought-tolerant and drought-susceptible) controls under drought stress, either by treatment with 10% PEG (polyethylene glycol) or through water withholding to induce natural drought stress. The phenotypes of all the cultivars were evaluated and the transcriptional responses of key drought-responsive candidate genes, identified through the EST-SSR marker-based approach, were studied. We also studied transcript accumulation of drought-related transcriptional factors, such as OsGRASS23, OsbZIP12, and OsDREB2A. Moreover, the reference cultivars also included a drought-tolerant inter-specific cultivar Nerica 7 (a cross between Oryza sativa ssp. indica...
Plant Biotechnology: Progress in Genomic Era, 2019
Changes in the natural environment may cause stress to living organisms. This phenomenon has been... more Changes in the natural environment may cause stress to living organisms. This phenomenon has been widely observed in plants during abiotic stresses which include changes in temperature, pH of the soil, salinity and water content. Such stresses usually lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. Although ROS are generally produced inside plant cells as a by-product of different metabolic pathways including electron transport in the process of respiration, photosynthesis and several other chemical reactions, excessive production of these free radicals can lead to damage of the cell components due to oxidative stress. Other means of ROS production include external stimuli including biotic and abiotic stresses or cell lignification processes which lead to the enzymatic production of ROS. Various forms of ROS may include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (HO·), singular oxygen (1O2), and superoxide ion (O2·−). These highly reactive free radicals are p...
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal agent with marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The ... more Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal agent with marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The mode of action of aceclofenac is largely based on the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Aceclofenac is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandins, aceclofenac can be administered twice daily as 100 mg orally in the treatment. Taste masking is done by mass extrusion method. In this Eduragit-E-100 and aceclofenac are mixed in different ratio with isopropyl alcohol and valuation are done like drug content drug dissolution and taste evaluation.
Plants are the primary producers for all different types of ecosystems on earth. They use abiotic... more Plants are the primary producers for all different types of ecosystems on earth. They use abiotic sources of energy such as light and inorganic chemical compounds to build organic molecules which are used as carbon and energy source by all other organisms. Evolutionary biologists have long considered plant domestication by humans as a coevolutionary process between plants and human beings in which both the partners have changed over time. However, there are other important factors that seem to have been ignored while discussing the “plant-hominin coevolutionary continuum.” These are the different environmental conditions including various biotic and abiotic factors that have changed so much over time. These changes range from fast, short-term, or acute to slow, gradual, long-term, or chronic changes. Plants that adapted to these changing environmental conditions were favored by humans for domestication and hence they exist today, whereas those that could not cope with environmental ...
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key small molecule that orchestrates plant growth, development and immune ... more Nitric oxide (NO) is a key small molecule that orchestrates plant growth, development and immune function. The chief mechanism for the transfer of NO bioactivity is thought to be S-nitrosylation, the addition of an NO moiety to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). The enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) indirectly controls the total levels of cellular S-nitrosylation, by turning over S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the major cellular NO donor. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L) a decrease in GSNOR expression, which is expected to increase the extent of cellular SNO formation, resulted in morphological phenotypes and disabled disease resistance. In contrast, increased GSNOR activity enhanced protection against an ordinarily virulent bacterial pathogen. Collectively, these results are similar to previous findings using the reference plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, the role of GSNOR may be highly conserved across the plant kingdom and manipulating the function of this protein may control important agricultural traits in crop plants
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), a vascular disease caused by Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), ind... more Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), a vascular disease caused by Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), induces a significant reduction in rice yield in severe epidemics. This study investigated the transcriptional regulation of the OsDHODH1 gene in rice cultivars exposed to the Xoo K3 isolate. The symptoms were monitored on a daily basis, and the lesion length of inoculated rice plants was scored 21 days post inoculation (dpi). The most resistant and the highly susceptible cultivars were used for gene expression analysis. The dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) domain is shared by many proteins in different plant species, and in Arabidopsis, this protein is encoded by the AtPYD1 gene. To investigate the functional role of the OsDHODH1 gene under bacterial infection, we inoculated the Arabidopsispyd1-2 knockout (atpyd1-2) plants, lacking the AtPYD1 gene (orthologous gene of the rice OsDHODH1), with Pseudomonassyringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 vir, and the phenotypic response was scored 9 dpi....
In plants senescence is the final stage of plant growth and development that ultimately leads to ... more In plants senescence is the final stage of plant growth and development that ultimately leads to death. Plants experience age-related as well as stress-induced developmental ageing. Senescence involves significant changes at the transcriptional, post-translational and metabolomic levels. Furthermore, phytohormones also play a critical role in the programmed senescence of plants. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signalling molecule that regulates a plethora of physiological processes in plants. Its role in the control of ageing and senescence has just started to be elucidated. Here, we review the role of NO in the regulation of programmed cell death, seed ageing, fruit ripening and senescence. We also discuss the role of NO in the modulation of phytohormones during senescence and the significance of NO-ROS cross-talk during programmed cell death and senescence.
