COVID-19 arrived in Ethiopia-a least developed country-amidst internal instabilities including a ... more COVID-19 arrived in Ethiopia-a least developed country-amidst internal instabilities including a civil war, drought, and a contentious national election, all taking place concurrently with international pressures linked to disagreements with Egypt and Sudan over the construction of the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) along the Ethio-Sudanese border. External challenges also came in the form of US and European Union's pressures on Ethiopia, a close trading partner of China, over perceived threats posed by growing influences of Russia and China in the Horn of Africa and Red Sea regions. External pressures emboldened internal grumblings resulting in an all-out domestic war. Not much is known about the combined or isolated impacts of these events on Ethiopia's COVID-19 response and on the spread of the disease. To fill this knowledge gap, a descriptive analysis is conducted for the July 27, 2020 through May 9 th, 2022 period using data obtained from the Ministry of Health websites. In a possible sign of the impacts of the stated influences, the capital city Addis Ababa, home to just four percent of the country's estimated population of 120 million, accounted for roughly two-thirds of the 470,760 COVID-19 cases, and of the 7,510 deaths, as testing and death reporting outside of the capital was constrained by security concerns. A peak daily count of 5,185 cases and a case-positivity ratio of 39 percent were reached on December 28, 2021. It is uncertain to what extent the low national and regional counts of cases and deaths are the results of prevention or demographic invulnerability as opposed to limited testing and underreporting of cases and deaths outside of Addis Ababa. Ethiopia needs to put in place rigorous systems of data generation through testing, as well as pipelines for its dissemination, both in normal times and during unforeseen exigencies.
Introduction: Despite Ethiopia’s policy intension to provide recommended vaccination services to ... more Introduction: Despite Ethiopia’s policy intension to provide recommended vaccination services to underprivileged populations, inequity in polio immunization persist. Objective: This study examined inequity and trends in polio immunization and determinant factors among children age 12–23 months in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 2000, 2005, 2011, 2016 and 2019 Ethiopian demographic and health surveys were analyzed with the updated version of the WHO’s Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software. Six standard equity measures: equity gaps, equity ratios, population attributable risk, population attributable fraction, slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality were used. Datasets were analyzed and disaggregated by the five equality stratifiers: economic status, education, place of residence, sex of the child and regions. And multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinant factors. Results: Polio immunizatio...
Spatial statistical measures have been applied to Ethiopia's Demographic and Health Survey data (... more Spatial statistical measures have been applied to Ethiopia's Demographic and Health Survey data (EDHS), mostly at the national level. However, there is concern that most applications violate basic principles of statistics regarding autocorrelation, or are not cognizant of the first law of geography which states that all things are related but near things are more related. This study investigates local variations in attitudes toward wife-beating in Ethiopia with education as the main correlate. It does so by using a spatial measure known as the geographically weighted regression (GWR) which is more appropriate in conditions of geographic non-stationarity than the ordinary least squares regression (OLS). Equally importantly, it examines the appropriateness of existing OLS-based spatial studies of EDHS data. We found that most studies inappropriately applied OLS despite findings of spatially autocorrelated data. The GWR model showed an association between acceptance of wife-beating and educational status. It also generated a list of twelve sampling clusters where most women respondents stated that wife-beating was acceptable while admitting to having had no formal education, and where local R 2 s exceeded 0.5 in GWR modeling involving 72 nearest neighbors per sampling cluster. An education-focused bi-variate rather than multi-variate GWR avoided issues of multicollinearity while keeping the model simple and its results actionable. Although the majority of the twelve sampling clusters are in Harari Wereda and Kilil, which got their name from members of the Harari ethnic group that are predominantly Muslim, it is difficult to pinpoint which factor or set of factors can be cited as causally associated with characteristics that placed them on the list. The study makes methodological contributions to spatial studies of sociodemographic characteristics of populations, especially those in developing countries such as Ethiopia where local factors show significant geographic variations. It also adds to the literature on applied geographically weighted regression.
Background: One challenge to achieving Millennium Development Goals was inequitable access to qua... more Background: One challenge to achieving Millennium Development Goals was inequitable access to quality health services. In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, interventions need to reach underserved populations, it appears that the maternal, newborn and child health goals (MDG 4 and 5) will not be universally achieved. There was early recognition that it could be possible to achieve the health goals while decreasing health inequity, because most of the gains might go to the better-off rather than to the very poor.Methodology/Design: The current protocol adopts a strategy informed by the guidelines of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. Our systematic review will identify studies in English, provided inclusion of an English abstract - from 2010 onwards till 2020, by searching MEDLINE (PubMed interface), EMBASE (OVID interface), Cochrane Central (OVID interface) and the gray literature. Study selection criteria include research setting, study design, reported ...
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.Published online 25 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2045665.