In the last two decades, global environmental change has increased abiotic stress on plants and s... more In the last two decades, global environmental change has increased abiotic stress on plants and severely affected crops. For example, drought stress is a serious abiotic stress that rapidly and substantially alters the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of plants. In Arabidopsis, several drought-responsive genes have been identified; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of drought tolerance in plants remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the “domain of unknown function” novel gene DUF569 (AT1G69890) positively regulates drought stress in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis loss-of-function mutant atduf569 showed significant sensitivity to drought stress, i.e., severe wilting at the rosette-leaf stage after water was withheld for 3 days. Importantly, the mutant plant did not recover after rewatering, unlike wild-type (WT) plants. In addition, atduf569 plants showed significantly lower abscisic acid accumulation under optimal and drought-stress conditions, a...
The purpose of this action research is to explore why extrinsic motivation is used negatively by ... more The purpose of this action research is to explore why extrinsic motivation is used negatively by teachers. Throughout my academic year, it's suggested students should learn through intrinsic means, however, during my year I have used extrinsic means to achieve my goals and I feel they have worked more successfully than if I had tried to engage them intrinsically. I have carried out this tournament action research to prove extrinsic motivation is an acceptable resource to use, even though it may not be a permanent source of motivation, it can be nurtured to become an easier way to transition into intrinsic motivation, than having students trying to motivate themselves.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile signaling molecule with diverse roles in plant biology. The NO-m... more Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile signaling molecule with diverse roles in plant biology. The NO-mediated signaling mechanism includes post-translational modifications (PTMs) of target proteins. There exists a close link between NO-mediated PTMs and the proteasomal degradation of proteins via ubiquitylation. In some cases, ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of target proteins is followed by an NO-mediated post-translational modification on them, while in other cases NO-mediated PTMs can regulate the ubiquitylation of the components of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal machinery for promoting their activity. Another pathway that links NO signaling with the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of proteins is the N-degron pathway. Overall, these mechanisms reflect an important mechanism of NO signal perception and transduction that reflect a close association of NO signaling with proteasomal degradation via ubiquitylation. Therefore, this review provides insight into those pathways that ...
α-amylase is the key digestive enzyme that has been used widely in food, paper, detergent and tex... more α-amylase is the key digestive enzyme that has been used widely in food, paper, detergent and textile industries for starch degradation. This study was conducted for the optimization and characterization of α-amylase production from Aspergillus niger SAIB-4. The study further assessed the effect of metal nanowires (NWs) on starch hydrolysis by α-amylase enzyme from A. niger. Copper oxide (CuO) and iron oxide (FeO) NWs were fabricated in anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the diameter and composition of NWs. Different culture conditions were optimized for the production of α-amylase , where optimum production was obtained at incubation time of 60 h, 5% inoculum size, 1% of banana peel, 0.5% ammonium chloride, pH 8 and 30 °C temperature. It was observed that CuO NWs significantly enhanced α-amylase activity at 40 ppm whereas inhibitory affect was observed for FeO NWs at all concentrations. Maximum starch hydrolysis (0.54 µg/ml) was noticed for CuO NWs at 10 ppm concentration while Minimum activity (0.19 µg/ml) was observed at 70 ppm for FeO NWs. Further, molecular docking analysis was performed to endorse the interaction of NWs with α-amylase with improved enzymatic activity for starch hydrolysis. The combination of α-amylase and CuO NWs could be used as better and efficient source for starch hydrolysis with extraordinary industrial applications, particularly in the sugar and detergent industries.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small diatomic molecule that regulates multiple physiological processes in... more Nitric oxide (NO) is a small diatomic molecule that regulates multiple physiological processes in animals, plants, and microorganisms. In animals, it is involved in vasodilation and neurotransmission and is present in exhaled breath. In plants, it regulates both plant immune function and numerous developmental programs. The high reactivity and short half-life of NO and cross-reactivity of its various derivatives make its quantification difficult. Different methods based on calorimetric, fluorometric, and chemiluminescent detection of NO and its derivatives are available, but all of them have significant limitations. Here we describe a method for the chemiluminescence-based quantification of NO using ozone-chemiluminescence technology in plants. This approach provides a sensitive, robust, and flexible approach for determining the levels of NO and its signaling products, protein S-nitrosothiols.
This paper investigates to explain that Cement Industry is an important component of Economic sec... more This paper investigates to explain that Cement Industry is an important component of Economic sector in Pakistan which has a substantial impact on the financial stability and economic development in the country.
Background: There exist natural antioxidants in plants that scavenge harmful free radicals from t... more Background: There exist natural antioxidants in plants that scavenge harmful free radicals from the body. Free radicals are species of chemical origin with an unpaired electron and play a pivotal role in combating against health-related problems like lung damage, inflammation, and cardiovascular ailments etc. Antioxidants halt the development of these free radicals called the reactive oxygen species either by chelating the trace elements or by enzymes inhibition. Objectives: The aim of this present review was to collect information about Pakistani medicinally important plants with the exploration of their antioxidant potential. Methodology: A total of 206 papers were looked over, which were obtained from numerous sources like; Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. Results: Overall, 95 plants representing 44 families with potential antioxidant activity reported from Pakistan have been presented in this review. Maximum number of spe...