COVID-19 arrived in Ethiopia - a least developed country – amidst internal instabilities includin... more COVID-19 arrived in Ethiopia - a least developed country – amidst internal instabilities including a civil war, drought, and a contentious national election, all taking place concurrently with international pressures linked to disagreements with Egypt and Sudan over the construction of the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) along the Ethio-Sudanese border. External challenges also came in the form of US and European Union’s pressures on Ethiopia, a close trading partner of China, over perceived threats posed by growing influences of Russia and China in the Horn of Africa and Red Sea regions. External pressures emboldened internal grumblings resulting in an all-out domestic war. Not much is known about the combined or isolated impacts of these events on Ethiopia’s COVID-19 response and on the spread of the disease. To fill this knowledge gap, a descriptive analysis is conducted for the July 27, 2020 through May 9th, 2022 period using data obtained from the Ministry of Health webs...
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.Published online 25 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2045665.
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.Published online 25 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2045665.
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.Published online 25 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2045665.
The Demographic Transition and Development in Africa, 2010
... Bishoftu 55,657.0 73,372.0 100,114.0 2.6 2.4 2.5 Total 2,078,941.0 3,129,567.0 4,404,791.0 3.... more ... Bishoftu 55,657.0 73,372.0 100,114.0 2.6 2.4 2.5 Total 2,078,941.0 3,129,567.0 4,404,791.0 3.9 2.6 3.2 Source: Schmidt and Kedir (2009). had differing impacts on urban growth rates in general and urbanization trends in particular. ...
This paper focusses on the link between Ethiopia’s population size and growth dynamics on the one... more This paper focusses on the link between Ethiopia’s population size and growth dynamics on the one hand, and the country’s ability to meet ten areas of developmental challenges identified for discussions at the Ethiopia: 2050 conference, on the other. The ten conference themes are – access to clean water, large scale urbanization, food security, sustainability and environment, energy demand, advanced manufacturing, transportation, ICT infrastructure, access to health care, and STEM education – all of whom have a twoway interaction with vital demographic events including births, deaths, and migrations. Baseline data are gathered for all ten developmental variables using online literature search and from four rounds of Ethiopia’s Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Comparisons are made with a neighboring county of Kenya and the nation of Vietnam a country that has already achieved “Ethiopia’s dream” of becoming a Middle-Income country. Analysis of DHS data and literature survey showe...
Rural and urban maps showing population distribution in Ethiopia are presented using data from th... more Rural and urban maps showing population distribution in Ethiopia are presented using data from the 1984 census. "In the analysis two variables area cultivated by woreda [or subdistrict] and rural-rural migrations are given special emphasis due to the dependence of the majority of the population (86 percent) on agriculture and the strong relationship between rainfall and intensity of agriculture...." (EXCERPT)
COVID-19 arrived in Ethiopia-a least developed country-amidst internal instabilities including a ... more COVID-19 arrived in Ethiopia-a least developed country-amidst internal instabilities including a civil war, drought, and a contentious national election, all taking place concurrently with international pressures linked to disagreements with Egypt and Sudan over the construction of the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) along the Ethio-Sudanese border. External challenges also came in the form of US and European Union's pressures on Ethiopia, a close trading partner of China, over perceived threats posed by growing influences of Russia and China in the Horn of Africa and Red Sea regions. External pressures emboldened internal grumblings resulting in an all-out domestic war. Not much is known about the combined or isolated impacts of these events on Ethiopia's COVID-19 response and on the spread of the disease. To fill this knowledge gap, a descriptive analysis is conducted for the July 27, 2020 through May 9 th, 2022 period using data obtained from the Ministry of Health websites. In a possible sign of the impacts of the stated influences, the capital city Addis Ababa, home to just four percent of the country's estimated population of 120 million, accounted for roughly two-thirds of the 470,760 COVID-19 cases, and of the 7,510 deaths, as testing and death reporting outside of the capital was constrained by security concerns. A peak daily count of 5,185 cases and a case-positivity ratio of 39 percent were reached on December 28, 2021. It is uncertain to what extent the low national and regional counts of cases and deaths are the results of prevention or demographic invulnerability as opposed to limited testing and underreporting of cases and deaths outside of Addis Ababa. Ethiopia needs to put in place rigorous systems of data generation through testing, as well as pipelines for its dissemination, both in normal times and during unforeseen exigencies.
Introduction: Despite Ethiopia’s policy intension to provide recommended vaccination services to ... more Introduction: Despite Ethiopia’s policy intension to provide recommended vaccination services to underprivileged populations, inequity in polio immunization persist. Objective: This study examined inequity and trends in polio immunization and determinant factors among children age 12–23 months in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 2000, 2005, 2011, 2016 and 2019 Ethiopian demographic and health surveys were analyzed with the updated version of the WHO’s Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software. Six standard equity measures: equity gaps, equity ratios, population attributable risk, population attributable fraction, slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality were used. Datasets were analyzed and disaggregated by the five equality stratifiers: economic status, education, place of residence, sex of the child and regions. And multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinant factors. Results: Polio immunizatio...
Spatial statistical measures have been applied to Ethiopia's Demographic and Health Survey data (... more Spatial statistical measures have been applied to Ethiopia's Demographic and Health Survey data (EDHS), mostly at the national level. However, there is concern that most applications violate basic principles of statistics regarding autocorrelation, or are not cognizant of the first law of geography which states that all things are related but near things are more related. This study investigates local variations in attitudes toward wife-beating in Ethiopia with education as the main correlate. It does so by using a spatial measure known as the geographically weighted regression (GWR) which is more appropriate in conditions of geographic non-stationarity than the ordinary least squares regression (OLS). Equally importantly, it examines the appropriateness of existing OLS-based spatial studies of EDHS data. We found that most studies inappropriately applied OLS despite findings of spatially autocorrelated data. The GWR model showed an association between acceptance of wife-beating and educational status. It also generated a list of twelve sampling clusters where most women respondents stated that wife-beating was acceptable while admitting to having had no formal education, and where local R 2 s exceeded 0.5 in GWR modeling involving 72 nearest neighbors per sampling cluster. An education-focused bi-variate rather than multi-variate GWR avoided issues of multicollinearity while keeping the model simple and its results actionable. Although the majority of the twelve sampling clusters are in Harari Wereda and Kilil, which got their name from members of the Harari ethnic group that are predominantly Muslim, it is difficult to pinpoint which factor or set of factors can be cited as causally associated with characteristics that placed them on the list. The study makes methodological contributions to spatial studies of sociodemographic characteristics of populations, especially those in developing countries such as Ethiopia where local factors show significant geographic variations. It also adds to the literature on applied geographically weighted regression.
Background: One challenge to achieving Millennium Development Goals was inequitable access to qua... more Background: One challenge to achieving Millennium Development Goals was inequitable access to quality health services. In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, interventions need to reach underserved populations, it appears that the maternal, newborn and child health goals (MDG 4 and 5) will not be universally achieved. There was early recognition that it could be possible to achieve the health goals while decreasing health inequity, because most of the gains might go to the better-off rather than to the very poor.Methodology/Design: The current protocol adopts a strategy informed by the guidelines of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. Our systematic review will identify studies in English, provided inclusion of an English abstract - from 2010 onwards till 2020, by searching MEDLINE (PubMed interface), EMBASE (OVID interface), Cochrane Central (OVID interface) and the gray literature. Study selection criteria include research setting, study design, reported ...
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.Published online 25 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2045665.
COVID-19 arrived in Ethiopia - a least developed country – amidst internal instabilities includin... more COVID-19 arrived in Ethiopia - a least developed country – amidst internal instabilities including a civil war, drought, and a contentious national election, all taking place concurrently with international pressures linked to disagreements with Egypt and Sudan over the construction of the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) along the Ethio-Sudanese border. External challenges also came in the form of US and European Union’s pressures on Ethiopia, a close trading partner of China, over perceived threats posed by growing influences of Russia and China in the Horn of Africa and Red Sea regions. External pressures emboldened internal grumblings resulting in an all-out domestic war. Not much is known about the combined or isolated impacts of these events on Ethiopia’s COVID-19 response and on the spread of the disease. To fill this knowledge gap, a descriptive analysis is conducted for the July 27, 2020 through May 9th, 2022 period using data obtained from the Ministry of Health webs...
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.Published online 25 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2045665.
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.Published online 25 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2045665.
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.Published online 25 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2045665.
The Demographic Transition and Development in Africa, 2010
... Bishoftu 55,657.0 73,372.0 100,114.0 2.6 2.4 2.5 Total 2,078,941.0 3,129,567.0 4,404,791.0 3.... more ... Bishoftu 55,657.0 73,372.0 100,114.0 2.6 2.4 2.5 Total 2,078,941.0 3,129,567.0 4,404,791.0 3.9 2.6 3.2 Source: Schmidt and Kedir (2009). had differing impacts on urban growth rates in general and urbanization trends in particular. ...
This paper focusses on the link between Ethiopia’s population size and growth dynamics on the one... more This paper focusses on the link between Ethiopia’s population size and growth dynamics on the one hand, and the country’s ability to meet ten areas of developmental challenges identified for discussions at the Ethiopia: 2050 conference, on the other. The ten conference themes are – access to clean water, large scale urbanization, food security, sustainability and environment, energy demand, advanced manufacturing, transportation, ICT infrastructure, access to health care, and STEM education – all of whom have a twoway interaction with vital demographic events including births, deaths, and migrations. Baseline data are gathered for all ten developmental variables using online literature search and from four rounds of Ethiopia’s Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Comparisons are made with a neighboring county of Kenya and the nation of Vietnam a country that has already achieved “Ethiopia’s dream” of becoming a Middle-Income country. Analysis of DHS data and literature survey showe...
Rural and urban maps showing population distribution in Ethiopia are presented using data from th... more Rural and urban maps showing population distribution in Ethiopia are presented using data from the 1984 census. "In the analysis two variables area cultivated by woreda [or subdistrict] and rural-rural migrations are given special emphasis due to the dependence of the majority of the population (86 percent) on agriculture and the strong relationship between rainfall and intensity of agriculture...." (EXCERPT)
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