Drought stress is a serious problem around the globe and particularly in the Republic of Iraq. Ri... more Drought stress is a serious problem around the globe and particularly in the Republic of Iraq. Rice is the third most consumed crop for the Iraqi people; however, its cultivation and production is very low due to several challenges including drought. The current study was performed to evaluate five Iraqi rice cultivars along with relevant (drought-tolerant and drought-susceptible) controls under drought stress, either by treatment with 10% PEG (polyethylene glycol) or through water withholding to induce natural drought stress. The phenotypes of all the cultivars were evaluated and the transcriptional responses of key drought-responsive candidate genes, identified through the EST-SSR marker-based approach, were studied. We also studied transcript accumulation of drought-related transcriptional factors, such as OsGRASS23, OsbZIP12, and OsDREB2A. Moreover, the reference cultivars also included a drought-tolerant inter-specific cultivar Nerica 7 (a cross between Oryza sativa ssp. indica...
Plant Biotechnology: Progress in Genomic Era, 2019
Changes in the natural environment may cause stress to living organisms. This phenomenon has been... more Changes in the natural environment may cause stress to living organisms. This phenomenon has been widely observed in plants during abiotic stresses which include changes in temperature, pH of the soil, salinity and water content. Such stresses usually lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. Although ROS are generally produced inside plant cells as a by-product of different metabolic pathways including electron transport in the process of respiration, photosynthesis and several other chemical reactions, excessive production of these free radicals can lead to damage of the cell components due to oxidative stress. Other means of ROS production include external stimuli including biotic and abiotic stresses or cell lignification processes which lead to the enzymatic production of ROS. Various forms of ROS may include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (HO·), singular oxygen (1O2), and superoxide ion (O2·−). These highly reactive free radicals are p...
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal agent with marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The ... more Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal agent with marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The mode of action of aceclofenac is largely based on the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Aceclofenac is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandins, aceclofenac can be administered twice daily as 100 mg orally in the treatment. Taste masking is done by mass extrusion method. In this Eduragit-E-100 and aceclofenac are mixed in different ratio with isopropyl alcohol and valuation are done like drug content drug dissolution and taste evaluation.
Plants are the primary producers for all different types of ecosystems on earth. They use abiotic... more Plants are the primary producers for all different types of ecosystems on earth. They use abiotic sources of energy such as light and inorganic chemical compounds to build organic molecules which are used as carbon and energy source by all other organisms. Evolutionary biologists have long considered plant domestication by humans as a coevolutionary process between plants and human beings in which both the partners have changed over time. However, there are other important factors that seem to have been ignored while discussing the “plant-hominin coevolutionary continuum.” These are the different environmental conditions including various biotic and abiotic factors that have changed so much over time. These changes range from fast, short-term, or acute to slow, gradual, long-term, or chronic changes. Plants that adapted to these changing environmental conditions were favored by humans for domestication and hence they exist today, whereas those that could not cope with environmental ...
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key small molecule that orchestrates plant growth, development and immune ... more Nitric oxide (NO) is a key small molecule that orchestrates plant growth, development and immune function. The chief mechanism for the transfer of NO bioactivity is thought to be S-nitrosylation, the addition of an NO moiety to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). The enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) indirectly controls the total levels of cellular S-nitrosylation, by turning over S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the major cellular NO donor. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L) a decrease in GSNOR expression, which is expected to increase the extent of cellular SNO formation, resulted in morphological phenotypes and disabled disease resistance. In contrast, increased GSNOR activity enhanced protection against an ordinarily virulent bacterial pathogen. Collectively, these results are similar to previous findings using the reference plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, the role of GSNOR may be highly conserved across the plant kingdom and manipulating the function of this protein may control important agricultural traits in crop plants
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), a vascular disease caused by Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), ind... more Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), a vascular disease caused by Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), induces a significant reduction in rice yield in severe epidemics. This study investigated the transcriptional regulation of the OsDHODH1 gene in rice cultivars exposed to the Xoo K3 isolate. The symptoms were monitored on a daily basis, and the lesion length of inoculated rice plants was scored 21 days post inoculation (dpi). The most resistant and the highly susceptible cultivars were used for gene expression analysis. The dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) domain is shared by many proteins in different plant species, and in Arabidopsis, this protein is encoded by the AtPYD1 gene. To investigate the functional role of the OsDHODH1 gene under bacterial infection, we inoculated the Arabidopsispyd1-2 knockout (atpyd1-2) plants, lacking the AtPYD1 gene (orthologous gene of the rice OsDHODH1), with Pseudomonassyringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 vir, and the phenotypic response was scored 9 dpi....
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